Performing the Primitive in the Postcolony: Nyoni’s Kraal in Cape Town

The production of particular spaces for tourist consumption of the “exotic” other involves the performance of particular conceptualizations of people and places that recreates theatrical versions of the primitive. Through analysis of one such space—Nyoni’s Kraal in Cape Town—we contend that both hosts and visitors are complicit in the construction of these spaces and imaginaries. To this end, practices of social and spatial policing as well as performativity and representations of cultural constructs of an “authentic Africa” are deployed in the projection of a specific form of constructed, “benign” multiculturalism. We contend that such practices reproduce a mythical idyll of Africa for consumption that recreates—rather than questions—colonial power structures, and therefore remain imbued with the inequitable and uncertain outcomes of modernity.

Enlightenment From the Development of Ancient City Planning in China in the Ancient Times

China is among the first countries in the world in developing the science of urban planning,and has evolved her own unique system.Through investigating the structural features of the plan-ning system,the laws governing its development and the causes of the rise and fall of the ancientplanning system,this article attempts to propose some insights useful to the establishment and de-velopment of the modern city planning in China.     

Landscape and the philosophy of aesthetics: is landscape quality inherent in the landscape or in the eye of the beholder?

The paper proposes that landscape quality assessment may be approached on the basis of two contrasting paradigms, one which regards quality as inherent in the physical landscape, and the other which regards quality as a product of the mind – eye of the beholder. These are termed, respectively, the objectivist and subjectivist paradigms. These paradigms underlie the surveys of the physical landscape and studies of observer preferences.Examination of these paradigms through the approaches taken by philosophers from Plato to modern times demonstrates the ubiquity of the paradigms in underlying human perception of landscape. Until recent centuries, the objectivist paradigm provided philosophers with the basis for understanding beauty, including landscape beauty. However, the philosophers Locke, Hume, Burke and particularly Immanuel Kant identified beauty as lying in the eyes of the beholder rather than in the object. The parallels between Kant's aesthetic philosophy and contemporary theories of landscape quality based on an evolutionary perspective are examined. Most philosophers over recent centuries have adopted the subjectivist view of aesthetics.The paper concludes by proposing that only the subjectivist model should be used in research of landscape quality.     

Conceptions of justice in the planning of the new urban landscape – Recent changes in the comprehensive planning discourse in Malmö, Sweden

The Swedish Planning and Building Act (PBL) from 1987, revised in 2011, stipulates that an important task of comprehensive planning is to secure both substantive and procedural justice. However, because of the municipal planning monopoly, the individual municipalities are free to decide how these goals can best be achieved. This article focuses on the ways interpretations of justice have changed over a 10-year period in one selected municipality, Malmö in southern Sweden. Analyses of the comprehensive planning discourse in this municipality reveal that when it comes to substantive justice, discussions of structural inequality and segregation have gradually been replaced by discussions of social cohesion, while at the same time discussions of procedural justice and the need to create public spheres in which underprivileged groups are allowed a voice, have been replaced by discussions of open public spaces, allowing different groups to see each other. Though the issue of social justice seems to be downplayed in the urban planning discourse for the time being, counterforces within city administration are questioning the prevailing line of development.     

Metropolitan Area in the Year 2000

Cities and towns all have close connec-tions with areas around them.The coordination between cities andtowns forms a city-town network orcity-town system.Therefore,when studyingthe development of any city,we can not con-fine ourselves in the study of the city itself,     

Inclusionary housing in the Netherlands: breaking the institutional path?

In an international comparative perspective, the Netherlands was relatively late in introducing Inclusionary Housing (Buitelaar and De Kam in Housing Theory and Society 29(1):56–64, 2012). Referring to a conceptual framework of the institutionalisation of planning regulations, the article links this late introduction, as well as the specific content, and the actual use of inclusionary housing (IH) measures to the context of the Dutch housing and planning system. In the Netherlands, the legal ‘package’ that in 2008 explicitly introduced the powers for local authorities to require IH (both for social/affordable housing and—a unique feature of the Dutch rules—also for privately commissioned housing) was strongly tied to new rules for cost recovery. The article partly draws on a review of existing studies, of the use made of these different elements of the Dutch IH measures, but its main empirical data come from a large survey of strategic choices made by housing associations in the land market. The paper shows that local authorities do use the new legal opportunity to prescribe IH in their land-use plans, but that there is a relatively low actual use of IH requirements ‘with a bite’ in the Netherlands. This outcome reflects the level of congruence of the IH requirements with formal and informal institutions in the Dutch systems for planning and housing. The institutional design of the rules is well attuned to existing path-dependent local policies which still deliver substantial numbers of new social and affordable housing without the use of IH. In these practices, value capturing is partly internalized in the operations of housing associations that develop mixed projects of social and commercial housing. In this respect, the real test of IH measures in the Netherlands is yet to come, depending on the resilience of tried and trusted (other) practices for providing social housing.     

The Difficult Problems Arose in the Reform of the Housing System

There bound to be various difficultiesand problems in the process of promotingthe commercialization of housing.The all-round promotion ofcommercialization of houses will affect thepeople with vested interests.The structuralchange of the vested interests will result inthe factors of instability.During the 30 years or more of thepractice of the housing distribution systemwith Welfare characteristics,residents in the     

A Review of Urban Planning in China in the 1980s

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Pesticide‐microbial interaction in the soil

Soils collected from the Gezira irrigation scheme in Sudan were incubated with five pesticides (pyrolan, α‐and β‐endosulphan, γ‐HCH and dieldrin), using three independent methods (incubation of microbial culture with soil and leachates, with carbon‐based growth media and with carbon‐free mineral salt agar). Endosulphan isomers were degraded by soil micro‐organisms to a much greater extent than pyrolan, dieldrin or γ‐HCH. When applied at low concentration (280 ppm), α‐endosulphan was broken down by both bacteria and fungi; whereas, β‐endosulphan was degraded mostly by bacteria and dieldrin was utilized by fungi. However, at high concentration (4000 ppm), γ‐HCH increased the growth of micro‐organisms (gram positive bacilli); but at this high concentration, the other pesticides inhibited all micro‐organisms in the Gezira soil.     

A Review of Urban Planning in China in the 1980s

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Several Issues in the Residential District Planning

Based on the view of“Saving Land and Having More Residents”,this paper willdiscuss five important issues in planning residential districts,i.e.scale,configuration and roadnetwork,commercial service center,apartment design and public green belt.     

Induction of heat-shock proteins in the presence of thiuram in Saccharomyces cerevisiae—For evaluating the potential toxic risks in pollutants

Thiuram (Bis(dimethyldithiocarbamoyl) disulfide), a kind of disinfectant, affected growth and induced lethality as a chemical stressor in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Examining the protein profiles by SDS-PAGE and western blotting analysis, yeast cells which were incubated with thiuram for 90 min at 30°C induced a number of proteins including hsp104, hsp90 and hsp70 according to the concentrations. Using the Δhsp104 and its parent strain, thermotolerance with the prior 10 mg/l thiuram treatment in the parent strain was greater than that in the control at 20 min, but that in the Δhsp104 strain was almost the same as the control over the long term. Trehalose was not accumulated by thiuram. Thus, it follows that hsp104, which is typically induced by moderate heat-shock treatment, is mostly induced in the presence of thiuram also.     

Revising the Master Plan to Enhance the Economic Development in Jiao-jiang

The master plan for the city ofJiaojiang,worked out in 1983,has been prov-ed in correspondence with the reality ofJiaojiang through seven year's practice.Play-ing an important role in guiding Jiaojiang'surban construction,the master plan helpedthe small town originally under the jurisdic-tion of county develop into a modern portcity with preliminary scale within merely sev-eral years.However,due to the changed so-     

Sizing up ‘the box’ in order to fit in

Participants in design processes make an effort to come up with solutions that will be deemed acceptable, while accomplishing to ‘think out of the box’. Thinking ‘outside the box’ is often announced as a challenge to and for design teams. ‘The box’ is a metaphor often used in creative processes, and in organisational practices, as a term for rules and regulations, everyday routines and tacit knowledge of ‘how things usually are’ and ‘what we know about the world’. Such a challenge is meant to encourage participants to approach a situation with an open mind, challenge the most basic assumptions and be willing to do things differently. Basically, something different is being called for. Studies have shown that it is striking, how much the participants orient to actually ‘fit’ the box, even when asked to develop it. This paper shows how participants in design processes are ‘sizing up the box’, while participating in meetings or workshops in order to develop a design. They identify key stakeholders of the designated design project; they share their own expectations of these key stakeholders' possible perceptions, discuss the success criteria and negotiate the values that are to govern the design team in the development process.     

Housing development and policy change: what has changed in Turkey in the last decade in the owner-occupied and rented sectors?

Since 2002, The Justice and Development Party has been governing in Turkey. From their first period to the current, major changes have been observed in the Turkish housing system, regarding both owner occupied and rented sectors. First one is the introduction of Mortgage Law in 2007. As already a home-owner society with a 64.16 % share in urban areas (2003), home ownership ratios can be argued to increase in coming periods. Second modification in owner occupied sector was significant policy change in Housing Development Administration (HDA) of Turkey. With a “housing mobilization” project, almost 500,000 new dwellings were built by HDA all over the country in 10 years. This has been a record in HDA’s history. Remarkable changes occurred in the rented sector as well. Originally, Turkey has been characterized with absence of public renting and considerable proportion of private rented stock especially in the big cities. Governments did not develop social rented housing and pro-owner laws have been followed. Renters could face eviction under certain situations determined by the Law on Property Rents, however these were subject to misuse by homeowners. As a third major change, a new Code of Obligations was introduced superseding Law on Property Rents. In this paper, recent changes in both rented and owner occupied sectors of the Turkish housing system are analyzed with reference to mortgage law, HDA’s new policies and changes in private renting legislation. In doing so, several key figures like buildings produced, inflation rate and physical attributes of private renting are provided.     

Revisiting the role of architects in planning large-scale housing in the USSR: the birth of socialist residential districts in Tallinn,Estonia, 1957–1979

In Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union, housing estates are often associated with inhumane architecture and unwelcoming public space, an outcome that can be attributed to strict design requirements in a rigid centralized system. Due to the uniformity of residential housing produced during socialist times, both the design process and its master – the architect – are believed to have played only minor roles in shaping townscapes. This study, situated in the large housing estates of Tallinn, Estonia, challenges these assumptions using analyses of archival material (relating to planning procedures during state socialism) and articles in specialized magazines. The study also explains – through first-hand interviews with senior architects who were key players in building socialist cities – the relations between Soviet regulations and vital elements of the city-building process, including creativity, power, and artistry. Analysis of primary source materials highlights an oversimplification of socialist modernism, which suggests more nuanced explanations for town planning outcomes. Findings suggest that regulations issued in Moscow for Union of Soviet Socialist Republic-wide planning played a less important role than previously assumed in town planning outcomes in Estonia. International modernist city planning ideals, combined with local expertise, strongly influenced town planning practice in the Soviet ‘West’.     

Passing the Housing Policy Baton in the US: Will Cities Take the Lead?

Federal leadership and funding for affordable housing policy declined in the 1980s. In the 1990s, the commitment to low-income housing continues to wane and is accompanied by funding uncertainties as the federal government redefines its role as policy-maker. The federal withdrawal leaves a void in housing policy-making as yet unfilled by lower levels of government. Given the direct impact of housing availability and conditions on local communities, cities may be the most likely candidates to assume the primary role in affordable housing policy. Some policy analysts, however, argue that cities will not assume the lead role or spend local dollars on redistributive policy such as affordable housing programmes. This paper examines affordable housing policy in the inter-governmental context, the influence of inter-governmental factors on local housing commitment, and the potential for cities to fill the gap left by the federal government. The analysis uses US Census data combined with data from a mail survey of city housing professionals in a representative sample of US cities with populations of 25 000 or greater. The findings from the analysis show that many cities do spend local dollars on housing programmes, but that the decision to do so is influenced by inter-governmentalfactors. Moreover, the results suggest that states, not cities, are likely to assume the leadership role for affordable housing policy in the future.     

Seeking the Humanities in the Nature——The Planning and Design of Fuxi Park in Yangcheng

On the premise of meeting the basic demand for the diversity of activities,the planning of Fuxi park emphasizes that humanities are integrated with the nature and design are derived from living.With some skillful techniques,the design also integrates forest,water and other natural elements in the base,which focuses efforts on creating a new urban landscape of harmonious symbiosis between the nature and human.