不同植被恢复模式对红原沙化草地土壤理化性质的影响

草地沙化是川西北地区生态环境恶化的显著问题之一,红原县是川西北草地沙化的代表。土壤理化性质在沙化治理过程中变化显著,能表征治沙效果的好坏。通过研究草本红景天、灌木(沙棘)、灌草结合红柳和沙棘及燕麦草混植三种植被恢复模式恢复一年对土壤理化性质的影响,分析了不同的植被类型对沙化草地的恢复效果,为进一步优化沙化草地植被恢复的群落结构,提高植被恢复的有效性提供理论依据。结果表明:草本植物、灌木及灌草结合三种植被修复模式均能明显增加土壤孔隙度、含水量、p H、有机质、含氮量、含磷量和含钾量,降低土壤容重,以增加土壤肥力,其中灌草结合的植被恢复模式对土壤修复的效果最好。     

泰山油松林土壤动物垂直分布调查

在动物界中．土壤动物是相当重要的．它们村植物凋落物和动物尸体的粉碎、分解以及物质转化和土壤形成与熟化具有十分重要的作用‘－。ig96年·作者对泰山油松林上壤动物及其垂直分层进行了初步调查研究。1研究方法我们在泰山北坡油松林布点进j－－J－J一采样调查。油松林分布的海拔高度为1000m，油松生长旺盛、郁闭度大，林下阴湿，灌草茂盛。土壤为山地暗棕壤，有机质含量丰富，呈黑褐色，pH值为60。）～6·25，呈微酸性。在油松林内选取3个典型样地．按5＼SX4cm‘分3层垂直取样，即残落物层A。（0～二。。。）、腐殖质层AI（5～10CC…     

四川某地区土壤中Cd、Se微量元素含量水平及有效性特征初步研究

为合理布局种植规划，保障土壤环境质量及农产品安全，采集区内表层土壤(0～20 cm),分析检测Cd、Se、有效镉、有效硒含量及pH值，通过数理统计的方法，对区内土壤中Cd、Se元素含量水平进行评价，探讨其有效性特征。区内土壤中Cd元素含量范围为0.21～1.22 mg/kg,均未超过“管控值”,92.19%的样品超过“筛选值”,可能存在生态环境风险，土壤pH≤6.5条件下Cd元素平均含量(0.44 mg/kg)低于其在pH>6.5条件下平均含量(0.72 mg/kg),Cd元素有效度与土壤pH值均呈负相关，表现为Cd元素有效性随土壤pH值升高呈明显下降趋势；Se元素平均含量(0.63 mg/kg)达到富硒土壤要求(大于0.40 mg/kg),其含量、有效度与土壤pH值关系较弱，含量基本稳定。区内分布大片高镉富硒土地属自然背景继承，酸性土壤环境下Cd元素活性程度较大，随pH值升高Cd元素活性程度下降趋势明显，表明农作物吸收土壤中Cd元素水平呈下降趋势亦明显，同时Se元素活性程度受土壤pH值影响较弱。可通过控制土壤pH值，合理布局种植规划，为规避或降低土壤中高镉可能带来的生态环境风险...     

氮磷养分配施对土壤碳氮特征及叶用枸杞生长的影响

通过田间定位试验,探讨水肥一体化技术下不同养分配施措施对土壤碳氮特征及叶用枸杞生长的影响,筛选出适合该区域叶用枸杞高效可持续生产管理模式。结果表明,随着养分浓度的增大,各层次土壤中有机碳含量整体呈现增加趋势,土壤中易氧化态有机碳及土壤碳库管理指数(CPMI)变化趋势与土壤有机碳类似。与对照相比,水肥一体化施肥增加了0～20cm和20～40cm土层硝态氮含量;但随着土层深入,土壤剖面硝态氮含量整体呈现出逐渐降低的趋势,而对照处理硝态氮呈现增加趋势,40～60cm土层硝态氮含量达最大。在水肥一体化N2P3处理下,叶用枸杞叶芽产量最高。研究确定,N2P3处理的"少量多次"水肥一体化灌溉模式,是叶用枸杞生产区最佳的农业高效高产的水肥生产管理模式。     

山东聊城市表层土壤有机氯农药残留研究

2008年麦收期间以网格布点法采集了聊城市137个土壤表层样品,利用ASE萃取技术,采用GC-ECD方法测定了样品中六六六（BHCs）、滴滴涕（DDTs）、六氯苯、艾氏剂、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂和七氯的检出率和残留量,并对土壤质量状况做了评价。结果表明,土壤中DDTs的检出率高达94.1％,其他6种有机氯农药（OCPs）均有不同程度检出。OCPs总残留量平均值为145.35μg／kg,其中DDTs占88.58％,是残留OCPs的主要成分。全部样点中BHCs的单因子污染指数Pi最大值为0.1,土壤未受BHCs污染;95％的样点中DDTs的Pi值小于1,土壤中DDTs含量未超标,而3％的样点Pi值小于2,土壤属轻度污染,2％的样点Pi值大于2,土壤属重度污染。     

砂引草对滨海盐渍沙质土壤改良作用的研究

以山东省威海市高区国际海水浴场的砂引草种群为研究对象,在其根系附近采集实验组土样并在周围的空白地面上采集对照组土样,测定几组能够说明其土质的数据,如土壤中空气的体积、土壤储水能力、有机质含量、土壤pH值等.通过将实验组与对照组进行比较,分析得出在滨海盐渍沙质土生长的砂引草可增加土壤中的空气和有机质含量,提高土壤颗粒的贮水能力,降低土壤pH值,同时还有绿化美观的效果,可为滨海的土质改良和绿化提供帮助.     

340省道（汾离段）土壤铅含量调查与分析

以340省道汾阳市河北村路西（阶地区）、孝义市白石崖村路北（土石山区）、中阳县高家沟村路东（丘陵沟壑区）为研究对象,分析了公路旁土壤中铅的含量,并对铅的污染程度进行了评价。研究结果表明,340省道汾阳市河北村路西段、孝义白石崖村北段和中阳高家沟路东段的铅含量均超过土壤背景值,最严重的超过背景值的8.5倍,并且其含量随着与公路距离的增加而逐渐减少。按照地积累指数评价方法进行污染程度评价,发现中阳高家沟路东段污染最严重,距离公路100 m、土壤深度为0～30 cm的土壤仍然还是中度污染至强度污染。     

仁寿县龙泉山南端土壤Mn、B的分布特征及影响因素研究

采用ArcGIS 9.3和GPS技术对仁寿县龙泉山南端202个土壤样点耕层(0—20cm)的Mn、B含量空间分布特征及影响因素进行了研究。结果表明:龙泉山脉南端土壤中Mn含量由西向东呈先增加后降低趋势,平均含量为(169.70+62.99)mg/kg;B含量由西向东呈逐渐减少趋势,平均含量为(0.51±0.39)mg/kg;在pH各分级之间的Mn、B含量差异性分别达到极显著水平,且Mn含量与pH呈极显著正相关关系;在有机质含量各分级之间的Mn、B含量差异性分别达到极显著水平,且B含量与有机质含量呈极显著正相关关系。     

土壤pH值与土壤养分有效态关系探讨——以内江市白马镇为例

本文探讨了小区域范围内土壤pH值与土壤主要肥力指标N、P、K有效态的关系,结果表明土壤pH值与土壤速效P含量呈极显著负相关,相关系数为-0．498;与土壤缓效K呈显著正相关,相关系数为0．352;与水解性N和速效K含量相关性不明显。     

宁夏灌区不同类型农田土壤氮素累积与迁移特征

在宁夏灌区选择设施菜田（n=4）和水旱轮作大田（n=4）,通过田间多点取样观测和室内分析的方法,研究了2种类型农田土壤氮素累积与分布特点,以及其迁移对浅层地下水的影响。结果表明,设施菜田0~150 cm土壤剖面溶解性总氮（TSN）、硝态氮（NO3--N）和溶解性有机氮（SON）含量都显著高于大田,前者分别是后者的1.5~5.6、1.5~3.4倍和1.6~9.8倍。设施菜田土壤氮素主要累积在0~5 cm和5~20 cm土层,而大田主要在40~100 cm土体。设施菜田和大田土壤溶解性总氮占全氮比例分别在5.4%~11.5%和2.2%~4.9%之间,前者的淋失风险较高。设施菜田各形态氮素累积量表现为SON＆gt;NO3--N＆gt;NH4＋-N,大田为NO3--N＆gt;SON＆gt;NH4＋-N。设施菜田浅层地下水中TSN、NO3--N和SON含量也都显著高于大田,前者平均含量分别是后者的9.5、13.8倍和7.0倍。因此,硝态氮和溶解性有机氮都是2种类型农田氮素累积的主要形态,也是浅层地下水污染的重要来源。     

Soil water repellency induced by long-term irrigation with treated sewage effluent

This study describes soil water repellency developed under prolonged irrigation with treated sewage effluent in a semiarid environment. Soil surface layer (0-5 cm) and soil profile (0-50 cm) transects were sampled at a high resolution at the close of the irrigation season and rainy winter season. Samples from 0- to 5-cm transects were subdivided into 1-cm slices to obtain fine scale resolution of repellency and organic matter distribution. Extreme to severe soil water repellency in the 0- to 5-cm soil surface layer persisted throughout the 2-yr study period in the effluent-irrigated Shamouti orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. Shamouti] orchard plot. Nearby Shamouti orange plots irrigated with tap water were either nonrepellent or only somewhat repellent. Repellency was very variable spatially and with depth, appearing in vertically oriented "repellency tongues." Temporal and spatial variability in repellency in the uppermost 5-cm soil surface layer was not related to seasonality, soil moisture content, or soil organic matter content. Nonuniform distribution of soil moisture and fingered flow were observed in the soil profile after both seasons, demonstrating that the repellent layer had a persistent effect on water flow in the soil profile. A lack of correlation between bulk density and volumetric water content in the soil profile demonstrates that the observed nonuniform spatial distribution of moisture results from preferential flow and not heterogeneity in soil properties. Soil water repellency can adversely affect agricultural production, cause contamination of underlying ground water resources, and result in excessive runoff and soil erosion.     

Chemical composition of organic matter in extremely acid, lignite-containing lake sediments impacted by fly ash contamination

In the Lusatian lignite mining district of eastern Germany, extremely acid lakes developed during ground water rising after exploitation of lignite in open-cast mines. The reasons of plant colonization (Juncus bulbosus L.) of some lakes exhibiting moderate pH values while others remain extremely acid and unvegetated are unknown. Alkalinity gain may be achieved by addition of alkaline materials and/or decomposition of organic matter. Our objective was to examine fly ash deposition and the resulting changes in organic matter composition in the uppermost 0 to 5 cm of the sediment sampled from vegetated and unvegetated lakes. Bulk soil and particle size fractions were analyzed for elemental composition, magnetic susceptibility, and chemical structure of the organic matter by 13C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The lignite content of the samples was estimated by 14C activity measurements. The pH values decreased with increasing depth and the changes in pH were found to be correlated with changes in magnetic susceptibility. Carbon and nitrogen contents were found to decrease with increasing depth. The C to N ratios are consistent with the (i) the presence of decomposing plant residues and/or microbial material such as algae in the upper 0 to 5 cm of the sediment and (ii) the dominance of lignite in the layers below this depth as confirmed by 14C activity measurements. The structural analyses of the particle size separates from the 0- to 5-cm depth were consistent with the presence of organic matter derived from plant material. This study confirms that fly ash is an important source of alkalinity in the upper 0 to 5 cm of the sediment that enhanced plant growth and led to enrichment of the sediment with organic matter derived from plant material.     

Fungicide leaching from golf greens: effects of root zone composition and surfactant use

Soil water repellency in golf putting greens may induce preferential "finger flow," leading to enhanced leaching of surface applied fungicides. We examined the effects of root zone composition, treatment with a non-ionic surfactant, and the use of the fungicide iprodion or a combination of azoxystrobin and propiconazole on soil water repellency, soil water content distributions, fungicide leaching, and turf quality during 1 yr. Soil water repellency was measured using the water drop penetration time (WDPT) test and tension infiltrometers. Our study was made on a 3-yr-old experimental green seeded with creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) 'Penn A-4' at Landvik in southeast Norway. The facility consists of 16 lysimeters with two different root zone materials: (i) straight sand (1% gravel, 96% sand, 3% silt and clay, 4 g kg(-1) organic matter) (SS) and (ii) straight sand mixed with garden compost to an organic matter content of 21 g kg(-1) (Green Mix [GM]). Surfactant treatment resulted in 96% lower average WDPTs at 1 cm depth, three times higher water infiltration rates at the soil surface, and reduced spatial variation in soil water contents. Fungicide leaching was close to zero for the GM lysimeters probably due to stronger sorption. Concentrations in the drainage water from SS lysimeters often exceeded surface water guideline values for all three fungicides, but surfactant treatment dramatically reduced fungicide leaching from these lysimeters. In autumn and winter, surfactant-treated plots were more infected with fungal diseases probably because of higher water content in the turfgrass thatch layer.     

氮素和水分对贝加尔针茅草原土壤酶活性和微生物量碳氮的影响

在内蒙古贝加尔针茅草原,分别设对照（N0）、1.5 g·m^-2（N15）、3.0 g·m^-2（N30）、5.0 g·m^-2（N50）、10.0 g·m^-2（N100）、15.0 g·m^-2（N150）、20.0 g·m^-2（N200）和30 g·m^-2（N300）（不包括大气沉降的氮量）8个氮素（NH4NO3）梯度和模拟夏季增加降水100 mm的水分添加交互试验,研究氮素和水分添加对草原土壤养分、酶活性及微生物量碳氮的影响。结果表明：氮素和水分添加对草原土壤理化性质和生物学特性有显著影响。随施氮量的增加土壤总有机碳、全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮含量呈增加的趋势,相反,土壤pH值呈降低的趋势。土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶的活性随施氮量的增加而升高,多酚氧化酶则随施氮量的增加呈下降的趋势。氮素和水分添加对草原土壤微生物量碳氮含量有显著影响,高氮处理（N150、N200和N300）显著降低了微生物碳含量,微生物氮含量随施氮量的增加呈上升趋势。水分添加能够减缓氮素添加对微生物的抑制作用,提高微生物量碳、微生物量氮含量。草原土壤养分、土壤酶活性及土壤微生物量碳氮含量间关系密切,过氧化氢酶与全氮、总有机碳、硝态氮呈显著正相关,多酚氧化酶与铵态氮、硝态氮、全氮呈显著负相关。微生物量氮含量与土壤全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮含量以及过氧化氢酶和磷酸酶活性呈显著正相关,与多酚氧化酶呈负相关;微生物量碳与过氧化氢酶呈负相关,与多酚氧化酶活性呈正相关。     

广州土壤中短链氯化石蜡的含量水平和分布特征

短链氯化石蜡(SCCPs)是一类新的持久性有机污染物(POPs),目前我国相关研究较少。为了解SCCPs在土壤中的污染现状和分布特征,测定了24个广州土样(含3个剖面采样点)中SCCPs的含量,分析了其同族体分布模式。结果表明:广州表层土壤中SCCPs的含量变化范围为6.8～541.2ng/g,均值为79.6ng/g;剖面土壤中SCCPs的含量范围为7.5～115.8ng/g,均值为33.1ng/g。不同类型土壤中SCCPs各同系物组分的分布模式相似,以碳原子数为10和11的Cl6-SCCPs/Cl7-SCCPs为主。     

沙枣对滨海盐渍土的改良作用探究

实验以野生沙枣为研究对象,在根系附近采集实验组土样,在周围裸露土地上采集对照组土样。通过实验组与对照组的各项指标对照表明,在盐渍土上种植沙枣,不但可增加土壤中的含水量,而且可增加土壤中的空气体积和有机质含量,提高土壤中的K含量,降低土壤中pH值。沙枣对滨海盐渍土有着很好的改良效果和一定的经济效益。     

Infrequent composted biosolids applications affect semi-arid grassland soils and vegetation

Monitoring of repeated composted biosolids applications is necessary for improving beneficial reuse program management strategies, because materials will likely be reapplied to the same site at a future point in time. A field trial evaluated a single and a repeated composted biosolids application in terms of long-term (13–14 years) and short-term (2–3 years) effects, respectively, on soil chemistry and plant community in a Colorado semi-arid grassland. Six composted biosolids rates (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 21, 30 Mg ha^?1) were surface applied in a split-plot design study with treatment (increasing compost rates) as the main factor and co-application time (1991, or 1991 and 2002) as the split factor applications. Short- and long-term treatment effects were evident in 2004 and 2005 for soil 0–8 cm depth pH, EC, NO₃-N, NH₄-N, total N, and AB-DTPA soil Cd, Cu, Mo, Zn, P, and Ba. Soil organic matter increases were still evident 13 and 14 years following composted biosolids application. The repeated composted biosolids application increased soil NO₃-N and NH₄-N and decreased AB-DTPA extractable Ba as compared to the single composted biosolids application in 2004; differences between short- and long-term applications were less evident in 2005. Increasing biosolids rates resulted in increased native perennial grass cover in 2005. Plant tissue Cu, Mo, Zn, and P concentrations increased, while Ba content decreased depending on specific plant species and year. Overall, the lack of many significant negative effects suggests that short- or long-term composted biosolids application at the rates studied did not adversely affect this semi-arid grassland ecosystem.     

Effects of Grazing Exclusion on Soil Properties and on Ecosystem Carbon and Nitrogen Storage in a Sandy Rangeland of Inner Mongolia, Northern China

The Horqin sandy rangeland of northern China is a seriously desertified region with a fragile ecology. The sandy alluvial and aeolian sediments have a coarse texture and loose structure and are therefore vulnerable to damage caused by grazing animals and wind erosion. We investigated whether grazing exclusion could enhance ecosystem carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) storage and thereby improve overall soil quality. We compared soil properties, C and N storage in biomass (aboveground and below-ground), and the total and light fraction soil organic matter between adjacent areas with continuous grazing and a 12-year grazing exclosure. The soil silt?+?clay content, organic C, total Kjeldahl N, available N and K, and cation-exchange capacity were significantly (P?相似文献