电化学漂白的研究进展

对电化学漂白的研究进行了简要的综述,包括电化学含氯漂白、电化学氧气漂白和电化学产生过氧化氢漂白。重点对电化学氧气漂白机理和过渡金属催化剂在电化学氧气漂白中的作用进行了概述。     

白杨木粉碱性过氧化氢漂白条件的优化

研究了碱性条件下过氧化氢对杨木木粉的漂白工艺,探讨漂白温度、漂白时间、H₂O₂用量、pH值及偏硅酸钠用量对白度的影响。结果表明,过氧化氢对杨木木粉漂白的最佳工艺条件为:H₂O₂用量为40%,Na₂SiO₃·9H₂O用量为8%,pH值为10~11,漂液温度在60~70℃,漂白时间40 min。该工艺对杨木粉进行漂白,最高白度可达到85%~90%(ISO),高于文献上报道的H₂O₂漂白白度。     

粉体材料漂白实践

通过大量的试验和工业生产实践，对化学漂白的影响因素、漂白药剂选择与搭配进行了较深入探讨。对高岭土和轻质碳酸钙化学漂白工艺流程和漂白过程中物料浆液的pH值、质量分数、温度、漂白剂用量、漂白时间等工艺条件进行了分析并给出最佳范围。     

过硫酸钾漂白棉织物的研究

本文对过硫酸钾漂白棉织物的工艺做了一系列研究,研究结果表明过硫酸钾漂白纯棉织物的最佳工艺为:过硫酸钾用量6g/L、活化剂焦磷酸钠3g/L、pH值为7～8,温度60℃、时间60分钟.过硫酸钾漂白棉织物基本达到双氧水漂白棉织物的效果,过硫酸钾漂白剂具有低温漂白和环保两大特点.     

一种少氯漂白精制漂白紫胶的工艺

在当前精制漂白紫胶常规漂白方法的基础上,为了得到一种精制漂白紫胶的少氯漂白工艺条件,采用次氯酸盐(H)和过氧化氢漂白(P)相结合的两段漂白方法对紫胶进行漂白制得精制漂白紫胶。通过正交试验探讨了精制漂白紫胶HP漂白工艺过程中次氯酸盐用量,过氧化氢用量,过氧化氢漂白温度及其过氧化氢漂白时间等。结果表明,利用次氯酸盐和过氧化氢漂白相结合的漂程,并且在次氯酸盐用量为5.5%,过氧化氢用量为11.0%,过氧化氢的漂白温度为65℃以及过氧化氢漂白时间为1h时,制得的精制漂白紫胶性能最佳,其主要质量指标为:加纳颜色11号,酸值81.1 mg/g,热乙醇不溶物0.15%,冷乙醇可溶物97.5%,氯含量0.61%,蜡含量0.05%,热硬化时间368s。     

超声波强化硫脲漂白高岭土的试验研究

以广西北海高岭土为原料,硫脲为还原剂,探讨外加超声波辐射对高岭土除铁增白的强化作用.考察了超声波频率、功率、辐射时间对除铁增白效果的影响.采用X射线衍射、扫描电镜表征样品,结果表明:超声波对硫脲漂白高岭土有明显的促进作用.常温下硫脲用量为高岭土质量的0.8%,漂白时间50min,样品烧成白度只能从83%提高到到87%左右;在上述工艺基础上使用超声波强化漂白,硫脲用量0.4%,超声频率80kHz,功率500W,时间20 min,强化漂白效果最佳,样品烧成自度能达到89%左右,达到了硫脲用量0.6%,在90℃条件下反应40min相近的漂白效果.     

虫胶漂白的一种新方法

采用漂白剂对虫胶片进行漂白反应制得漂白虫胶。提出了一种工艺简单、效率高和稳定性好的溶剂漂白新方法,克服了传统虫胶漂白生产工艺—酸碱法存在的缺陷,建立了分光光度法定量表征虫胶漂白度的方法,并采用FT-IR对产物的组成及结构进行表征。通过正交实验及单因素实验确定了漂白反应最佳条件:反应时间为2 h,漂白剂T用量为0.028 6 mol,温度为65℃,硫酸质量分数为5%时,漂白倍数B1达到62.22,超过了苏化漂白胶(29.67)。     

过氧化氢漂白稻草纤维素实验条件初探

以预处理后的稻草纤维素为原料,以白度为指标,以过氧化氢为漂白剂,硅酸钠为稳定剂,分别考察了漂白次数和稳定剂用量对指标的影响,结果表明,以质量分数为3％的硅酸钠为稳定剂,两段漂白效果最佳。最佳二段漂白条件为：一段：过氧化氢浓度为3％,温度为70℃,反应时间为60 min, pH为10～11;二段：过氧化氢浓度为5％,温度为70℃,反应90 min, pH为10～11,在该条件下稻草纤维素白度最佳,为74．3。     

国外信息

本研究成功地用电化学法对未漂白蔗渣浆进行了漂白。漂白试验在一个单段中使用氯化钠溶液和直流电进行的,电化学反应器是由一个水平石墨阳极和一个平行的不锈钢网状阴极组成的,化学蔗渣浆、化学机械蔗渣浆和机械蔗渣浆均能被漂白到相当高的白     

麦草亚铵法氧脱木素浆的短流程漂白

对麦草亚铵法氧脱木素浆进行了P、HP和HQP漂白对比研究,结果表明:在过氧化氢单段漂白时,Na2SiO3的适宜用量为0.4%,在所选过氧化氢用量、NaOH用量、温度和时间的四因素三水平方差分析漂白工艺中,影响纸浆白度的主要因素为NaOH用量;而采用HP和HQP漂白时,漂白浆的白度分别达到78.1%(ISO)和81.9%(ISO),可见采用螯合处理的效果明显。     

不加支持电解质条件下传递现象的电化学测试方法研究

传递现象电化学测试方法在传质、传热及流场参数测试中有广泛的应用’‘－“。传统方法 在测试溶液中加有大量支持电解质以消除电迁移影响，使传质过程仅为扩散控制，电极反应 极限电流直接对应于扩散传质系数。支持电解质通常为盐或碱类，由于溶液的腐蚀性及操作 间歇期，盐或碱在测试电极表面的结晶，给测试过程带来了一定的危害。本文旨在探讨和建 立不加支持电解质条件下传递现象的电化学测试方法。     

不加支持电解质条件下传递现象的电化学测试方法研究

传递现象电化学测试方法在传质、传热及流场参数测试中有广泛的应用’‘－“。传统方法 在测试溶液中加有大量支持电解质以消除电迁移影响，使传质过程仅为扩散控制，电极反应 极限电流直接对应于扩散传质系数。支持电解质通常为盐或碱类，由于溶液的腐蚀性及操作 间歇期，盐或碱在测试电极表面的结晶，给测试过程带来了一定的危害。本文旨在探讨和建 立不加支持电解质条件下传递现象的电化学测试方法。     

复合添加剂对次磷酸钠化学镀铜的影响

在以次磷酸钠为还原剂的化学镀铜体系中,考察了2,2'-联吡啶/亚铁氰化钾复合添加剂对化学镀铜的影响。采用电化学方法分析了无添加剂、单一添加剂和复合添加剂对次磷酸钠氧化电势和电流的影响,结果表明,2,2'-联吡啶、亚铁氰化钾和2,2'-联吡啶/亚铁氰化钾复合添加剂均使次磷酸钠氧化电势增加,氧化电流减小。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能量色散谱(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、四探针测试法(SZT-90)检测结果显示:较之单一添加剂,10 mg/L 2,2'-联吡啶/4 mg/L亚铁氰化钾复合添加剂所得铜镀层纯度更高〔w(Cu)=96.27%〕,外观更加光亮、致密和均匀,铜层表面平均电阻率也降低至0.022 9μΩ.m。     

玻碳电极的物理预处理方法

用循环伏安技术研究了玻碳电极在 K3 Fe( CN) 6和肾上腺素体系中的电化学性能 ,证实了用 Si C打磨玻碳电极的物理预处理方法的可行性。实验结果表明 ,在预处理玻碳电极上 ,K3 Fe( CN) 6在 0 .5mol/L KCl中的电还原反应为可逆反应 ,肾上腺素在 0 .5mol/L H2 SO4 介质中的电氧化反应为准可逆反应 ,其异相电子转移速率常数为 1 .0 7× 1 0 -2 cm/s     

Electrochemical treatment of pentachlorophenol in water and pulp bleaching effluent

Adsorbable organic halides (AOX) compounds produced during bleaching of pulp are recalcitrant and known to have eco-toxic effect. We have studied the removal of pentachlorophenol (PCP) as a model AOX compound in water as well as in pulp bleaching effluent of a bamboo based mill by electrochemical treatment in batch mode. It was found that 10 mg L⁻¹ of PCP in water was removed almost completely in <10 min at a current density of 6 mA cm⁻² in the presence of 1000 mg L⁻¹ NaCl serving as an electrolyte and source of chloride ions. The initial rate of PCP removal was found to decrease at alkaline pH (9.3) as compared to that at acidic pH (5.5). PCP removal in neutralized raw pulp bleach effluent (containing 1830 mg L⁻¹ of chloride) was very slow and incomplete even after 2 h of electrochemical treatment at a current density of 15 mA cm⁻². Various pretreatments of raw bleach effluent such as, alkaline sulfide using sodium sulfide, alkaline reduction using ferrous sulfate and coagulation using potash alum were evaluated. Electrochemical treatment of potash alum pretreated effluent (spiked with PCP) could achieve >90% removal of initial colour, COD and PCP in <1 h. The treatment scheme presented here may be a promising technology for removal of AOX, COD and colour from pulp bleaching effluent. The estimated cost of combined treatment (potash alum coagulation + electrochemical) is US$ 0.7–0.9 per cubic meter of the raw pulp bleach effluent.     

Preparation and characterization of a graphite electrode containing carbon nanotubes grown in situ by flame synthesis

A crystalline flake graphite electrode (GE) was impregnated with nickel particles using direct current electrochemical deposition. The particles were used for in situ growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by flame synthesis with a liquid ethanol flame. The obtained electrode was characterized by X-ray diffraction, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that the deposited Ni catalyst crystal face was mainly (1 1 1). CNTs with a diameter of about 40 nm were uniformly grown on the GE surface. The electrochemical performance of the CNT–GE was characterized by cyclic voltammetry using a [Fe(CN)6]³⁻/[Fe(CN)6]⁴⁻ solution, and showed a much greater electrochemical response than that obtained using a material in which CNTs were grown by catalytic chemical vapor deposition.     

基于交流扰动的电化学分析新方法研究

建立了基于频率合成芯片AD5934的新型电分析化学仪器平台,仪器设计包含6个模块:电源模块、CPU控制模块、交流产生模块、扫描电势产生模块、恒电位模块和数据采集模块。以K3Fe(CN)6溶液为分析对象,考察了不同交流频率和振幅扰动下方波伏安法的新的响应波形,随着频率的变化方波伏安峰出现不同的子峰,对无交流方波伏安法峰进行了重新的分割,子峰的峰高随交流振幅线性增加。在无交流和有交流两种情况下对系列浓度的K3Fe(CN)6溶液的进行方波伏安分析。比较了无交流时峰高和有交流时两个子峰的峰高相关系数。结果表明:峰高相关系数均较好,达到0.99以上,因此子峰可以用于浓度的定量计算。     

A new electrochemical technique for bleaching cellulose pulp

A study of electrochemical bleaching of cellulose pulp was carried out in an electrolyte cell composed of a horizontal graphite anode and a parallel stainless screen steel cathode, using NaCl as electrolyte. Variables studied were: current density, sodium chloride concentration, pulp concentration, pH and temperature. The rate of bleaching was found to increase with increasing current density, salt concentration and temperature. The rate of bleaching was found to decrease with increasing pH and pulp concentration. Energy consumption ranged from 0.1 kWh kg^?1 (pulp) to 1.75 kWh kg^?1 (pulp), depending on current density and degree of bleaching. The quality of electrochemically bleached pulp was found to compare favourably with that of chemically bleached pulp.     

Electrochemical bleaching of kraft bagasse pulp using a new cell design

In situ single‐stage electrochemical bleaching of kraft bagasse pulp was carried out in a cylindrical agitated vessel fitted with four graphite rod anodes and a cylindrical stainless steel screen cathode, using NaCl as an electrolyte. The effect of current density, pH, NaCl concentration, impeller rotational speed, temperature, and pulp consistency on the rate of bleaching was studied. It was found that the rate of bleaching increased with increasing current density, NaCl concentration, and temperature and decreased with increasing pH and pulp consistency. The effect of temperature was found to fit Arrhenius equation with an activation energy of 0.515 kcal/mol, which denotes a diffusion‐controlled mechanism. Energy consumption (EC) calculation showed that EC ranged from 0.225 to 3.11 kWh/kg dry pulp depending on the current density. The strength of bleached pulp was little affected by bleaching lying within an acceptable range.     

A study of ion exchange at the poly(butyl viologen)-electrolyte interface by SECM

In this work, the ion exchange characteristics of poly(butyl viologen) (PBV) thin films on a platinum electrode has been investigated by cyclic voltammetric (CV) scans. Since ferrocyanide anions (Fe(CN)₆⁴⁻) were added during the polymerization of the PBV thin-film for its stability, Fe(CN)₆⁴⁻ could form charge transfer complex with monomer and co-deposited with polymer. Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) was used to probe the released Fe(CN)₆⁴⁻ ions from PBV film with Os(bpy)₃Cl₂ as a mediator for the approaching process in 0.5 M KCl medium. Mass changes during the redox process of the film were also monitored in-situ by electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM). The ion exchange and transport behavior was observed during CV cycling of the film of the SECM and EQCM. The insertion and extraction of anions were found to be potential-dependence. Moreover, the decrease in tip current of released Fe(CN)₆⁴⁻ with increasing cycle number accounted for the ion exchange between Fe(CN)₆⁴⁻ and Cl⁻ in the KCl electrolyte. However, the Fe(CN)₆⁴⁻/Fe(CN)₆³⁻ redox couple was found to be highly stable between 0.0 and 0.5 V (vs. Ag/AgCl/saturated KCl) in the phosphate buffer solution. Therefore, the electrochemical property of Fe(CN)₆⁴⁻/Fe(CN)₆³⁻ redox couple was studied at different scan rates using CV technique. The peak currents were directly proportional to the scan rate as predicted for a surface confined diffusionless system. The surface coverage (Γ) and the concentration of Fe(CN)₆⁴⁻ were determined to be 1.88 × 10⁻⁸ mol/cm² and 0.641 mol/dm³, respectively. By neglecting cations incorporation during redox reaction of the PBV film and also based on the results obtained from energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy for the films of as-deposited, reduced and oxidized states, an ion exchange mechanism was proposed.