岩层破坏突变前兆异常识别方法

岩层是一种力学性质极为复杂的材料,其破坏灾变前兆异常呈现出多变性。作者就岩层破坏灾变前兆异常的几种识别方法包括趋势与滤波、模糊识别、分形方法和奇点的多分辨率小波识别等进行了对比分析。实例表明,小波技术可有效对岩层突变异常信息点进行多尺度辨析,能够对顶板冒落灾变前兆信息进行有效把握,是值得推广的一种方法。     

协同利用高光谱与多光谱遥感技术提取油气异常信息

为了在缺少地面实测数据的情况下对遥感油气异常结果进行验证, 利用多光谱遥感数据和高光谱遥感数据对同一地区进行油气异常解译, 针对同一位置使用两种不同数据的异常结果进行相互验证.并提出了利用高光谱异常提取结果作为先验知识的多光谱异常主分量阈值确定方法, 将该方法与传统主分量阈值方法提取的异常结果, 分别与高光谱提取出的粘土异常区域结果进行重叠率计算, 发现该方法提取出的异常区与高光谱提取的结果重叠率达98.808%, 高于传统主分量阈值方法的98.198%.结果表明利用该方法确定的阈值划分出的异常区具有较高的精度.      

自相关滤波方法及其在山东齐河—禹城铁矿勘查应用

山东齐河—禹城地区属于典型的厚覆盖区,深部隐伏铁矿在地表引起的地球物理异常相对较弱,因此提取铁矿引起的局部弱异常是该地区找矿预测的关键。自相关滤波方法采用一定波长的高通滤波压制区域场的影响,达到提取局部弱异常的目的。首先,通过建立不同规模和深度的铁矿模型和产生背景场的倾斜岩体模型,在此基础上正演获得叠加磁场,对该磁场进行自相关滤波方法处理,有效地提取了铁矿体产生的弱异常。而后,对齐河—禹城地区的实测数据进行处理,处理结果与钻孔资料进行对比,验证了方法的有效性。自相关滤波方法提取弱异常缩小了找矿范围,对圈定找矿有利部位和钻探验证具有重要指导意义。     

成矿系统及综合地质异常

矿床综合异常是成矿预测的重要标志。在概述成矿系统特征的基础上,论述了地质异常与成矿系统的关系,提出矿源场异常、矿液通道异常、矿石圈闭异常（储矿场异常）等概念,建立了成矿系统与综合异常的相关性模型框架。提出了矿床综合异常的研究方法,并依据对胶东金矿和赣西北铜矿地质异常的实际研究,提出对找寻热液金属矿床有重要意义的４种异常带：①异常浓集带;②异常急变带;③异常复合带;④异常叠加带。并强调指出,对控矿地质因素和矿化类型的详细研究是评价异常和成矿预测的关键问题。     

高精度预测模型及其构建方法——以脉状金矿为例

采用“场理论—场结构—场分析—场模拟”方法构建了具有时空结构框架,能反映局部异常精细结构特征,可对多元预测信息进行有效提取和集约 化分析的高精度预测找矿模型。该模型是对致矿异 常结构、矿化结构和信息结构的耦合分析与关键预测信息提取及优化相匹配和深化后的最佳 表达方式。其技术关键是预测对象的地质、地球物理、地球化学异常场和成矿场的精细结构 分析以及矿体空间定位产状模式的建立。     

用分层切割法研究复杂磁异常

由于目前尚无公认的求取区域场和局部异常的有效方法，本文提出的用分层切割法对复杂异常进行分解，再分层提取局部异常的方法，以新颖的思路解决此难题，具有较大的实用价值，文中对方法原理与实施步骤作了较详尽地阐述并进行了模型试算与实际资料演算，证明方法可行，值得向大家推荐。     

西南山区遥感蚀变异常信息提取综合研究——以云南酒房地区为例

遥感蚀变异常信息现已广泛的用于矿产勘查,并在一些地区取得了良好的效果,但由于西南地区地形地貌复杂,地表覆盖严重,给遥感蚀变异常提取带来了很大的困难。如何因地制宜的进行西南地区遥感蚀变异常信息提取工作是我们面临的重要问题。本文以云南酒房地区为例,探讨了西南地区遥感蚀变异常信息提取中遇到的主要问题,结合地形地貌特征进行干扰信息的去除;结合地质背景、成矿条件进行遥感异常信息提取类别的选择;以及结合化探异常进行异常信息后处理等几个方面完善了异常提取的方法,使得遥感蚀变异常提取方法更加具有针对性,通过与现有地质资料的分析,证明本文异常提取方法可以有效的提取西南地区与矿相关的蚀变信息。     

云南麻栗坡地区成矿元素的多重分形特征与成矿预测

对麻栗坡地区1∶5万水系沉积物测量数据的统计分析表明,W、Sn、Pb、Zn、Cu等主要成矿元素不完全服从正态分布和对数正态分布,而表现出多重分形结构特征。因此,采用传统的地质统计学方法提取异常显然不能客观地反映区域的成矿元素分布特征。本文引用了"C-A"多重分形模型来研究该地区成矿元素特征,并有效提取各元素异常下限值,结合区域成矿地质背景,对区内成矿潜力进行初步预测。实践表明,分形方法所提取的剩余异常与研究区的矿产分布较为相符,较好地反映了研究区成矿元素分布规律,为研究区成矿预测提供了依据。     

回采工作面周期来压步距的灰色预测

利用灰色系统理论, 将回采工作面周期来压视为灾变, 仿线性GM(1, 1)预测模型建模机理, 本文建立了包括线性模型在内的统一非线性GM(1, 1)预报模型。利用非线性模型特例Verhulst模型和线性模型分别对两个不同矿山条件老顶周期来压步距进行预测, 结果表明, 不同的地质条件将适合不同的预测模型, 不能简单一概用线性模型进行预测。对于地质条件发生灾变的情形可建立激励预测模型对周期来压步距进行预测。     

应用MORPAS系统证据权重法进行多源信息成矿预测——以澜沧江南段地区为例

在分析了成矿预测的特点并在对澜沧江南段铜多金属的成矿规律深入研究的基础上,利用MORPAS系统抽取构置了来自地质异常场、成矿异常场和矿化异常场等多源信息的16个预测变量;把研究区划分为2.5 km×2.5 km大小的1334个统计单元,利用证据权重法的数学模型对研究区铜多金属矿产进行预测;圈定了3级成矿远景区;研究表明证据权法用于成矿预测方法简单,结果可靠性较高;利用MORPAS系统进行成矿预测可以提高工作的效率和精确度.     

Fractal Modelling of the Microstructure Property of Quartz Mylonite During Deformation Process

Mylonite is the result of the dynamic metamorphism and minerals in mylonite are deformed gradually with an increase in the degree of metamorphism. Quantifying the degree of deformation including the irregularities of shapes and the frequency distribution of the minerals becomes one of the most challenging efforts in mylonite analysis. Fractal modelling has been demonstrated in this paper to be an effective mean to achieve the above goal. Perimeter-Area fractal model was used to quantify the irregularities in the geometries and Cumulative Number-Area model is used to characterize the irregularities of distribution of quartzs in mylonites, respectively. Examples of quartz from five types of mylonites with different degree of deformation within the foreland of the Moine Thrust Zone in NW Scotland are chosen to study the evolution processes of deformation. As the main mineral component of quartzite mylonite, patterns are extracted from digital photomicrographics of the multiscale-grey image grid data to show quartz grains with different degree of deformation, The areas and perimeters of the quartz grains were calculated by GIS-based image processing technologies. From type one to type five, with an increase in degree of deformation, the corresponding Perimeter-Area exponent increases from 1.20, 1.28, 1.38, 1.46, to 1.60, respectively, the fractal dimension of the perimeter from 1.07, 1.08, 1.17, 1.23, to 1.44, as well as the exponent of Cumulative Number- Area from 0.50, 0.51, 0.58, 0.82, to 0.85, respectively. The result has shown that as increase of the intensity of deformation, the shape of quartz grains tends to be more irregular, grain size tends to be smaller, and the number of grains increases. The results obtained using GSI model has indicated that as an increase in the intensity of deformation, the patterns of quartz grains tends to be more stratified and randomness increases.     

The morphological characteristics of gully systems and watersheds in Dry-Hot Valley,SW China

Gully systems and watersheds are geomorphic units with clear boundaries that are relatively independent of basin landscapes and play an important role in natural geography. In order to explore the morphological characteristics of gully systems and watersheds in the Dry-Hot Valley [South West (SW) China], gullies are interpreted from online Google images with high resolution and watersheds are extracted from digital elevation model at a scale of 1:50,000. The results show that: (1) There are 17,382 gullies (with a total area of 1141.66 km²) and 42 watersheds in the study area. (2) The average gully density of the study area (D) is 4.29 km/km², gully frequency (F) is 14.39 gullies/km², the branching ratio (B) is 5.13, the length ratio (L) is 3.12, and the coefficient of the main and tributary gullies (M) is 0.06. The degree of gully erosion is strong to extremely strong, the main development intensity of gully erosion ranges from intense to moderate, and the type of gully system is tributary. (3) The watershed areas (A) are between 0.39 and 96.43 km², the relief ratio (R) is from 0.10 to 0.19, the circularity ratio (C) is from 0.30 to 0.83, the texture ratio (T) is from 0.82 to 39.35, and the dominant geomorphological texture type is fine. (4) There is a quantitative relationship between F and D:F?=?0.624D² (R?=0.84) and T is closely related to D, F, M (R²?>?0.7). A, R and C are related to M (R²?>?0.5). The development of gully systems is the result of coupling effects between multiple factors. In this area, the degree of erosion and the condition of the main and tributary gullies can be controlled by the degree of topographic breakage in the watershed, which provides some theoretical basis for the evaluation of gully erosion by the latter. In addition, the scale, relief, and shape have a significant impact on the locations of the main and tributary gullies. For tributary gullies, attention should be paid to the interception and control of runoff and sediment in the small confluence branches in order to prevent gully expansion and head advance. These features can inform the development of targeted measures for the control of soil erosion.     

A novel fuzzy <Emphasis Type="Italic">K</Emphasis>-nearest neighbor inference model with differential evolution for spatial prediction of rainfall-induced shallow landslides in a tropical hilly area using GIS

This research represents a novel soft computing approach that combines the fuzzy k-nearest neighbor algorithm (fuzzy k-NN) and the differential evolution (DE) optimization for spatial prediction of rainfall-induced shallow landslides at a tropical hilly area of Quy Hop, Vietnam. According to current literature, the fuzzy k-NN and the DE optimization are current state-of-the-art techniques in data mining that have not been used for prediction of landslide. First, a spatial database was constructed, including 129 landslide locations and 12 influencing factors, i.e., slope, slope length, aspect, curvature, valley depth, stream power index (SPI), sediment transport index (STI), topographic ruggedness index (TRI), topographic wetness index (TWI), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), lithology, and soil type. Second, 70 % landslide locations were randomly generated for building the landslide model whereas the remaining 30 % landslide locations was for validating the model. Third, to construct the landslide model, the DE optimization was used to search the optimal values for fuzzy strength (fs) and number of nearest neighbors (k) that are the two required parameters for the fuzzy k-NN. Then, the training process was performed to obtain the fuzzy k-NN model. Value of membership degree of the landslide class for each pixel was extracted to be used as landslide susceptibility index. Finally, the performance and prediction capability of the landslide model were assessed using classification accuracy, the area under the ROC curve (AUC), kappa statistics, and other evaluation metrics. The result shows that the fuzzy k-NN model has high performance in the training dataset (AUC?=?0.944) and validation dataset (AUC?=?0.841). The result was compared with those obtained from benchmark methods, support vector machines and J48 decision trees. Overall, the fuzzy k-NN model performs better than the support vector machines and the J48 decision trees models. Therefore, we conclude that the fuzzy k-NN model is a promising prediction tool that should be used for susceptibility mapping in landslide-prone areas.     

Angle-domain common-image gathers from anisotropic Gaussian beam migration and its application to anisotropy-induced imaging errors analysis

An approach for extracting angle-domain common-image gathers (ADCIGs) from anisotropic Gaussian beam prestack depth migration (GB-PSDM) is presented in this paper. The propagation angle is calculated in the process of migration using the real-value traveltime information of Gaussian beam. Based on the above, we further investigate the effects of anisotropy on GB-PSDM, where the corresponding ADCIGs are extracted to assess the quality of migration images. The test results of the VTI syncline model and the TTI thrust sheet model show that anisotropic parameters ε, δ, and tilt angle ??, have a great influence on the accuracy of the migrated image in anisotropic media, and ignoring any one of them will cause obvious imaging errors. The anisotropic GB-PSDM with the true anisotropic parameters can obtain more accurate seismic images of subsurface structures in anisotropic media.     

Transport properties of rocks from statistics and percolation

Two simplified microstructural models that account for permeability and conductivity of low-porosity rocks are compared. Both models result from statistics and percolation theory. The first model assumes that transport results from the connection of 1D objects or pipes; the second model assumes that transport results from the connection of 2D objects or cracks. In both cases, statistical methods permit calculation of permeability k and conductivity , which are dependent on three independent microvariables: average pipe (crack) length, average pipe radius (crack aperture), and average pipe (crack) spacing. The degree of connection is one aspect of percolation theory. Results show that use of the mathematical concept of percolation and use of the rock physics concept of tortuosity are equivalent. Percolation is used to discuss k and near the threshold where these parameters vanish. Relations between bulk parameters (permeability, conductivity, porosity) are calculated and discussed in terms of microvariables.     

Nd-isotopes in selected mantle-derived rocks and minerals and their implications for mantle evolution

The Sm-Nd systematics in a variety of mantle-derived samples including kimberlites, alnoite, carbonatite, pyroxene and amphibole inclusions in alkali basalts and xenolithic eclogites, granulites and a pyroxene megacryst in kimberlites are reported. The additional data on kimberlites strengthen our earlier conclusion that kimberlites are derived from a relatively undifferentiated chondritic mantle source. This conclusion is based on the observation that the _Nd values of most of the kimberlites are near zero. In contrast with the kimberlites, their garnet lherzolite inclusions show both time-averaged Nd enrichment and depletion with respect to Sm. Separated clinopyroxenes in eclogite xenoliths from the Roberts Victor kimberlite pipe show both positive and negative _Nd values suggesting different genetic history. A whole rock lower crustal scapolite granulite xenolith from the Matsoku kimberlite pipe shows a negative _Nd value of -4.2, possibly representative of the base of the crust in Lesotho. It appears that all inclusions, mafic and ultramafic, in kimberlites are unrelated to their kimberlite host.The above data and additional Sm-Nd data on xenoliths in alkali basalts, alpine peridotite and alnoite-carbonatites are used to construct a model for the upper 200 km of the earth's mantle — both oceanic and continental. The essential feature of this model is the increasing degree of fertility of the mantle with depth. The kimberlite's source at depths below 200 km in the subcontinental mantle is the most primitive in this model, and this primitive layer is also extended to the suboceanic mantle. However, it is clear from the Nd-isotopic data in the xenoliths of the continental kimberlites that above 200 km the continental mantle is distinctly different from their suboceanic counterpart.     

The evolution of hydrocarbon dust grains in the interstellar medium and its influence on the infrared spectra of dust

Computations of the evolution of the distributions of the size and degree of aromatization of interstellar dust grains, destruction by radiation and collisions with gas particles, and fragmentation during collisions with other grains are presented. The results of these computations are used to model dust emission spectra. The evolution of an ensemble of dust particles sensitively depends on the initial size distribution of the grains. Radiation in the considered range of fluxes mainly aromatizes grains. With the exception of the smallest grains, it is mainly erosion during collisions with gas particles that leads to the destruction of grains. In the presence of particle velocities above 50 km/s, characteristic for shocks in supernova remnants, grains greater than 20 Å in size are absent. The IR emission spectrum changes appreciably during the evolution of the dust, and depends on the adopted characteristics of the grains, in particular, the energy of their C–Cbonds (E₀). Aromatic bands are not observed in the near-IR (2–15 μm) when E₀ is low, even when the medium characteristics are typical for the average interstellarmedium in our Galaxy; this indicates a preference for high E₀ values. The influence of the characteristics of the medium on the intensity ratios for the dust emission in various photometric bands is considered. The I_3.4/I_11.3 intensity ratio is most sensitive to the degree of aromatization of small grains. The I_3.3/I₇₀₊₁₆₀ ratio is a sensitive indicator of the contribution of aromatic grains to the total mass of dust.     

A nonlinear Hvorslev surface for highly overconsolidated soils: elastoplastic and hypoplastic implementations

The clayfills are being produced in open-pit mining. The stress state in the stiff lumps of the clayfills is significantly lower than in situ level. As a result, their current states lie on the dry side of the critical state. The linear Hvorslev surface is widely used due to its simplicity and capability to model the limit stress condition of soils on the dry side. However, it may overestimate the strength at very low stress level. For this purpose, a series of drained triaxial tests were performed on a silty clay at very small stress levels. The failure points of the tested soil confirm a nonlinear relationship in \(p^{\prime }\)–q plane on the dry side of the critical state. The degree of nonlinearity increases after being normalized by the Hvorslev equivalent pressure, which can be well modeled by a nonlinear power law criterion proposed by Atkinson (Géotechnique 57(2):127–135, 2007). Based on the test data and the critical state concept, a new failure line is proposed with help of the equivalent Hvorslev pressure. The nonlinear Hvorslev surface is then incorporated into an elastoplastic model and a hypoplastic model. Comparisons between the experimental data and simulations reveal that the proposed models can well represent the behavior observed in the laboratory.