应用二维斑点追踪成像技术监测急性淋巴细胞白血病柔红霉素化疗患儿左室扭转功能探讨

探讨应用二维斑点追踪成像技术监测柔红霉素化疗对急性淋巴细胞白血病（急淋）患儿左心室短轴心肌扭转功能的影响,分析心脏功能损伤与柔红霉素不同累积剂量的关系。方法　研究对象为2007年1月至2009年12月深圳市儿童医院诊断的急淋患儿60例,均接受柔红霉素化疗,按治疗程序分为A组（化疗前）、B组（柔红霉素化疗累积剂量达120 mg/m2）和C组（柔红霉素化疗累积剂量达240 mg/m2）。对照组为同期体检正常儿童60名。检测每组常规超声心动图指标左室射血分数（EF）、二尖瓣口舒张期血流比值（E/A）,并应用超声二维斑点追踪成像技术（two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging,2DSI）检测对照组及A、B、C组的左室短轴基底段和心尖段的心肌节段收缩期峰值旋转度,计算左室心肌收缩期峰值扭转角度。结果　心率、EF、二尖瓣口舒张期E/A比值在对照组、A、B、C各组间比较,差别无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。A、B组与对照组比较,基底段和心尖段的峰值旋转角度差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）;C组与对照组比较心尖段峰值旋转角度,差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）; C组与对照组、A组、B组比较,基底段峰值旋转角度差异有统计学意义（F＝5.23, P < 0.05）。A、B组与对照组比较,左室扭转角度差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）,但C组小于对照组、A组、B组,差异有统计学意义（F＝4.51, P < 0.05）。结论　急淋患儿柔红霉素化疗累积剂量达120 mg/m2时未发现心脏扭转功能损伤,当达到240 mg/m2时,心脏扭转功能出现显著损伤,2DSI可无创性定量监测患儿心脏功能的变化,对临床评价柔红霉素的心脏毒性、预防化疗后遗症的发生有重要意义。     

Low-dose daunorubicin in induction treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: no long-term cardiac damage in a randomized study of the Dutch Childhood Leukemia Study Group

BACKGROUND: To investigate late cardiotoxicity in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) survivors after induction treatment with or without daunorubicin (DNR; 25 mg/m(2), i.v., weekly, x4, cumulative dose 100 mg/m(2)). PROCEDURE: Cardiac function was assessed in 90 event-free survivors of childhood ALL, 11.4-17.8 years (median 14.8 years) after treatment according to the DCLSG protocol ALL V. In this protocol patients were randomized to receive (group B) or not to receive (group A) DNR 25 mg/m(2)/week i.v. during the first 4 weeks of induction treatment. Age at diagnosis was 1.2-14.9 years (median 4.5 years). The cardiac evaluation consisted of a history, physical examination, electrocardiogram (ECG), 24 hr ambulatory ECG, and echocardiography. RESULTS: Electrocardiographic data, arrhythmias, left ventricular dimensions, left ventricular contractility, wall stress, and diastolic function were within normal limits in both groups. No difference could be shown between data from group A (n = 40) and group B (n = 50). CONCLUSIONS: No late cardiac damage was demonstrated in childhood ALL survivors after induction treatment including a cumulative dose of 100 mg/m(2) DNR, compared to survivors who received the same treatment but without DNR. DNR 100 mg/m(2) given in 4 doses of 25 mg/m(2)/week appears to be a safe dose in induction treatment of ALL.     

Evaluation of left ventricular function in asymptomatic children about to undergo anthracycline-based chemotherapy for acute leukemia: an outcome study

BACKGROUND: Cardiac toxicity is a well-recognized potential complication of anthracycline use. Children treated with anthracyclines undergo several cardiac screening procedures before therapy, but the usefulness of these pretherapy cardiac studies has never been evaluated. The authors examined whether induction chemotherapy in patients with high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was altered based on a pretherapy left ventricular shortening fraction (SF). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Medical records of 134 children registered on treatment protocols of the Pediatric Oncology Group for high-risk B-precursor and T-cell ALL between 1987 and 1998 were reviewed. Demographic information consisting of age at diagnosis, sex, and past cardiac history was collected, as were the results of all echocardiographic evaluations for SF and actions taken based on these evaluations. The outcome measured was whether any changes were made in induction therapy based on initial SF. In addition, secondary SF results obtained at the cumulative anthracycline dose range of 90 to 150 mg/m2 were studied to determine whether modifications of future chemotherapy were made after this limited exposure. RESULTS: Three of 128 children (2.3%) without a previous cardiac history had an initial SF on their pretherapy echocardiogram that prompted additional evaluation but no change in therapy. A secondary analysis of SF in 85 children who completed anthracycline doses of 90 to 150 mg/m2 was performed. There were three (3.5%) with abnormal study results who were evaluated further. Again, no changes were made in the anthracycline doses based on these findings. No cardiac dysfunction occurred among these six patients during later follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: In the absence of a previous cardiac history or signs and symptoms or cardiac disease, pretherapy evaluation of left ventricular function may not be indicated in children about to undergo anthracycline-based treatment of acute leukemia. The timing of initiation of cardiac evaluation remains unclear, but these results suggest that even at a cumulative dose of 90 to 150 mg/m2, studies to determine left ventricular function do not yield data sufficient to warrant a change in the clinical management of these patients.     

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目的探讨心力衰竭患儿二尖瓣环运动速度的变化及其在左心室功能评价中的应用价值。方法研究对象为2005-01—2006-05在北京大学第一医院儿科住院的21例左室扩大及左室射血分数<50%的心力衰竭患儿(心衰组)和21例正常儿童(对照组),对其行常规超声心动图检查,测量左室射血分数(LVEF)、二尖瓣口前向血流E峰和A峰的峰值流速,计算E/A值;以组织多普勒成像(TDI)脉冲多普勒速度频谱显像方法测量二尖瓣环侧壁及间壁收缩期峰值速度(Sa)、舒张早期峰值速度(Ea)及舒张晚期峰值速度(Aa),分别计算Ea/Aa值及E/Ea值。结果心衰组二尖瓣环侧壁及间壁Sa、Ea、Ea/Aa均显著低于对照组(P均<0.01),两部位E/Ea均显著高于对照组(P均<0.01);心衰组二尖瓣环两部位Sa、侧壁Ea均与LVEF正相关((r=0.60,0.44,0.52,P均<0.05),两部位Sa、Ea均与心功能分级负相关(r=-0.64,-0.55,-0.68,-0.54,P均<0.05),两部位E/Ea均与LVEF负相关(r=-0.59,-0.47,P均<0.05)、与心功能分级正相关(r=0.77,0.75,P均<0.001)、二尖瓣环侧壁及间壁Sa与相应部位Ea、E/Ea有相关性。结论常规超声检查左室收缩功能下降的心力衰竭患儿左室收缩及舒张功能均降低,且二者有密切联系;以TDI方法测定二尖瓣环运动频谱评价心力衰竭儿童左室功能是敏感和可靠的。     

Early detection of doxorubicin and daunorubicin cardiotoxicity by echocardiography: Diastolic versus systolic parameters

Doxorubicin and daunorubicin are effective anticancer agents in children, however, their therapeutic value is limited by myocardial cardiotoxicity. In 14 children (median age 5,0 years, range 3–12) prospective studies were performed using pulsed Doppler echocardiography to assess the changes in left ventricular systolic and diastolic filling dynamics. None of these children developed cardiomyopathy. M-mode echocardiographic systolic parameters and Doppler transmitral flow velocities were analysed at baseline, after a cumulative anthracycline dose of 138±26 mg/m² (second examination) and after 240±15 mg/m² (third examination). At the second examination the acceleration time/ejection time ratio was significantly reduced (P<0.01), but this was no longer evident at the third examination. There was no significant change of peak velocity over aortic valve, preejection period and change of velocity over time. In contrast, three diastolic parameters changed significantly; the late over early inflow velocity (P<0.05), mitral valve late time velocity integral (P<0.01 at the second andP<0.05 at the third examination) and the ratio A-TVI/TVI (P<0.025 andP<0.01). At the third examination the velocity of the A wave was also significantly increased.Conclusion In anthracyline treated children left ventricular diastolic function deteriorates before systolic function. Diastolic function parameters should be used rather than systolic parameters to monitor these patients.     

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??Expression and clinical significance of peripheral Th17 cell in children with acute leukemia.????WU Xiao-yan??JIN Run-ming??YU Hui??WANG Fang??XIA Yi. Pediatrics Department of Union Hospital??Tongji Medical School??Huazhong University of Science and Technology??Wuhan 430022??China
Abstract??Objective??To study the relationship between peripheral blood Th17 cells and the occurrence and status of disease of children with acute leukemia. Methods??From Aug. 2008 to Dec. 2009 in Pediatrics Department of Union Hospital??Tongji Medical School Huazhong University of Science and Technology?? 42 children with acute leukemia and 18 healthy children were divided into non-remission group ??Group A??n = 23????remission group ??Group B??n = 19?? and control group ??Group C??n = 18??. Concentration of IL-17 and IL-23 in the peripheral blood monocytes culture supernatant after stimulated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 mAb were determined with ELISA. Expression of CD4+ IL-17+ cells was determined with flow cytometry. Results??The concentrations of IL-17 and IL-23 in Group A and Group B were much lower than those in Group C??P < 0.05??. The level of IL-17 in Group A was lower than that in Group B??P < 0.05????while the difference of IL-23 concentration between Group A and Group B was not significant??P > 0.05??. The expression level of Th17 in Group A and Group B were much lower than those in Group C??P < 0.05????and the difference of Th17 expression level between Group A and Group B was significant??P < 0.05??. Conclusion??Th17 cells might play important role in the occurrence and development of children acute leukemia through secreting IL-17??and their function level can partly reflect the status of leukemia and evaluating the risks of infection in children with leukemia.     

Diastolic Function and Patient-Reported Quality of Life for Adolescents and Adults With Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot: A Tissue Doppler Study

Left ventricular systolic function is an important indicator of clinical well-being and outcomes for patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). This study tested the hypothesis that left ventricular diastolic function by pulsed-wave tissue Doppler is associated with quality of life in this population. In this study, 38 subjects (age, 31.0 ± 14.1 years) with repaired TOF underwent echocardiogram and completed the Short-Form 36, version 2, a validated quality-of-life assessment, within a median of 0 days (range, 0–90 days). Available cardiovascular magnetic resonance data within 1 year after the echocardiogram were analyzed. The ratio of peak early inflow to peak early annular velocity (E/E′) at the lateral mitral annulus correlated inversely with the ability to participate in usual activities without physical limitations (r = −0.37; p = 0.02), whereas the right ventricular diastolic indices were not predictive. The relation of left ventricular diastolic function to quality of life was independent of left ventricular systolic function. This may be related to adverse ventricular–ventricular interactions because lateral mitral E/E′ correlated with tricuspid E/E′ (r = 0.46; p = 0.008) and the right ventricular myocardial performance index (r = 0.42; p = 0.01). Pulsed-wave tissue Doppler of the mitral annulus is a useful tool in this population and may potentially identify patients in need of intervention before the development of left or right ventricular systolic dysfunction.     

先天性甲状腺功能低下症对新生儿左心功能的影响

目的　评价先天性甲状腺功能低下症 (CH)新生儿的左心收缩和舒张功能变化 ,并探讨其与血甲状腺激素水平的相关性。方法　对 35例确诊为CH的新生儿和 30例正常新生儿进行超声心动图检查 ,分别用M型超声心动图测量左室射血分数 (LVEF)、左室短轴缩短率 (LVFS) ;脉冲多普勒 (PWD)测量二尖瓣口血流舒张早期峰值速度 (Em)、二尖瓣口血流舒张晚期峰值速度 (A m) ;定量组织速度成像 (QTVI)测量二尖瓣环收缩期运动峰值速度 (sm)、二尖瓣环舒张早期运动峰值速度 (em)、二尖瓣环舒张晚期运动峰值速度 (am) ;组织追踪显像 (TTI)测量收缩期二尖瓣环下移距离 (MAD) ,并对血甲状腺激素水平和心功能指标行相关性分析。结果　两组间收缩功能指标LVEF、LVFS、sm、MAD及舒张功能指标Am、Em/Am、、em/am、、Em、em 差异均有显著性意义 (P <0 0 5 ) ,其中两组间MAD、sm、Em、em 差异有极显著性意义 (P <0 0 0 1)。心脏收缩功能指标LVEF、sm、MAD及舒张功能指标Em、Am、em、em/am 与TT3 、TT4呈正相关 (P <0 0 5 ) ,与TSH呈负相关 (P <0 0 5 ) ,MAD、sm、Em、em 与血TT4、TSH水平的相关性最好 (P <0 0 0 1)。结论　先天性甲状腺功能低下症新生儿常伴有左心收缩和舒张功能下降 ,血甲状腺激素水平可直接影响左心功能 ,QTVI     

Timing in resolution of left heart dilation according to the degree of mitral regurgitation in children with ventricular septal defect after surgical closure

Objectivechildren with ventricular septal defects (VSD) can have chronic volume overload, which can result in changes of left heart echocardiographic parameters. To evaluate the changes before and after surgical closure, the children were divided into three groups according to the degree of mitral regurgitation (MR), and their echocardiographic characteristics were reviewed at serial follow-up after surgical closure.Methodsthe preoperative, and one-, three-, and 12-month postoperative echocardiographic data of 40 children who underwent surgical closure of VSD were retrospectively reviewed. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD), left ventricular end-systolic dimension (LVESD), mitral valvular characteristics, including degree of MR and mitral valve annulus, and left atrial (LA) characteristics, including volume and dimensions, were observed.Resultspreoperative LVEDV, LVEDD, LVESD, mitral valvular annulus, LA volume, and LA dimensions were significantly larger in children with MR. Additionally, there were significant decreases in LVEDV, LVEDD, LA volume, and LA dimensions at one, three, and 12 months postoperatively. The degree of MR also improved to a lower grade after surgical closure of the VSD without additional mitral valve repair.Conclusionthe echocardiographic parameters of left heart dilation and MR in children with VSD improved within the first year after surgical closure without additional mitral valve repair. Furthermore, in all of the patients with VSD, regardless of MR, LA dilation was reduced within three months after surgical closure of the VSD; however, LV and mitral valve annular dilatation decreased within 12 months.     

多普勒超声心动图对先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压儿童左室形态与功能的评价

目的：探讨多普勒超声心动图对先天性心脏病（CHD）儿童肺动脉高压（PAH）的诊断价值及PAH对左室重塑和舒张功能（LVDF）的影响。方法：对彩色多普勒超声心动图证实的45例继发肺动脉高压的先天性心脏病患儿的超声心动图和多普勒血流资料与22例无PAH的先天性心脏病患儿（对照组）对比分析。结果：PAH组及对照组的左室舒张末内径分别为18.24±1.71 mm vs 16.28±0.52 mm、右室内径 12.23±2.14 mm vs 8.14±0.73 mm、肺动脉内径 11.20±1.35 mm vs 7.92±0.21 mm。两组比较差异有显著性（P<0.05）；VTR 流速增快（2.56±0.46）m/s及PASP压力（40.23±4.56）mmHg升高 ，与对照组相比差异亦有显著性（P<0.05）；室间隔增厚与对照组相比差异不明显。对照组、PAH组的二尖瓣口血流多普勒频谱A峰流速分别为94.56±31.45 m/s vs 51.17±26.67 m/s、A峰流速速度时间积分为10.89±2.73 s vs 4.94±1.85 s及AV/EV为1.79±0.32 vs 0.59±0.19、AVTI/EVTI为1.61±0.49 vs 0.45±0.21 两组比较差异有显著性(P<0.01)。左室等容舒张时间分别为119. 86±54.62 s vs 52.31±28.06 s。PAH组明显延长(P<0.05)。E峰流速、E峰流速速度时间积分及E峰减速时间两组无明显改变(P>0.05)。而增高的肺动脉压与二尖瓣口血流频谱AV/EV比值呈正相关,相关系数 r=0.4 456， P<0.01。结论：多普勒超声心动图不仅是先天性心脏病儿童合并肺动脉高压最重要的诊断方法之一，还可提供肺动脉高压对左室重塑和舒张功能受损的指标，对临床判断病情轻重及预后有重要价值。［中国当代儿科杂志，2007，9（5）：422-424］