老年高血压颈动脉粥样硬化与心血管危险因素的相关性

该文研究老年高血压患者颈动脉粥佯硬化、斑块形成与心血管危险因素以及脑卒中发生之间的相关性。方法：随机调查204例老年高血压患者，用颈动脉超声检查分析颈动脉硬化、斑块形成与心血管危险因素及脑卒中的相关性。结果：颈动脉硬化、斑块形成与收缩压、脉压呈正相关（r=0．21、0．26，P〈0．01），与高血压病程、糖化血红蛋白亦呈正相关（r=0．17、0．30，P〈0．05），与尿酸、胆红素、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇及脑卒中均有关。     

老年高血压患者颈动脉粥样硬化与心血管危险因素分析

目的探讨老年高血压患者颈动脉粥样硬化程度、斑块形成与高血压、血脂、血糖、血尿酸、C反应蛋白等心血管危险因素之间的相关性。方法检测111例老年原发性高血压患者的颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)、斑块,并与高血压病程、脉压、血压、体质指数(BMI)、合并症(包括冠心病、糖尿病、脑梗死)、年龄、吸烟史、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、血尿酸、C反应蛋白(CRP)、空腹血糖(FBG)等心血管危险因素进行相关性分析,并做统计学处理。结果颈动脉粥样硬化、斑块形成与高血压病程、收缩压、脉压呈正相关,与尿酸等心血管危险因素均有关,高血压及颈动脉粥样硬化脑梗死、糖尿病的发病呈正相关。结论老年患者颈动脉粥样硬化及斑块的发生与高血压等心血管危险因素有密切关系,要延缓动脉粥样硬化的发生发展就应重视早期强化降压及对相关危险因素的综合性干预治疗。     

老年高血压缺血性脑卒中合并2型糖尿病患者颈动脉粥样硬化程度的分析

目的应用CT血管成像联合颈动脉超声检查对颈动脉粥样硬化斑块进行评价,并探讨其与2型糖尿病的关系。方法选择缺血性脑卒中患者152例,根据诊断分为糖尿病组56例,非糖尿病组96例,并进行CT血管成像联合颈动脉超声检查,分析斑块性质、形态,观察发生缺血性脑卒中事件相关因素,logistic回归分析老年缺血性脑卒中颈动脉粥样硬化程度与糖尿病的相关性。结果与非糖尿病组比较,糖尿病组颈动脉内膜中层增厚及斑块发生率高,易损斑块多,颈总动脉分叉部及动脉狭窄比例高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。logistic回归分析表明,空腹血糖(OR=5.924,95%CI:1.176～2.468,P=0.003)与颈动脉粥样硬化程度密切相关;LDL-C(OR=2.283,95%CI:1.108～4.276,P=0.009)、纤维蛋白原(OR=1.856,95%CI:1.287～3.095;P=0.011)与颈动脉粥样硬化程度相关。结论老年缺血性脑卒中合并2型糖尿病患者颈动脉粥样硬化程度重,危险因素多于非糖尿病患者;常规对于颈动脉粥样硬化患者进行定期的血糖检测有重要参考价值。     

老年糖尿病患者颈动脉硬化的相关危险因素分析

目的分析影响老年糖尿病患者颈动脉硬化的危险因素。方法分析2015年7月-2020年6月安徽医科大学附属巢湖医院内分泌科门诊收治95例2型糖尿病患者的病例资料,根据是否存在颈动脉粥样硬化分为颈动脉粥样硬化组(n=56)和非颈动脉粥样硬化组(n=39)。收集2组患者临床基本资料、体格检查结果、生化指标和颈动脉内-中膜厚度,分析老年2型糖尿病合并颈动脉粥样硬化的危险因素和颈动脉硬化危险因素与斑块厚度的相关性。结果多因素分析发现,年龄、收缩压、C反应蛋白(CRP)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、餐后2小时血糖(2hBG)、甘油三脂(TG)是老年2型糖尿病合并颈动脉粥样硬化的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。收缩压、CRP、LDL-C、2hBG与颈动脉内-中膜厚度具有明显相关性(P<0.05)。结论老年2型糖尿病患者颈动脉硬化的独立危险因素有收缩压、2hBG、TG、CRP和LDL-C。大部分2型糖尿病患者确诊时已出现颈动脉粥样硬化,因此,应及早发现和干预,改善患者预后。     

颈部血管超声检查粥样斑块与缺血性中风的关系探讨

目的 探讨颈部血管超声检查发现的粥样斑块情况与缺血性中风的关系.方法 选择2006年-2007年我院77例缺血性脑卒中病人(梗死组)、83例非缺血性脑卒中病人及正常体检者(对照组)行颈部血管超声和血液生化检查,比较两组病人颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的部位、数量、性质、颈动脉内径及缺血性脑卒中危险因素间的差异.结果 两组颈动脉粥样硬化斑块检出率、左右颈总动脉内径间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).颈动脉粥样硬化斑块位于颈总动脉最多(78.0%),其次是颈总动脉分叉处(15.8%),颈内动脉颅外段最少(6.2%).斑块部位与缺血性脑卒中部位有显著同侧相关性(P<0.05).两组年龄及合并高血压、糖尿病、代谢综合征间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 颈动脉粥样硬化斑块与缺血性脑卒中发生有密切关系,颈部血管超声检查粥样斑块对早期预测及预防缺血性脑卒中发生具有重要的临床意义.     

老年脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块稳定性与红细胞分布宽度的关系

目的探讨老年脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块稳定性与红细胞分布宽度(red blood cell distribution width,RDW)之间的相关性。方法选择老年急性脑梗死伴颈动脉粥样硬化斑块患者165例,按颈动脉彩色超声结果,分为稳定斑块组45例和不稳定斑块组120例。收集一般临床资料及心血管病危险因素,测定体重指数、踝臂指数、血脂、糖化血红蛋白、肌酐、白细胞、血红蛋白、RDW、红细胞体积、高敏C反应蛋白(high sensitivity C-reactive pro-tein,hs-CRP)、血浆纤维蛋白原(fibrinogen,Fib)等,并进行组间比较。结果与稳定斑块组比较,不稳定斑块组RDW、hs-CRP、Fib明显增高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01)。Spearman相关分析显示,颈动脉不稳定斑块与RDW(r=0.244,P<0.01)、hs-CRP(r=0.323,P<0.01)、Fib(r=0.164,P<0.05)呈正相关。logistic回归分析显示,校正性别、年龄及其他传统危险因素后,RDW为颈动脉不稳定斑块的危险因素(OR=2.020,95%CI:1.191～3.426,P<0.01)。结论老年脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块稳定性与RDW相关,RDW增高患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块破裂的风险增加。     

老年脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块及相关因素分析

目的探讨老年脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的发生与相关因素的关系。方法应用HDI-5000彩色多普勒超声仪,分别对160例老年脑梗死患者(脑梗死组)和60例非脑梗死患者(对照组)的颈动脉进行检测,观察颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的发生及与血糖、血脂、血浆纤维蛋白原的关系。结果脑梗死组患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块发生率为77.5%,对照组为20.0%,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。脑梗死组颈动脉粥样硬化斑块好发于颈总动脉分叉处。高血压、血脂异常、糖尿病、LDL升高、高纤维蛋白原是老年脑梗死颈动脉粥样硬化斑块形成的危险因素。结论对老年脑梗死患者进行颈动脉超声检查,及早发现颈动脉粥样硬化斑块并积极控制危险因素,对预防和治疗老年脑梗死具有重要意义。     

老年脑梗死患者血浆MMP-9、CD105和TIMP-1的表达水平及其与颈动脉粥样硬化斑块稳定性的相关性

目的探讨老年脑梗死患者血浆中基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)-9、CD105及基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂(TIMP)-1的表达及其与颈动脉粥样硬化斑块稳定性的相关性。方法选择60例老年脑梗死患者为研究组,同期60例健康体检者为对照组,采用酶联免疫吸附法测定血浆MMP-9、CD105及TIMP-1的表达水平,颈动脉彩色多普勒超声检查患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块稳定性,并行相关性分析。结果研究组患者的颈动脉粥样硬化斑块检出率86.67%明显高于对照组28.33%(c~2=41.773,P=0.000)。研究组患者的血浆MMP-9表达水平明显高于对照组,而CD105、TIMP-1表达水平明显低于对照组(P<0.01)。不稳定斑块组患者的血浆MMP-9表达水平明显高于对照组,而CD105、TIMP-1表达水平明显低于稳定斑块组(P<0.01)。相关性分析显示血浆MMP-9表达水平与颈动脉粥样硬化斑块稳定性呈正相关(r=0.305,P<0.05),CD105、TIMP-1表达水平与颈动脉粥样硬化斑块稳定性呈负相关(r=-0.336、-0.371,P<0.05),老年脑梗死患者血浆MMP-9、CD105及TIMP-1的表达与颈动脉粥样硬化斑块稳定性密切相关(P<0.05)。结论老年脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块发生率增高,血浆MMP-9水平升高,与颈动脉粥样硬化斑块稳定性正相关,CD105和TIMP-1降低与颈动脉粥样硬化斑块稳定性负相关。     

原发性高血压患者动态动脉硬化指数与颈动脉粥样硬化的相关性

目的 探讨原发性高血压患者动态动脉硬化指数与颈动脉粥样硬化的相关性.方法 124例原发性高血压患者和70例健康对照者,根据颈动脉超声检查,将原发性高血压患者按内膜中膜厚度≥0.9 mm者分为颈动脉硬化组,内膜中膜厚度<0.9 mm者分为无颈动脉硬化组.通过24 h动态血压监测,分析血压参数特点,计算动态动脉硬化指数.结果 原发性高血压患者颈动脉内膜中膜厚度、颈动脉斑块积分明显高于健康对照者(1.178±0.214 mm和0.806±0.356比3.17±2.44 mm和1.02±1.51,P<0.01),原发性高血压患者和健康对照者动态动脉硬化指数值分别为0.56±0.14和0.41±0.12(P<0.01);颈动脉硬化组和无颈动脉硬化组动态动脉硬化指数分别为0.59±0.12和0.50±0.11(P<0. 05) ,动态动脉硬化指数与内膜中膜厚度呈正相关(r=0.325,P<0.01).结论 原发性高血压患者动态动脉硬化指数与颈动脉粥样硬化关系密切.     

吸烟与脑卒中高危人群颈动脉粥样硬化发生的相关性分析

目的探讨吸烟与脑卒中高危人群颈动脉硬化发生的相关性。方法选取2012年5月—2013年2月在北京市丰台区王佐卫生服务中心、蒲黄榆社区卫生服务中心、花乡社区卫生服务中心、方庄社区卫生服务中心筛查的脑卒中高危人群7 284例,将患者分为从未吸烟组和吸烟组进行颈动脉超声检查,观察两组患者颈动脉内膜中层厚度及斑块形成情况;根据吸烟指数将吸烟组患者分为轻度吸烟、中度吸烟及重度吸烟3个亚组,观察吸烟时间、吸烟量等因素下不同亚组间颈动脉内膜中层厚度及斑块形成情况。结果与未吸烟组相比,吸烟组颈动脉内膜增厚及斑块形成发生率明显增高(P0.01),颈动脉内膜增厚及斑块形成的发生率与吸烟呈正相关(Spearman相关系数分别为0.134、0.125,P0.05);在吸烟组各亚组间,颈动脉内膜增厚及斑块形成的发生率依次增高(P0.01),颈动脉内膜增厚及斑块形成发生率与吸烟指数呈正相关(Spearman相关系数分别为0.122、0.099,P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,性别、年龄、高血压病史、糖尿病病史、吸烟指数、体育锻炼很少或轻体力劳动、明显超重等与颈动脉硬化相关。与不吸烟组相比,轻度吸烟组OR=1.549(P0.01),中度吸烟组OR=1.7 6 7(P0.01),重度吸烟组OR=2.147(P0.01)。结论在脑卒中高危人群中,吸烟是颈动脉硬化及斑块形成的独立危险因素,与颈动脉硬化及斑块形成的发生呈正相关,吸烟时间、吸烟量等因素与颈动脉硬化发生亦呈正相关,吸烟对颈动脉粥样硬化进程的影响是累积的。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.