Influence of Adhesives and Methods of Enamel Pretreatment on the Shear Bond Strength of Orthodontic Brackets

Aim

The objective of present study was to examine influence of adhesives and methods of enamel pretreatment on the shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets. The adhesives used were resin-reinforced glass ionomer cements-GIC (Fuji Ortho LC) and composite resin (Transbond XT).

Material and Methods

The experimental sample consisted of 80 extracted human first premolars. The sample was divided into four equal groups, and the metal brackets were bonded with different enamel pretreatments by using two adhesives: group A-10% polyacrylic acid; Fuji Ortho LC, group B–37% phosphoric acid; Fuji Ortho LC, group C–self etching primer; Transbond XT, group D–37% phosphoric acid, primer; Transbond XT. SBS of brackets was measured. After debonding of brackets, the adhesive remnant index (ARI) was evaluated.

Results

After the statistical analysis of the collected data was performed (ANOVA; Sheffe post-hoc test), the results showed that significantly lower SBS of the group B was found in relation to the groups C (p=0.031) and D (p=0.026). The results of ARI were similar in all testing groups and it was not possible to determine any statistically significant difference of the ARI (Chi- square test) between all four experimental groups.

Conclusion

The conclusion is that the use of composite resins material with appropriate enamel pretreatment according to manufacturer’s recommendation is the “gold standard” for brackets bonding for fixed orthodontic appliances.Key words: orthodontic brackets, shear strength, adhesive, enamel preparation     

EFFECT OF LIGHT CURING UNIT ON RESIN-MODIFIED GLASS-IONOMER CEMENTS: A MICROHARDNESS ASSESSMENT

Objective:

To evaluate the microhardness of resin-modified glass-ionomer cements (RMGICs) photoactivated with a blue light-emitting diode (LED) curing light.

Material and Methods:

Thirty specimens were distributed in 3 groups: Fuji II LC Improved/GC (RM1), Vitremer/3M ESPE (RM2) and Filtek Z250/ 3M ESPE (RM3). Two commercial light-curing units were used to polymerize the materials: LED/Ultrablue IS and a halogen light/XL3000 (QTH). After 24 h, Knoop microhardness test was performed. Data were submitted to three-way ANOVA and Tukey''s test at a pre-set alpha of 0.05.

Results:

At the top surface, no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) in the microhardness was seen when the LED and QTH lights were used for all materials. At the bottom surface, microhardness mean value of RM2 was significantly higher when the QTH light was used (p<0.05). For RM1, statistically significant higher values (p<0.05) were seen when the LED light was used. No statistically significant difference (p>0.05) was seen at the bottom surface for RM3, irrespective of the light used. Top-to-bottom surface comparison showed no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) for both RMGICs, regardless of the light used. For RM3, microhardness mean value at the top was significantly higher (p<0.05) than bottom microhardness when both curing units were used.

Conclusion:

The microhardness values seen when a LED light was used varied depending on the restorative material tested.     

Plasma versus Halogen Light: the Effect of Different Light Sources on the Shear Bond Strength of Brackets*

The aim of this study was to investigate differences between plasma and halogen light polymerization in relation to the attainable shear bond strength of brackets bonded with various adhesives. 720 brackets were divided into 72 different groups of n = 10. The brackets were bonded to 240 flat polished test specimens produced from bovine teeth, Pontor MPF alloy, and extra hard plaster (type III) respectively. Transbond XT, Kurasper F or Fuji Ortho LC served as adhesives to bond either ceramic (Transcend 6000) or stainless steel brackets (Mini Uni-Twin). 50% of all brackets were bonded with a minimum layer of adhesive, and the remaining 50% with an adhesive layer thickness of 1.0 mm. In 360 cases the adhesive was polymerized with a plasma light (PAC), and in a further 360 cases with a halogen light (Optilux 401). The light curing time was 10 s with plasma light and 40 s with halogen light. After 24 h of storage in deionized water at room temperature, all brackets were subjected to a shear bond strength test according to ISO standard 10477.The measured shear bond strength did not differ significantly between the two curing light sources. The 1 mm adhesive layer thickness group showed significantly higher shear bond strengths in comparison to the minimum layer thickness group.     

SHEAR BOND STRENGTH OF METALLIC BRACKETS PHOTO-ACTIVATED WITH LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE (LED) AT DIFFERENT EXPOSURE TIMES

The purpose of this study was to compare the shear bond strength of orthodontic metallic brackets photo-activated with two different light-curing sources at different exposure times: halogen light (XL 1500, 3M ESPE) and LED light (Ortholux, 3M Unitek). Sixty bovine permanent lower incisors were inserted into PVC tubes containing plaster. The buccal surfaces were cleaned with pumice and water, and then etched with 37% phosphoric acid gel. The XT Primer bonding agent (3M Unitek) was applied to the enamel surfaces and the metallic pre-coated brackets (Transbond APC II system, 3M Unitek) were attached to upper central incisors. The teeth were randomly divided into four groups (n=15). In Group I (Control), halogen light was used for 40 seconds, while in Groups II, III, and IV were light-cured with LED light unit for 40, 10, and 5 seconds, respectively. The teeth were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 24 hours. The brackets were submitted to shear bond strength test in universal testing machine (Instron) at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/minute. Shear bond strength means (MPa) were 4.87 for Group I; 5.89 for Group II; 4.83 for Group III, and 4.39 for Group IV. Tukey''s test detected no statistically significant differences among the groups regarding the shear bond strength (p>0.05). Neither of the types of light-curing sources or exposure times influenced the shear bond strength of metallic brackets.     

SHEAR BOND STRENGTH OF METALLIC BRACKETS: INFLUENCE OF SALIVA CONTAMINATION

Objective:

To evaluate the influence of saliva contamination on shear bond strength and the bond failure pattern of 3 adhesive systems (Transbond XT, AdheSE and Xeno III) on orthodontic metallic brackets bonded to human enamel.

Material and Methods:

Seventy-two permanent human molars were cut longitudinally in a mesiodistal direction, producing seventy-two specimens randomly divided into six groups. Each system was tested under 2 different enamel conditions: no contamination and contaminated with saliva. In T, A and X groups, the adhesive systems were applied to the enamel surface in accordance with manufacturer''s instructions. In TS, AS and XS groups, saliva was applied to enamel surface followed by adhesive system application. The samples were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 24 h, and then tested for shear bond strength in a universal testing machine (Emic, DL 2000) running at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. After bond failure, the enamel surfaces were observed under an optical microscope at 40x magnification.

Results:

The control and contaminated groups showed no significant difference in shear bond strength for the same adhesive system. However, shear bond strength of T group (17.03±4.91) was significantly higher than that of AS (8.58±1.73) and XS (10.39±4.06) groups (p<0.05). Regarding the bond failure pattern, TS group had significantly higher scores of no adhesive remaining on the tooth in the bonding area than other groups considering the adhesive remnant index (ARI) used to evaluate the amount of adhesive left on the enamel.

Conclusion:

Saliva contamination showed little influence on the 24-h shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets.     

Metallic brackets bonded with resin-reinforced glass ionomer cements under different enamel conditions

OBJECTIVE: To assess the shear bond strength of metallic orthodontic brackets bonded with either Fuji Ortho or Ortho Glass LC resin-reinforced glass ionomer cements to enamel surfaces under different conditions, namely, enamel without etching, enamel conditioned with 37% phosphoric acid and enamel conditioned with Transbond Plus Self Etching Primer (TPSEP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and five bovine inferior incisors were divided into seven groups (n = 15). In group 1 (control) Transbond XT was used according to the manufacturer's recommendations. In groups 2, 3, and 4 all using Fuji Ortho LC, the brackets were bonded, respectively, to enamel nonetched, enamel etched with 37% phosphoric acid, and enamel etched with TPSEP. In groups 5, 6, and 7, the bonding was performed using Ortho Glass LC under the same enamel conditions observed in the other experimental groups. After 24 hours, shear bond strength tests were performed for all samples at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. RESULTS: The results (MPa) showed no statistically significant difference between groups 1, 3, and 4 (P > .05). However, such groups were statistically superior to the others (P < .05). No statistically significant difference was observed between groups 2, 6, and 7 (P > .05). Group 5 showed the lowest shear strength value, which was also statistically inferior to the other groups (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of the enamel treatment, Fuji Ortho LC yielded shear strength values superior to those from Ortho Glass LC.     

Effect of enamel protective agents on shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets

Background

This paper aimed to study the effect of two enamel protective agents on the shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets bonded with conventional and self-etching primer (SEP) adhesive systems.

Methods

The two protective agents used were resin infiltrate (ICON) and Clinpro; the two adhesive systems used were self-etching primer system (Transbond Plus Self Etching Primer + Transbond XT adhesive) and a conventional adhesive system (37% phosphoric acid etch + Transbond XT primer + Transbond XT adhesive ). Sixty premolars divided into three major groups and six subgroups were included. The shear bond strength was tested 72 h after bracket bonding. Adhesive remnant index scores (ARI) were assessed. Statistical analysis consisted of a one-way ANOVA for the SBS and Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Mann-Whitney test for the ARI scores.

Results

In the control group, the mean SBS when using the conventional adhesive was 21.1 ± 7.5 MPa while when using SEP was 20.2 ± 4.0 MPa. When ICON was used with the conventional adhesive system, the SBS was 20.2 ± 5.6 MPa while with SEP was 17.6 ± 4.1 MPa. When Clinpro was used with the conventional adhesive system, the SBS was 24.3 ± 7.6 MPa while with SEP was 11.2 ± 3.5 MPa. Significant differences in the shear bond strength of the different groups (P = .000) was found as well as in the ARI scores distribution (P = .000).

Conclusion

The type of the adhesive system used to bond the orthodontic brackets, either conventional or self-etching primer, influenced the SBS, while the enamel protective material influenced the adhesive remnant on the enamel surface after debonding.     

Effect of light-curing,pressure, oxygen inhibition,and heat on shear bond strength between bis-acryl provisional restoration and bis-acryl repair materials

PURPOSE

This study aimed to discover a way to increase the bond strength between bis-acryl resins, using a comparison of the shear bond strengths attained from bis-acryl resins treated with light curing, pressure, oxygen inhibition, and heat.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Self-cured bis-acryl resin was used as both a base material and as a repair material. Seventy specimens were distributed into seven groups according to treatment methods: pressure - stored in a pressure cooker at 0.2 Mpa; oxygen inhibition- applied an oxygen inhibitor around the repaired material,; heat treatment - performed heat treatment in a dry oven at 60℃, 100℃, or 140℃. The shear bond strength was measured with a universal testing machine, and the shear bond strength (MPa) was calculated from the peak load of failure. A comparison of the bond strength between the repaired specimens was conducted using one-way ANOVA and Tukey multiple comparison tests (α=.05).

RESULTS

There were no statistically significant differences in the shear bond strength between the control group and the light curing, pressure, and oxygen inhibition groups. However, the heat treatment groups showed statistically higher bond strengths than the groups treated without heat, and the groups treated at a higher temperature resulted in higher bond strengths. Statistically significant differences were seen between groups after different degrees of heat treatment, except in groups heated at 100℃ and 140℃.

CONCLUSION

Strong bonding can be achieved between a bis-acryl base and bis-acryl repair material after heat treatment.     

INFLUENCE OF LIGHT CURING SOURCE ON MICROHARDNESS OF COMPOSITE RESINS OF DIFFERENT SHADES

Introduction:

The evolution of light curing units can be noticed by the different systems recently introduced. The technology of LED units promises longer lifetime, without heating and with production of specific light for activation of camphorquinone. However, further studies are still required to check the real curing effectiveness of these units.

Purpose:

This study evaluated the microhardness of 4 shades (B-0.5, B-1, B-2 and B-3) of composite resin Filtek Z-250 (3M ESPE) after light curing with 4 light sources, being one halogen (Ultralux – Dabi Atlante) and three LED (Ultraled – Dabi Atlante, Ultrablue – DMC and Elipar Freelight – 3M ESPE).

Methods:

192 specimens were distributed into 16 groups, and materials were inserted in a single increment in cylindrical templates measuring 4mm x 4mm and light cured as recommended by the manufacturer. Then, they were submitted to microhardness test on the top and bottom aspects of the cylinders.

Results:

The hardness values achieved were submitted to analysis of variance and to Tukey test at 5% confidence level. It was observed that microhardness of specimens varied according to the shade of the material and light sources employed. The LED appliance emitting greater light intensity provided the highest hardness values with shade B-0.5, allowing the best curing. On the other hand, appliances with low light intensity were the least effective. It was also observed that the bottom of specimens was more sensitive to changes in shade.

Conclusion:

Light intensity of LED light curing units is fundamental for their good functioning, especially when applied in resins with darker shades.     

Polymerization with a micro-xenon light of a resin-modified glass ionomer: a shear bond strength study 15 minutes after bonding

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the initial shear bond strength (15 minutes after bonding) of a resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGIC, Fuji Ortho LC) cured with two different light-curing units: a conventional visible light (Ortholux XT) and a microxenon light (Aurys). Seventy-five freshly extracted bovine permanent mandibular incisors were randomly assigned to one of five groups; each group consisted of 15 specimens. Group A (Transbond XT) and group B (Fuji Ortho LC) were exposed to the visible light for 20 and 40 seconds, respectively, and used as controls. The remaining three groups (C, D, and E) were bonded with Fuji Ortho LC and cured with Aurys for 10, 5, and 2 seconds, respectively. All samples were tested in a shear mode on an Instron universal testing machine 15 minutes after bonding. The shear bond strength of the control group bonded with Transbond XT was significantly higher (P = 0.000) than those of all the other groups tested. Regarding Fuji Ortho LC, no statistically significant differences were found between the bond strength of the control group cured with Ortholux XT, and those of the groups cured with Aurys for 2, 5, and 10 seconds. The present findings indicate that, compared with visible light-curing, the micro-xenon light enables the clinician to significantly reduce the curing time of RMGICs, without affecting their initial shear bond strengths.     

两种光固化正畸黏结剂的黏结性能评价

目的:研究光固化树脂加强型玻璃离子黏结剂与自酸蚀光固化正畸黏结剂对金属托槽-牙面黏结的特点。方法:60颗离体前磨牙随机分成6组,每组10颗牙,3组用光固化树脂加强型玻璃离子黏结剂,另3组用自酸蚀光固化复合树脂黏结剂黏结正畸托槽,分别于0.5、24h及冷热循环实验后测试其抗剪强度及黏结剂残留指数,并通过扫描电镜观察树脂—牙釉质面形态。结果:2种材料黏结强度均能超过5MPa。但是,24h自酸蚀光固化正畸黏结剂的强度高于光固化树脂加强型玻璃离子黏结剂的强度(P<0.05)。结论:2种光固化正畸黏结剂能提供正畸临床黏结金属托槽足够的黏结力。     

A self-conditioner for resin-modified glass ionomers in bonding orthodontic brackets

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a new self-etch conditioner used with resin-modified glass ionomers (RMGIs) in bonding orthodontic brackets. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty human molars were cleaned, mounted, and randomly divided into three groups. In group 1 (control), 20 orthodontic brackets were bonded to teeth using Transbond Plus Self-etching Primer; in group 2, 20 brackets were bonded using an RMGI with a 10% polyacrylic acid conditioner. In group 3, 20 brackets were bonded using Fuji Ortho LC with a new no-rinse self-conditioner for RMGIs. The same bracket type was used on all groups. The teeth were debonded in shear mode using a universal testing machine, and the amount of residual adhesive remaining on each tooth was evaluated. Analysis of variance was used to compare the shear bond strength (SBS), and the chi(2) test was used to compare the Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI) scores. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the SBS (P = .556) between the groups. The mean SBS for Transbond Plus was 8.6 +/- 2.6 MPa, for Fuji Ortho LC using 10% polyacrylic acid 9.1 +/- 4.6 MPa, and for Fuji Ortho LC using GC Self-conditioner 9.9 +/- 4.1 MPa. The comparisons of the ARI scores between the three groups (chi(2) = 35.5) indicated that bracket failure mode was significantly different (P < .001), with more adhesive remaining on the teeth bonded using Transbond. Conclusions: The new self-etch conditioner can be used with an RMGI to successfully bond brackets. In addition, brackets bonded with Fuji Ortho LC resulted in less residual adhesive remaining on the teeth.     

EFFECT OF FLUORIDE-CONTAINING DESENSITIZING AGENTS ON THE BOND STRENGTH OF RESIN-BASED CEMENTS TO DENTIN

Objective:

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of desensitizing agents containing different amounts of fluoride on the shear bond strength of a dual polymerized resin cement and a resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) to dentin.

Material and Methods:

One hundred human molars were mounted in acrylic resin blocks and prepared until the dentin surface was exposed. The specimens were treated with one of four desensitizing agents: Bifluorid 12, Fluoridin, Thermoline and PrepEze. The remaining 20 specimens served as untreated controls. All groups were further divided into 2 subgroups in which a dual polymerized resin cement (Bifix QM) or a resin-modified glass ionomer cement (AVANTO) was used. The shear bond strength (MPa) was measured using a universal testing machine at a 0.5 mm/min crosshead speed. The data were analyzed statistically with a 2-way ANOVA, Tukey HSD test and regression analysis (α=0.05). The effect of the desensitizing agents on the dentin surface was examined by scanning electron microscopy.

Results:

The fluoride-containing desensitizing agents affected the bond strength of the resin-based cements to dentin (p<0.001). PrepEze showed the highest bond strength values in all groups (p<0.001).

Conclusion:

Regression analysis showed a reverse relation between bond strength values of resin cements to dentin and the amount of fluoride in the desensitizing agent (p<0.05).     

A comparative in vitro study of the strength of directly bonded brackets using different curing techniques

The aim of this study was to compare, by shear testing, the bond strengths after 1 and 24 hours of a light-cured resin (Enlight) and a light-cured glass ionomer cement GIC (Fuji Ortho LC) using various polymerization lamps (halogen, high performance halogen, xenon, and diode) for the direct bonding of brackets. The self-curing resin (Concise) was used as the control. The analysis was carried out using the SPSS program. For group comparison purposes, the single factor variance analysis (ANOVA) and the post-hoc test (Tukey's HSD) were used. The level of significance was established at P < 0.05. When comparing two mean values the t-test for independent random samples was employed. All polymerization lamps achieved the minimum bond strength of 5-8 MPa. With Enlight LV, bond strength was dependent on curing time (the halogen lamp achieved the highest bond strength of 10.0 MPa, P < 0.001, with a curing time of 40 seconds. The other lamps showed similar results) and on the mode of cure (the highest bond strength values were achieved by four-sided curing, P= 0.04). Fuji Ortho LC, on the other hand, was independent of the duration of light curing and the type of lamp used. The bond strengths of the resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) were similar to or somewhat higher than those achieved with light-cured composite resin (P = 0.039) when lamps with short polymerization times were used, but were significantly lower (P< 0.001) when compared with the self-curing composite adhesive. After 24 hours, the bond strengths of all adhesives showed a significant increase: Enlight 19 per cent, Fuji Ortho LC 6.6 per cent, Concise 16 per cent. Bond failure occurred for Enlight at the bracket-composite resin adhesive interface in 90 per cent and with Concise in 57 per cent. However, Fuji Ortho LC showed far more cohesive and mixed failures, indicating an improved bond between bracket and cement.     

Shear bond strength of resin cement to an acid etched and a laser irradiated ceramic surface

PURPOSE

To evaluate the effects of hydrofluoric acid etching and Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation on the shear bond strength of resin cement to lithium disilicate ceramic.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Fifty-five ceramic blocks (5 mm × 5 mm × 2 mm) were fabricated and embedded in acrylic resin. Their surfaces were finished with 1000-grit silicon carbide paper. The blocks were assigned to five groups: 1) 9.5% hydrofluoric-acid etching for 60 s; 2-4), 1.5-, 2.5-, and 6-W Er,Cr:YSGG laser applications for 60 seconds, respectively; and 5) no treatment (control). One specimen from each group was examined using scanning electron microscopy. Ceramic primer (Rely X ceramic primer) and adhesive (Adper Single Bond) were applied to the ceramic surfaces, followed by resin cement to bond the composite cylinders, and light curing. Bonded specimens were stored in distilled water at 37℃ for 24 hours. Shear bond strengths were determined by a universal testing machine at 1 mm/min crosshead speed. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U-tests (α=0.05).

RESULTS

Adhesion was significantly stronger in Group 2 (3.88 ± 1.94 MPa) and Group 3 (3.65 ± 1.87 MPa) than in Control group (1.95 ± 1.06 MPa), in which bonding values were lowest (P<.01). No significant difference was observed between Group 4 (3.59 ± 1.19 MPa) and Control group. Shear bond strength was highest in Group 1 (8.42 ± 1.86 MPa; P<.01).

CONCLUSION

Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation at 1.5 and 2.5 W increased shear bond strengths between ceramic and resin cement compared with untreated ceramic surfaces. Irradiation at 6 W may not be an efficient ceramic surface treatment technique.     

树脂加强型玻璃离子水门汀在托槽粘结中的应用

目的探讨两种树脂加强型玻璃离子水门汀对托槽粘结强度的影响。方法收集离体人前磨牙60个,随机分成6组。第1组和第2组(对照组):35%磷酸酸蚀30 s,冲洗、吹干,涂粘结剂,采用光固化复合树脂粘结托槽。第3、4、5、6组:10%聚丙烯酸酸蚀30 s,冲洗,保持潮湿,第3组和第4组采用化学固化型的Fuji Ortho树脂加强型玻璃离子水门汀粘结托槽,第5组和第6组采用光固化型的Fuji Ortho LC树脂加强型玻璃离子水门汀粘结托槽。第1、3、5组进行抗剪强度测定,第24、、6组进行抗张强度测定,测试后观察断面形态。结果光固化复合树脂的抗剪强度高于其他2组,抗张强度各组间差异无显著性。各种材料的抗剪强度均高于抗张强度。在断面形态观察中,第1组与第3组、第5组差异有显著性,其余差异无显著性。结论两种树脂加强型玻璃离子水门汀的抗剪强度低于复合树脂,但能满足临床的需要。     

Effects of light-emitting diode and halogen light curing techniques on ceramic brackets bonded to porcelain surfaces

The objectives of this study were to test the efficiency of LED curing devices in bonding ceramic brackets to porcelain surfaces and to compare the effects of LED and halogen curing techniques on shear bond strength of ceramic brackets. A total of 20 glazed porcelain facets were randomly divided into two groups of 10. Porcelain surfaces were etched with 9.6% hydrofluoric acid for 2 minutes, and silane was applied on the etched porcelain surface. Ceramic brackets were bonded with an LC composite resin cured with soft start mode LED and a halogen light. Bond strengths, as determined in the shear mode, were higher in the LED group (P < .001). LED curing units with the soft start polymerization mode were more effective than halogen curing units in bonding ceramic brackets on porcelain surfaces. The type of curing light must be considered as an important factor affecting bond strength of ceramic brackets on porcelain surfaces.     

Hardening of a dual-cure resin cement using QTH and LED curing units

Objective

This study evaluated the surface hardness of a resin cement (RelyX ARC) photoactivated through indirect composite resin (Cristobal) disks of different thicknesses using either a light-emitting diode (LED) or quartz tungsten halogen (QTH) light source.

Material and Methods

Eighteen resin cement specimens were prepared and divided into 6 groups according to the type of curing unit and the thickness of resin disks interposed between the cement surface and light source. Three indentations (50 g for 15 s) were performed on the top and bottom surface of each specimen and a mean Vickers hardness number (VHN) was calculated for each specimen. The data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer test was used for post-hoc pairwise comparisons.

Results

Increased indirect resin disk thickness resulted in decreased mean VHN values. Mean VHN values for the top surfaces of the resin cement specimens ranged from 23.2 to 46.1 (QTH) and 32.3 to 41.7 (LED). The LED curing light source produced higher hardness values compared to the QTH light source for 2- and 3-mm-thick indirect resin disks. The differences were clinically, but not statistically significant. Increased indirect resin disk thickness also resulted in decreased mean VHN values for the bottom surfaces of the resin cement: 5.8 to 19.1 (QTH) and 7.5 to 32.0 (LED). For the bottom surfaces, a statistically significant interaction was also found between the type of curing light source and the indirect resin disk thickness.

Conclusions

Mean surface hardness values of resin cement specimens decreased with the increase of indirect resin disk thickness. The LED curing light source generally produced higher surface hardness values.     

Do blood contamination and haemostatic agents affect microtensile bond strength of dual cured resin cement to dentin?

Objective:

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of blood contamination and haemostatic agents such as Ankaferd Blood Stopper (ABS) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) on the microtensile bond strength between dual cured resin cement-dentin interface.

Material and Methods:

Twelve pressed lithium disilicate glass ceramics were luted to flat occlusal dentin surfaces with Panavia F under the following conditions: Control Group: no contamination, Group Blood: blood contamination, Group ABS: ABS contamination Group H₂O₂: H₂O₂ contamination. The specimens were sectioned to the beams and microtensile testing was carried out. Failure modes were classified under stereomicroscope. Two specimens were randomly selected from each group, and SEM analyses were performed.

Results:

There were significant differences in microtensile bond strengths (µTBS) between the control and blood-contaminated groups (p<0.05), whereas there were no significant differences found between the control and the other groups (p>0.05).

Conclusions:

Contamination by blood of dentin surface prior to bonding reduced the bond strength between resin cement and the dentin. Ankaferd Blood Stoper and H₂O₂ could be used safely as blood stopping agents during cementation of all-ceramics to dentin to prevent bond failure due to blood contamination.