胶东大尹格庄金矿床热液蚀变作用

胶东是我国最重要的金矿集区。其中,破碎带蚀变岩型———"焦家式"金矿床是区内最重要的金矿床类型,占胶东已探明金矿资源量的90%以上。大尹格庄金矿床位于胶西北招平断裂带中段,是典型的破碎带蚀变岩型金矿床,区内发育有大规模的绢英岩化蚀变带(宽20~200m)和钾化/红化蚀变带(宽50~300m),蚀变岩型金矿体主要发育在招-平断裂带下盘的绢英岩化蚀变带中。本文在详细的野外地质观测基础上,查清了大尹格庄金矿床蚀变类型及矿物组合特征,针对大尹格庄金矿床Ⅱ号矿体系统采集了不同蚀变类型的岩石样品,进行了岩石元素地球化学分析,运用质量平衡方法讨论了热液蚀变过程中元素迁移规律,初步探讨了大尹格庄金矿床热液蚀变作用过程和金沉淀机制。通过本研究得出:大尹格庄金矿床内主要矿石类型为黄铁绢英岩,以浸染状、细脉状为主要矿化形式。大尹格庄金矿床热液蚀变期在时间上可以划分为:钾化/红化→绢英岩化→黄铁绢英岩化→碳酸盐化。钾化/红化蚀变为成矿前蚀变,在此过程中有少量热液钾长石的形成。在地球化学方面表现为Fe、Cu、Pb和Rb元素带入,Si、Al、Na、Ca、Ba、Sr、Cr等元素带出。同时流体-围岩通过交代反应使金从围岩中释放出来成为高价态离子活化进入成矿流体。绢英岩化和黄铁绢英岩化蚀变为成矿期蚀变,蚀变过程中与矿化有关的Fe、Cu、Pb元素表现为迁入状态,流体运移过程中,热液中的HS~-等组分损失,导致Au(HS)~(2-)络合物失稳分解,Fe~(2+)、Fe~(3+)被消耗形成黄铁矿,同时金大量聚集沉淀,此时完成了金由活化→迁移→沉淀富集成矿过程。     

胶东焦家断裂带蚀变岩非镜像对称特征及其地质意义

焦家断裂蚀变带是胶东地区最重要的控矿构造之一。该断裂带控制的矿床是创立“焦家式”金矿理论的重要实例基础。目前,焦家断裂带累计探明Au资源储量超过1200 t,并且还在不断增加,展现了深部重要的勘查和研究价值。焦家断裂带控制的矿体主要赋存在主断面下盘,断裂带发育于花岗岩中时,上盘发育钾长石化花岗岩、绢英岩化花岗岩、黄铁绢英岩化花岗质碎裂岩、(黄铁)绢英岩质碎裂岩,下盘发育黄铁绢英岩质碎裂岩、黄铁绢英岩化花岗质碎裂岩、黄铁绢英岩化花岗岩和钾化花岗岩,蚀变类型在主断面两侧呈现对称分布特征。但是在岩性特征、结构构造、蚀变强度、化学成分等方面差异明显,表现出非镜像对称特征。上盘蚀变岩厚度大于下盘,下盘花岗岩的构造破碎程度比上盘花岗岩更严重;断裂带上盘黄铁矿含量低、一般无矿化显示,下盘黄铁矿含量高,出现金矿化;断裂带上盘的中生代花岗岩中韧性变形不发育,以脆性破裂为主,下盘发育明显的韧性变形;断裂带上下盘不同蚀变带的成矿元素Au,矿化剂元素S,成矿伴生元素Ag、Pb、Zn,亲石分散元素Ba、Sr以及主量元素Na2O、MgO含量具有差异性,指示焦家断裂带主断裂面两盘经历了不同的成矿作用过程,下盘花岗岩的热液蚀变作用与成矿作用的关系更为密切。依据焦家断裂带不同蚀变带元素的非镜像对称性特征,可利用上、下盘花岗岩和构造蚀变带的地球化学标志识别矿体或者不同蚀变带的位置,对认识“焦家式”金矿床的成因机制、预测深部成矿前景、指导深部找矿具有重要理论和实际意义。     

胶西北寺庄金矿床热液蚀变作用

胶东是我国最重要的金矿集区,其中"焦家式"破碎带蚀变岩型金矿是区内最重要的金矿床类型。寺庄金矿床位于胶东金矿集区焦家金矿田南部,是典型的"焦家式"金矿,沿NE向焦家断裂发育大规模的热液蚀变带,金矿体均产于这些蚀变带内。热液蚀变空间分带明显,距离焦家断裂由近到远向下盘依次发育黄铁绢英岩化、绢英岩化、钾长石化蚀变带。时间上,钾长石化为成矿前蚀变,绢英岩化和黄铁绢英岩化叠加在钾长石化蚀变之上,为成矿期蚀变,伴随金矿化。质量平衡计算表明:钾长石化过程,主量元素SiO_2、Al_2O_3、Fe_2O_3、FeO、MgO、CaO、Na_2O、P_2O_5,成矿元素Au、Ag,亲铜元素As、Hg、Sb、Bi和稀土元素均从玲珑黑云母花岗岩中迁出;而K_2O、MnO和Cu从流体中迁入玲珑黑云母花岗岩。绢英岩化和黄铁绢英岩化过程元素迁移行为高度相似,主量元素SiO_2、Fe_2O_3、FeO、MgO、CaO、K_2O、MnO,成矿元素Au、Ag,亲铜元素As、Hg、Cu、Sb、Bi和轻稀土元素均从流体中迁入钾长石化花岗岩,而主量元素Al_2O_3、Na_2O和重稀土元素均从钾长石化花岗岩中迁出。二长石温度计估算钾长石化蚀变形成的温度约为392～449℃。玲珑黑云母花岗岩(δEu=1.45)和钾长石化花岗岩(δEu=1.38)具有明显的Eu正异常,绢英岩(δEu=0.97)和黄铁绢英岩(δEu=0.93)具有轻微的Eu负异常,指示钾长石化发生于相对氧化环境下,而绢英岩化和黄铁绢英岩化发生于相对还原环境下。综合分析表明,成矿前高温、氧化、碱性流体作用于玲珑黑云母花岗岩形成大范围面状钾长石化蚀变;成矿期中低温、还原、弱酸性的流体与钾长石化花岗岩发生水岩反应,形成绢英岩化和黄铁绢英岩化,在此过程中硫化作用引起金硫络合物分解,导致金沉淀富集成矿。     

胶东焦家金矿床热液蚀变作用

胶东作为中国最重要的金矿集区,区内大型-超大型金矿床集中产出,已探明金矿资源量占全国近1/3。其中,破碎带蚀变岩型金矿床是最重要的金矿床类型,占胶东已探明金矿资源量的90%以上,焦家金矿床是著名的"焦家式"破碎带蚀变岩型金矿的命名地,内发育大规模的绢英岩化蚀变带(宽20~200m)和钾化蚀变带(50~300m),蚀变岩型金矿体主要发育在焦家断裂带下盘的绢英岩化蚀变带中。本文通过详细的野外地质观测,查清了焦家金矿床蚀变类型及矿物组合特征,系统采集了不同蚀变类型的岩石样品,进行了岩石元素地球化学分析,运用质量平衡方法讨论了热液蚀变过程中元素迁移规律,初步探讨了焦家金矿床热液蚀变机理。其中,钾化蚀变是成矿前蚀变,钾化花岗岩常以团块状或角砾状残留于黄铁绢英岩和绢英岩内;黄铁绢英岩化和绢英岩化蚀变受焦家断裂及其下盘的次级断裂控制,其规模大小受断裂的规模控制;其中焦家主断裂下盘的绢英岩化蚀变带规模最大,一般宽10~200m;而次级断裂控制的绢英岩化蚀变带规模相对较小,一般以0.1~1m宽的脉状发育在钾化花岗岩内,指示绢英岩化蚀变晚于钾化蚀变。相对于黑云母花岗岩,不同蚀变带岩石普遍表现出高K2O、低Al2O3、CaO和Na2O,而不同蚀变岩石Si、Fe、Mg等元素各表现出不同特征。钾化带岩石表现为K2O的富集,而绢英岩带和黄铁绢英岩带岩石表现为MgO、Fe2O3增加的趋势。黑云母花岗岩发生钾化蚀变过程中,SiO2、K2O表现为明显的带入,指示在钾长石化过程中,流体为富硅的碱性氧化流体。在钾化花岗岩→黄铁绢英岩过程中,Fe2O3表现为明显的带入,可能是由于黑云母等暗色矿物的分解造成的;此外,亲硫元素(Au、Ag、As、Pb、Zn)均表现为带入,特别是成矿元素Au表现为明显的带入。结合本区金的来源可能部分为玲珑黑云母花岗岩,本研究认为钾化过程中的富硅碱性氧化流体通过交代蚀变反应使金从围岩中释放、成为高价态离子活化进入成矿流体,即分散还原态的金(Au0)被活化为氧化态(Au+、Au3+)以AuH3SiO4形式随热液迁移。在绢英岩化过程中,热液中的SiO2等组分损失,引起热液中的AuH3SiO4稳定性降低,造成AuH3SiO4分解,Fe2+、Fe3+被消耗形成黄铁矿,导致金大量沉淀和聚集沉淀,此时完成了金由活化→迁移→沉淀富集成矿。     

山西省五台白云叶蜡石矿地质特征及其对深部找矿的启示

山西五台县北约15 km的白云村一带出露有叶蜡石矿及金矿化点,其形成特点与关系对区域深部找矿具有重要启示意义。该叶蜡石矿体产于经历古元古代绿片岩相变质的新太古代酸性火山岩之中(绢英片岩),切割区域片理并被晚期的辉绿玢岩截切。矿体总体呈透镜状产出,倾向北西,近东-西向延伸大于5 km,最厚处约1 km,未见底。该叶蜡石矿形成于中生代早白垩世。矿石矿物以叶蜡石和石英为主,含少量绢云母、伊利石、硬水铝石和赤铁矿等,反映出蚀变流体酸性及氧化的特征。叶蜡石矿体外围发育黄铁绢英岩化带,强度由近及远逐渐减弱。在靠近叶蜡石矿的黄铁绢英岩中,硫化物颗粒边缘常见赤铁矿化现象,应与叶蜡石化流体叠加有关。以上蚀变特征与叶蜡石化细脉灌入黄铁绢英岩相吻合。叶蜡石矿体上盘的黄铁绢英岩化带宽约0.4 km,其内发育一小型石英脉型金矿(岭底金矿),下盘的黄铁绢英岩化带最宽约1.5 km,局部发育金矿化现象((1~18)×10^-6)。黄铁绢英岩中硫化物以黄铁矿为主,可见少量黄铜矿、斑铜矿和辉铜矿。金矿化黄铁绢英岩以发育大量浸染型黄铁矿为特征,该类黄铁矿无韧性变形,未见其他共生硫化物,SEM-EDS分析结果显示其内发育有明显的不可见金。黄铁绢英岩化可依据矿物变形与否分为两期。早期的蚀变分布局限,见于新太古代糜棱岩化奥长花岗岩与酸性火山岩(绢英片岩)接触带,其中的黄铁矿、绢云母和石英等矿物发育韧性变形特征;晚期的蚀变带内硫化物、绢云母和石英均无韧性变形特征。依据样品的岩相学及全岩Au、As含量特征,可以确认金矿化与晚期黄铁绢英岩化有关,与早期蚀变无关。叶蜡石矿石的H-O同位素组成(δ¹⁸O_V-SMOW=11.2‰~13.9‰;δD_V-SMOW=-34‰~-20‰)显示流体以气相为主,且缺乏大气水的混合。上述特征说明白云叶蜡石矿是深部岩浆侵位固结后出溶的以气相为主的热液与浅部新太古代变质火山岩反应的结果,类似于斑岩成矿系统中普遍发育的高级泥化带(岩帽)的底部蚀变特征。     

戴屋金矿床的地质特征及矿床类型

戴屋金矿床位于大瑶山成矿带,其矿化主岩是寒武系浅变质细碎屑岩和板岩。岩石具较高的Au、As、Ag、Sb、Hg含量。区内广泛发育酸性斑岩类(花岗斑岩、石英斑岩)岩石。斑岩类岩石经历了明显的热液蚀变作用,主要的蚀变作用是硅化、黄铁绢英岩化和绢云母化。蚀变花岗斑岩内存在Cu、Au、As(Ag)矿化。赋存于变质岩内的金矿化体分为石英脉型矿体和硅化砂岩型矿体。石英脉型矿体受近EW向褶皱和NEE、NWW向断裂控制,硅化砂岩型矿体具层(岩)控特点,矿床的地质地球化学特征和矿体类型表明,该矿床类似于造山型金矿床。     

河南熊耳山干树金矿成矿作用与围岩蚀变特征

干树金矿是河南熊耳山矿集区内的构造蚀变岩型金矿,矿区的金矿体主要赋存在构造蚀变岩带内,且与多阶段的热液活动密切相关。深源的含金成矿流体沿深大断裂向上运移,在温度、压力控制下,在构造的有利部位与围岩发生交代作用,形成多种围岩蚀变和金矿化。其中,硅化、绢云母化、黄铁绢英岩化、钾化与金矿化关系密切;围岩蚀变具有水平分带和垂直分带特征:从中心向两侧,蚀变依次为黄铁绢英岩化→石英绢云母化→钾化→绢云母化→绿泥石化,金品位呈逐步降低的分布规律;从地表向深部,则出现蚀变为褐铁矿化-高岭土化-硅化-碳酸盐化-绢云母化-钾化-黄铁矿化-黄铁绢云岩化,金品位呈由低转高的变化趋势。     

焦家金矿田构造蚀变岩填图及其地球化学特征分析

以蚀变岩作为重要填图图例,首次完成了焦家金矿田构造岩相成矿图(1∶5万)。通过区域填图结合大量的巷道剖面实测,厘定了硅化蚀变带、黄铁绢英岩化蚀变带、强钾化蚀变带和弱钾化蚀变带的分带特征。对两类金矿蚀变带的地球化学特征分析发现,绢英岩化蚀变阶段是矿化元素富集的主要阶段。通过岩石矿物计算方法建立了蚀变带主要成岩矿物的交代剖面,结果显示蚀变岩型金矿主要发生硅化和钾长石化,而石英脉型金矿的形成主要伴随硅化和去钙化作用。     

胶东谢家沟金矿热液蚀变作用过程的元素迁移规律

谢家沟金矿床位于胶西北焦家断裂带和招平断裂带之间。通过详细的野外地质观测与室内研究,查明了谢家沟金矿床的蚀变类型及空间分带,系统采集不同蚀变类型的岩石样品,进行岩石元素地球化学分析,运用Isocon方法分析探讨了热液蚀变过程中的元素迁移规律及其对成矿流体性质、矿质沉淀的制约。蚀变从中心到两侧分别为含陡立石英脉的黄铁绢英岩化、黄铁绢英岩化、钾长石化;从早到晚依次为钾长石化、黄铁绢英岩化、含陡立石英脉的黄铁绢英岩化。钾长石化蚀变表现为钾长石和黑云母分别交代玲珑黑云母花岗岩中的斜长石和角闪石,K明显的迁入,Si轻微迁入,Ca、Mg为迁出,Fe轻微迁出。黄铁绢英岩化蚀变叠加于钾长石化蚀变之上,主要表现为斜长石、钾长石、黑云母等矿物在含H+、HS-溶液中失稳,被绢云母、石英替代,Fe、Mg、Ca为迁入,K、Na、Si表现为元素迁出。从钾长石化阶段到黄铁绢英岩化阶段,流体从碱性转变为酸性; Au迁移形式也逐渐由氯的络合物转化为硫氢络合物。随着成矿流体的不断演化,成矿流体与围岩不断反应,含矿热液化学性质不断变化促进了金的沉淀。     

西藏达龙钨钼多金属矿床矿化分带特征

达龙矿床位于冈底斯成矿带东段,为一大型钨钼多金属矿床,工程控制其倾向延伸超过1000m。文章系统总结了达龙矿床地质特征,矿床类型为受构造控制的脉状矽卡岩型钨钼多金属矿床,研究发现其垂向上蚀变与矿化分带明显,蚀变分带为(硅化)辉石石榴子石磁黄铁矿矽卡岩化带→(绢云母)磁黄铁矿石榴子石辉石矽卡岩化带→石榴子石黄铁绢英岩化带→黄铁绢英岩绿帘石化带→(石榴子石)绿泥石绿帘石化带,矿化分带为:块状钼钨矿化带→脉状钨(钼)矿化带→细网脉状(铜铅锌)钨矿化带→网脉浸染状铅锌矿化带→脉状铜铅锌矿化带,该矿床蚀变与矿化分带的划分可指导冈底斯成矿带东段同类型矿床的深部找矿。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.