血管性认知障碍的概念及危险因素

随着人口老龄化的提高,如果不采取干预性措施,1/3 的人将来会患卒中和(或)痴呆,卒中后,高达64%的患者存在不同程度的认知障碍,1/3 会发展为明显的痴呆[1].本文就血管性认知障碍(vascular cognitive impairment,VCI)概念及危险因素一综述.     

轻度认知功能障碍与血管性认知障碍的比较

近年来我国人口老龄化问题严重,按2003中国统计年鉴,65岁及以上老年人口已占调查人口总数的8．16％,达1．04亿人,预计到2020年将达1．67亿人。因此对痴呆和衰老机制的研究成为热点,其中轻度认知功能障碍（mild cognitive impairment,MCI）的概念近些年来被逐渐接受,并普遍认为MCI是指介于正常老化和阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimer＇s disease,AD）之间的一种过渡阶段的认知障碍,表现为与年龄不相称的记忆力减退,但未达AD标准。近几年随着对痴呆认识和研究的深入,     

皮质下小血管病所致轻度血管性认知障碍的危险因素及临床特征

目的 明确皮质下小血管病所致轻度血管性认知障碍(mild vascular cognitive impairment due to subcortical small vessel disease,mVCI-SSVD)的危险因素及临床特征.方法 收集56例mVCI-SSVD患者的人口学资料、血管危险因素、现病史、既往史,并进行详细的神经系统体检及美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS)和Hachinski缺血积分(Hachinski ischemic score,HIS)评分.将mVCI-SSVD患者的人口学资料、血管危险因素与80名健康对照老人进行比较,最终明确mVCI-SSVD患者的危险因素及临床特征.结果 患者组吸烟史[39.3%(22/56)]、高血压[67.9%(38/56)]、糖尿病[25.0%(14/56)]等血管危险因素阳性比例高于健康对照组[21.3%(17/80),47.5%(39/80),11.3%(9/80)],2组之间的OR值[2.32(95% CI1.05～5.13),2.15(95% CI 1.02～4.54),2.26(95% CI 0.86～5.92)]均有统计学意义(P=0.039、0.045、0.047),而高脂血症和心脏病与对照组比较差异无统计学意义.50.0%(28/56)的mVCI-SSVD患者有明确的卒中病史,26.8%(15/56)的患者认知障碍急性起病,局灶体征见于20例患者(35.7%).HIS≤4分24例(42.9%),NIHSS评分0分38例(67.9%).结论 吸烟、高血压、糖尿病是mVCI-SSVD的危险因素,而高脂血症和心脏病不增加mVCI-SSVD的风险;与大血管病变导致的认知障碍不同,约一半的mVCI-SSVD患者缺乏卒中病史,多数患者认知障碍慢性起病,缺乏明显的局灶体征.

Abstract：

Objective To determine the risk factors and clinical features of mild vascular cognitive impairment due to subcortical small vessel disease (mVCI-SSVD).Methods Detailed demographic data,vascular risk factors, past and present history were collected and carefully neurological examination, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), as well as Hachinski ischemic score (HIS) were performed on 56 mVCI-SSVD patients.Further, the demographic data and vascular risk factors of mVCI-SSVD patients were compared with those of 80 normal control subjects.Results Proportions of smoking (39.3% (22/56)), hypertension (67.9% (38/56)), and diabetes (25.0% (14/56)) were higher in the patient group than in the normal control group (21.3% (17/80) , 47.5% (39/80), 11.3% (9/80)).Odds ratio (2.32(95% CI 1.05-5.13),2.15 (95% CI 1.02-4.54),2.26(95% CI 0.86-5.92)) between the two groups was statistically significant (P value: 0.039, 0.045, 0.047).There was no difference in terms of hyperlipidemia and cardiac disease between groups.Fifty percent (28/56) mVCI-SSVD patients had a clear stroke history.Twenty-six point eight percent (15/56) patients developed the cognitive impairment with an acute onset.Neurological focal signs presented in 20 patients (35.7%).Twenty four (42.9%) patients with HIS ≤ 4 points.Thirty eight cases (67.9%) scored 0 on NIHSS.Conclusions Current study suggested that smoking, hypertension, and diabetes may be risk factors for mVCI-SSVD.While hyperlipidemia and cardiac disease do not increase the risk of mVCI-SSVD.Unlike mVCI caused by large vessel disease, about half mVCI-SSVD patients lack of stroke history.Most patients show a relatively insidious onset and free of significant neurological focal signs.     

血管性认知障碍(综述)

血管性认知障碍研究有助于对由血管性因素和血管病引起的认知损害或痴呆的认识及早期诊断、治疗。该文就血管性认知功能障碍的概念、分类、机制、诊断和防治等方面进行综述。     

丁苯酞对轻度血管性认知障碍患者执行功能的影响

目的 评估口服丁苯酞对血管性轻度认知障碍患者执行能力的影响。 方法 选择轻度血管性认知功能障碍患者48例，分为观察组24例，对照组24例。观察组服用丁苯 酞200 mg，每日3次，对照组服用维生素E 100 mg，每日3次，共90 d。比较两组治疗前及治疗后连线A 和连线B测试、数字广度顺背倒背、言语流畅性测验（verbal fluency test，VFT）、画钟测验量表评分， 评价丁苯酞对患者执行功能的影响。 结果 治疗前，两组认知和执行功能差异无统计学意义。治疗后，观察组连线A（[ 53.65±0.88）vs （56.22±0.87）]和连线B（[ 174.95±1.99）vs（177.41±1.44）]测试评分低于对照组，差异有统计学意义； 数字广度顺背倒背测试（[ 5.05±1.22）vs（4.59±0.33）]和VFT（[ 13.29±0.88）vs（12.43±1.02）]评分 高于对照组，差异有统计学意义；两组画钟测试差异无统计学意义。 结论 丁苯酞可以改善轻度血管性认知障碍患者执行功能。     

轻度认知障碍与无痴呆型血管性认知障碍患者的神经心理学特征

阿尔茨海默病（AD）和血管性痴呆（vascular dementia，VD）是临床常见的老年期痴呆类型。虽然长期以来受到广泛关注．但对其治疗收效甚微．近年逐渐将研究重点转向对其早期阶段的干预治疗。在这一临床需要下，针对阿尔茨海默病和血管性痴呆分别提出了轻度认知障碍（mild cognitive impairment，MCI）和血管性认知障碍（vascular cognitive impairment，VCI）的概念，力求对患者进行早期识别和干预，以延缓甚至阻止痴呆的发生、发展。     

血管性认知障碍的研究进展

近20年来,随着社会的发展和人口的老龄化,脑卒中和痴呆的发病率逐渐增高,伴有血管性因素的认知功能障碍越来越受到大家的重视。笔者就血管性认知功能障碍(vascular cogni-tive impairment,VCI)的概念、意义、流行病学特点、分类、危险因素、病理生理及防治策略等方面综述如下。     

急性缺血性卒中患者血管性认知障碍及其亚型的相关因素分析

目的探讨急性缺血性卒中患者血管性认知障碍(vascular cognitive impairment,VCI)及其亚型非痴呆性血管性认知障碍(VCI-no dementia,VCIND)与血管性痴呆(vascular dementia,Va D)发生的主要相关因素。方法选择2014年6月至2015年6月就诊于天津医科大学总医院神经内科的491例急性缺血性卒中患者为研究对象,应用前期已建立的血管性认知障碍数据库记录患者的一般人口学信息、病史、体格检查、血管危险因素、生化及影像检查信息,对患者进行美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS)评分、Essen评分及低分子肝素治疗急性卒中试验(the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment,TOAST)分型,于发病(10±2)d进行蒙特利尔认知量表(Montreal Cognitive Assessment,Mo CA)、临床痴呆量表(Clinical Dementia Rating,CDR)、日常生活能力量表(Activities of Daily Living,ADL)评分,依据血管性认知障碍诊治指南中VCI的诊断及分类诊断标准将患者分为认知正常组(no cognitive impairment,NCI)和VCI组,VCI组包括VCIND组和Va D组,分析上述各项因素的组间差异及相关性。结果 491例急性缺血性卒中患者中VCI占69.86%,其中包括37.68%的VCIND和32.18%的Va D患者。1VCI组低受教育程度(P0.001)、糖尿病(P=0.005)、心脏病(P=0.045)、卒中家族史(P=0.005)、幕上病变(P0.001)的比例及卒中次数(P=0.014)、D-二聚体水平(P=0.001)、Essen评分(P=0.024)、NIHSS评分(P0.001)显著高于NCI组,女性(P=0.004)、幕下病变(P0.001)的比例及受教育年(P0.001)显著低于NCI组,差异均有显著性;Logistic回归分析显示低受教育程度、糖尿病、幕上病变和高D-二聚体水平是VCI的独立危险因素。2与VCIND组比较,Va D组患者既往卒中史(P=0.013)、TOAST分型中大动脉粥样硬化型梗死(P0.001)的比例及卒中次数(P=0.001)、Essen评分(P=0.032)、神经功能缺损程度(P=0.005)显著高于VCIND组,TOAST分型中小动脉闭塞型梗死(P0.001)、幕下病变(P0.001)的比例显著低于VCIND组,差异均有显著性;Logistic回归分析显示卒中次数、神经功能缺损程度、大动脉粥样硬化型梗死是Va D的独立危险因素,而幕下病变患者发生Va D的风险明显小于幕上病变患者。结论 VCI及其亚型的影响因素不同,与NCI比较,低受教育程度、糖尿病、幕上病变和高D-二聚体水平是VCI的独立危险因素;与VCIND比较,卒中次数、严重的神经功能缺损、TOAST分型中大动脉粥样硬化型梗死是Va D的独立危险因素。     

血管性认知障碍不可干预危险因素研究进展

血管性认知障碍(VCI)是由血管危险因素、环境因素和遗传因素等多种因素共同作用所致的疾病,其中血管危险因素及环境因素多属于可干预危险因素,若早期干预可以预防和延缓VCI的发展,然而血管危险因素及环境因素并不能完全解释VCI发病机制。不可干预危险因素,如人口学特征和遗传因素等可能是VCI发生发展的病理生理基础。本文就VCI不可干预危险因素做一综述,以期为其发病机制和病理生理学基础提供分子生物学证据。     

血尿酸与脑小血管病患者血管性轻度认知障碍的相关性研究

目的 探讨血尿酸（uric acid,UA）与脑小血管病（cerebral small vessel disease,CSVD）患者血管性轻度 认知障碍（vascular mild cognitive impairment,VaMCI）的相关性。 方法 选择2015年10月-2017年6月于潍坊医学院附属医院就诊的87例CSVD患者和44例体检者,根据 蒙特利尔评估表（montreal cognitive assessment,MoCA）将CSVD患者分为VaMCI组47例和认知正常组40 例,用Logistic回归分析及Pearson相关分析来分析尿酸与脑小血管病患者轻度认知障碍的相关性。 结果 CSVD认知正常组及轻度认知障碍组血UA水平（[ 315.15±56.76）μmol/L,（363.32±42.58） μmol/L]高于对照组（[ 269.66±40.21）μmol/L]（均P<0.001）,且CSVD轻度认知障碍组血尿酸水平 高于认知正常组（P <0.001）。轻度认知损害组UA水平与其MoCA总分、视空间与执行能力、记忆、语 言呈负相关（r =-0.351,P =0.015;r =-0.456,P =0.001;r =-0.408,P =0.004;r =-0.329,P =0.024）。 Logistic回归分析结果显示,血UA水平[比值比（odds ratio,OR）1.020,95%可信区间（confidence interval, CI）1.009～1.032,P =0.01]是CSVD患者轻度认知障碍的独立危险因素。 结论 CSVD血管性轻度认知障碍患者血UA升高,且血UA是CSVD患者轻度认知障碍的危险因素。UA 水平与CSVD血管性轻度认知障碍患者蒙特利尔评估总分、视空间与执行能力、记忆、语言呈负相关。     

皮质下血管性轻度认知障碍患者的多模式磁共振研究

目的 明确对皮质下缺血性血管病（subcortical ischemic vascular disease,SIVD）患者早期认知损害较 为敏感的磁共振成像（magnetic resonance imaging,MRI）指标。 方法 32例SIVD患者经过认知测试,被分为无认知障碍（no cognitive impairment,NCI）组18例,血管性 轻度认知障碍（vascular mild cognitive impairment,VaMCI）组14例,分析其认知测试指标与MRI参数之间 的关系。 结果 NCI组、VaMCI组全脑白质（whole brain white matter,WBWM）平均弥散度（mean diffusivity,MD） 分别为（0.84±0.03）×10-9·m2·s-1和（0.89±0.05）×10-9·m2·s-1,表观正常白质（normal appearing white matter,NAWM）的MD分别为（0.87±0.04）×10-9·m2·s-1和（0.92±0.05）×10-9·m2·s-1,差异 均有显著性（P均为0.003）;NCI组、VaMCI组WBWM各向异性分数（fractional anisotropy,FA）分别为 （0.37±0.02）和（0.35±0.02）,两组有显著差异（P =0.002）,两组NAWM的FA分别为（0.35±0.02）和 （0.33±0.02）,差异亦有显著性（P =0.001）。SIVD患者WBWM的MD值、NAWM的MD值和FA值与注意- 执行均相关,相关系数分别为－0.401（P =0.031）、－0.422（P =0.023）和0.409（P =0.027）,NAWM的 MD值与记忆相关,相关系数为－0.377（P =0.044）,多元逐步回归显示仅NAWM的MD值与注意-执行 （β=－0.453,P =0.009）、记忆（β=－0.414,P =0.019）和总体认知（β=－0.410,P =0.02）独立负相 关。而常规MRI参数未显示组间差异,与认知功能亦未见相关性。 结论 MRI弥散张量成像（diffusion tensor imaging,DTI）可以作为早期识别SIVD患者认知障碍的有效 手段。NAWM的MD值在认知障碍早期即下降,并与多项认知域独立相关,是较为敏感的DTI指标。     

轻度认知功能障碍患者认知损害与血清脑源性神经营养因子水平的相关性

目的 研究轻度认知功能障碍（mild cognitive impairment,MCI）患者认知损害与血清脑源性神经营养因子（brain derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF）水平的关系。 方法 从认知障碍门诊筛选MCI患者30例,正常对照老年人32例,采用酶联免疫吸附法（enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA）检测MCI患者的血清BDNF水平。 结果 MCI的血清BDNF水平较正常对照组显著升高（P=0.025）,MCI组中血清BDNF与简明精神状态量表（Mini-Mental State Examination Scale,MMSE）中的记忆力（r=-0.494,P=0.009）、语言能力（r=-0.399,P=0.039）呈负相关,与定向力、注意力和计算力、回忆能力无相关性;与临床痴呆量表（Clinical Dementia Rating Scale,CDR）总分呈正相关（r=0.476,P=0.012）;与MMSE总分、全面衰退量表（Global Deterioration Scale,GDS）总分无相关性。 结论 MCI患者的BDNF水平显著升高,提示BDNF可能参与MCI认知损害的病理生理过程     

轻度认知功能障碍的神经影像学最新研究进展

轻度认知功能障碍（mild cognitive impairment，MCI）是介于正常老化、痴呆之间的一种临 床状态，表现为轻度的记忆和智能损害，达不到痴呆诊断标准，但有进展为痴呆的高风险。因此，早 发现、早诊断、早治疗非常关键。在MCI的具体诊断上，神经影像诊断表现出显著的临床应用价值， 该诊断方式在早期诊断MCI及预防AD疾病的发生上具有显著作用。本文综述了当前国内外应用神经 影像学诊断MCI的方法与结果，为进一步诊断及治疗MCI提供依据。     

Thalamic Shape and Cognitive Performance in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment

ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate thalamic shape alterations and their relationships with various episodic memory impairments in subjects with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI).MethodsWe compared volumes and morphological alterations of the thalamus between aMCI subjects and healthy controls. In addition, we investigated the correlation between thalamic deformations and various memory impairments in aMCI subjects using a comprehensive neuropsychological battery.ResultsThe normalized left thalamic volumes of the aMCI group were significantly smaller than those of the healthy control group (p<0.0001). aMCI subjects exhibited significant thalamic deformations in the left thalamic dorso-medial and antero-medial areas compared with healthy individuals. CERAD-K Word List Memory scores were significantly correlated with the left dorso-medial areas in aMCI subjects. There were no significant correlations between verbal fluency, Boston naming test, constructional praxis, Word List Recognition, and Visuospatial Recall scores and thalamic shape in aMCI subjects. Verbal delayed recall scores were also significantly correlated with the left dorso-medial areas in the aMCI group.ConclusionStructural alterations in the thalamic deformations in the left dorso-medial and antero-medial areas might be core underlying neurobiological mechanisms of thalamic dysfunction related to Word List Memory and delayed verbal recall in individuals with aMCI.     

Vascular Cognitive Impairment

Abstract: The term vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) is now employed to capture the spectrum of illness and disability arising from impaired cognitive function of vascular origin. As such, it supplants the more narrowly focussed terms "Vascular dementia (VaD)" and "multi-infarct dementia". It is meant to include both those whose cognitive impairment is different from that assumed by the usual criteria for dementia. Traditionally, dementia criteria have been modelled on AD, a disorder with more characteristic neuropathological and clinical disease expression than is seen in VaD, which can occur in many forms. VCI is common, and is associated with many adverse outcomes, including worse cognition, institutionalization, and death.
One form of VCI is coincident AD and VaD, a category which, although it has been comparatively neglected, may be amongst the most common forms of dementia. Another common form of VCI has a predilection for subcortical ischemic lesions, and for a clinical presentation which reflects frontal and subcortical involvement.
At present, there is no specific treatment for VCI, although several agents appear to offer the hope of both treatment and prevention. Further research on the clinical, pathological and mechanistic underpinnings of this important syndrome is needed. For a long time, VaD has been recognized as the second most common cause of dementia.^1,2) More recently, however, the concept of cognitive impairment in relation to cerebrovascular disease has been expanded. This paper will review the notion of "vascular cognitive impairment" (VCI) as it relates to clinical practice, and to our understanding of disease mechanisms in dementia and related disorders. It will propose that while the expanded concept has merit, within it are to be found distinct subgroups, including some of particular importance as targets for clinical trials of therapeutic and even preventive interventions.     

同型半胱氨酸与高血压患者轻度认知障碍的相关性

目的 探讨同型半胱氨酸（homocysteine,Hcy）与高血压患者轻度认知障碍的相关性。
方法 回顾性纳入2017年1月-2018年2月邯郸市第一医院神经内科连续收治的原发性高血
压患者,根据其血浆Hcy水平,将患者分为单纯型高血压组（Hcy<15 μm m ol/L）与H型高血压组
（Hcy≥15 μmmol/L）,采用Spearman秩相关分析Hcy与MMSE和MoCA评分的相关性,并采用Logistic回归
分析高血压患者轻度认知功能障碍的影响因素。
结果 共纳入原发性高血压患者113例,其中单纯型高血压组49例,H型高血压组64例。H型高血压
组患者的MMSE和MoCA评分均低于单纯型高血压组（分别为24.94±1.83 vs 27.96±1.54和23.45±2.47
vs 27.24±1.80,均P <0.001）。相关分析显示,Hcy水平与MMSE和MoCA评分存在负相关性（分别为r =-
0.513和r =-0.500,均P＜0.001）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,高龄（OR 1.236,95%CI 1.124～1.361）、
H型高血压（OR 22.218,95%CI 8.243～59.654）是高血压患者轻度认知功能障碍的独立危险因素。
结论 Hcy水平升高是高血压患者轻度认知功能障碍发生的独立危险因素。     

同型半胱氨酸与高血压患者轻度认知障碍的相关性

目的 探讨同型半胱氨酸（homocysteine,Hcy）与高血压患者轻度认知障碍的相关性。方法 回顾性纳入2017年1月-2018年2月邯郸市第一医院神经内科连续收治的原发性高血压患者,根据其血浆Hcy水平,将患者分为单纯型高血压组（Hcy<15 μm m ol/L）与H型高血压组（Hcy≥15 μmmol/L）,采用Spearman秩相关分析Hcy与MMSE和MoCA评分的相关性,并采用Logistic回归分析高血压患者轻度认知功能障碍的影响因素。结果 共纳入原发性高血压患者113例,其中单纯型高血压组49例,H型高血压组64例。H型高血压组患者的MMSE和MoCA评分均低于单纯型高血压组（分别为24.94±1.83 vs 27.96±1.54和23.45±2.47vs 27.24±1.80,均P <0.001）。相关分析显示,Hcy水平与MMSE和MoCA评分存在负相关性（分别为r =-0.513和r =-0.500,均P＜0.001）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,高龄（OR 1.236,95%CI 1.124～1.361）、H型高血压（OR 22.218,95%CI 8.243～59.654）是高血压患者轻度认知功能障碍的独立危险因素。结论 Hcy水平升高是高血压患者轻度认知功能障碍发生的独立危险因素。     

血管性轻度认知功能损害对大鼠前脑神经元和胶质细胞的影响

目的：观察血管性轻度认知功能损害（VMCI）大鼠模型的前脑神经元、星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞数的变化。方法：用分次结扎大鼠双侧颈总动脉（BCCAO）40d建立VMCI模型（BCCAO组）,以假手术组（SHAM组）为对照,每组n=6。在模型建立前和建立后40d对大鼠进行感觉、运动神经功能和步态的评估,采用T型迷宫评估额叶皮质下环路相关的空间工作记忆和海马相关的空间及非空间相关记忆,免疫组化染色分别检测不同脑区的神经元和胶质细胞数的变化。结果：两组大鼠均无明确感觉和运动神经功能缺失,但BCCAO组的大鼠出现步态障碍。T型迷宫评估,BCCAO组的大鼠额叶皮质下环路相关的空间工作记忆和海马相关的空间及非空间相关记忆受损。两组大鼠海马CA1区β-tubulin阳性细胞面积百分比的定量分析差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。BCCAO组在CC区、ic区和opt区GFAP的阳性细胞面积百分比明显高于SHAM组（P〈0．05）;BCCAO组CC区、ic区和opt区和海马CA1区的CD11b阳性细胞面积百分比亦明显高于SHAM组（P〈0．05）。结论：VMCI模型大鼠表现为无运动障碍的步态损害和轻度的空间工作记忆障碍;VMCI早期可不表现为神经元数量的缺失,但其功能可能已经受损,病理特点还包括发挥神经毒性作用的小胶质细胞的活化和白质病变。     

Effects of Virtual Reality-Based Cognitive Training in the Elderly with and without Mild Cognitive Impairment

ObjectiveThis study aimed to introduce a 4-week long fully immersive virtual reality-based cognitive training (VRCT) program that could be applied for both a cognitively normal elderly population and patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). In addition, we attempted to investigate the neuropsychological effects of the VRCT program in each group. MethodsA total of 56 participants, 31 in the MCI group and 25 in the cognitively normal elderly group, underwent eight sessions of VRCT for 4 weeks. In order to evaluate the effects of the VRCT, the Korean version of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Packet was administered before and after the program. The program’ s safety was assessed using a simulator sickness questionnaire (SSQ), and availability was assessed using the presence questionnaire. ResultsAfter the eighth session of the VRCT program, cognitive improvement was observed in the ability to learn new information, visuospatial constructional ability, and frontal lobe function in both groups. At the baseline evaluation, based on the SSQ, the MCI group complained of disorientation and nausea significantly more than the cognitively normal elderly group did. However, both groups showed a reduction in discomfort as the VRCT program progressed. ConclusionWe conclude that our VRCT program helps improve cognition in both the MCI group and cognitively normal elderly group. Therefore, the VRCT is expected to help improve cognitive function in elderly populations with and without MCI.