相变储能材料

能源的供应和需求在很多情况下都有很强的时间依赖性,为了合理地利用它,常需要把暂时不用的能量储存起来,在需要时再让它释放出来.由于相变储能材料(Phase change materials,PCMs)能很好地解决此问题,所以其被广泛研究.对相变储能材料的概念、分类、热物性及其测定方法、工作性能及其研究方法、应用等方面作了综合介绍.     

载体孔属性对多孔复合PCMs热性能的影响:综述

相变储能技术是缓解能源供需矛盾的有效方法,在多种转变类型的相变材料(PCMs)中,固-液转变PCMs由于其较高的相变焓,较小的体积变化而最具实用性,但其在相变过程中存在液态PCMs容易泄漏的问题。以多孔材料为载体,实现PCMs的有效封装可有效缓解这类泄漏问题。本文就多孔载体的孔径尺寸、孔隙结构、孔表面与PCMs的相互作用等影响因素对多孔复合PCMs的热力学性能变化规律进行归纳,发现:微米尺寸的孔存在明显的PCMs泄漏,小尺寸介孔结构的局域性限制可导致PCMs相变行为减弱,结晶度降低。对于含有分级多孔结构的载体,微孔可以提供毛细管力,实现对PCMs分子的吸附,介孔提供PCMs的传输途径,大孔则作为PCMs的储存腔,使复合材料具有良好的综合性能。本文同时讨论了载体与PCMs间的相容性,氢键对复合材料吸附容量和相变焓的影响,并对多孔复合PCMs的研究方向进行展望。     

热固性树脂基复合相变材料的制备及其储能强化研究进展

热固性树脂是一种能够在加热或辐射条件下发生交联反应而固化,逐渐硬化成型的树脂类材料,具有耐热性高,受压不易变形等优点,广泛应用于涂料、胶粘剂、电子封装等领域。现有研究表明,由于热固性树脂受热后的固化成型,可有效解决固-液相变材料相变储能过程中泄漏问题。本文从热固性树脂的分类出发,首次系统综述其在相变储能领域的应用研究现状,包括：(1)基于酚醛树脂封装的定型相变材料研究进展;(2)基于环氧树脂封装的定型相变材料研究进展;(3)双环戊二烯石油树脂在相变储能领域应用的可能性。同时,从制备时改性与废弃时处置回收的角度,对热固性树脂强化的相变储能复合材料未来研究重点和发展趋势进行了展望,旨在为拓宽热固性树脂在相变储能领域的应用范围提供有益参考,为制备性能优异的定型相变材料提供更多研究思路。     

硅基载体复合相变蓄热材料的研究现状及进展

复合相变蓄热材料的开发是解决固-液相变材料(PCMs)使用缺陷的最主要手段.硅基多孔及纳米材料是相变材料有效、稳定的载体,可以实现对相变材料的封装和固定.介绍了硅基载体的种类和特点,综述了该类复合相变蓄热材料在制备工艺和使用性能方面的研究现状,并对其发展前景进行展望.     

基于共晶系相变材料的研究进展

基于相变材料的热能储存技术已被公认为是提高可再生能源利用效率和保护环境的先进能源技术之一.相变材料(PCMs)可以作为储能介质,在熔融或凝固过程中,PCMs可以在几乎恒定的温度下储存或释放大量的能量,被广泛应用于潜热储能系统和热管理系统中.相变温度是对相变材料进行选择的一个重要参数.通常具有特定要求相变温度的PCMs不存在,并且单一相变材料的相变温度和潜热比较固定,也难以同时满足对潜热、相变温度等的要求.因此,许多学者开展了二元或多元共晶相变体系的研究.文中介绍了近年来国内外共晶相变储能材料及其复合材料的研究进展及应用;探讨了共晶相变储能材料的相变理论推测及热力学建模;针对共晶体系在应用过程中存在的过冷、相分离、热导率低及相变时易泄露等问题,详述了解决这些问题的方法及进展,并提出了相关建议;最后对共晶系相变材料的热力学模型的建立与设计、热传导及循环稳定性等研究重点进行了展望.     

无机水合盐相变储能材料研究进展

无机水合盐相变储能材料(PCMs)具有化学性质稳定、工作温度恒定、相变温度适中、相变潜热及导热系数大、潜热值高、成本低等优点，在实际的生产生活中具有广阔的使用前景和发展空间。然而，过冷、相分离、导热系数问题、循环稳定性差等问题限制了此材料的实际应用。主要介绍了无机水合盐相变储能材料最新的研究进展和成果、分类以及解决过冷度和相分离等问题的改性方法，最后，指出了目前水合盐相变储能材料存在的不足并对未来的重点研究方向做出了展望。     

相变材料的封装定型技术研究进展

相变材料作为能源贮存媒介,能有效地提升太阳能、工业废热等不可再生能源的利用率,成为现今国内外能源领域研究的热点,而相变材料的定型封装技术直接影响到其储能性能及使用耐久性。从基本原理、制备工艺等方面介绍了目前应用范围最广的固-液相变材料的3种主流封装定型技术:多孔载体复合法、微胶囊法和复合纺丝法,以期为相变材料的封装定型提供建议。     

有机相变储能材料的封装技术及热物性测试方法

有机相变储能材料是一类常用的相变储能材料,其封装形式和热物理性质直接决定其应用领域和应用效果.综述了目前国内外有机相变储能材料的不同封装方式,介绍了各种热物性测试方法,并指出了相变储能材料今后的研究方向.     

相变储能材料的应用及研究进展

对相变储能材料(PCMs)在太阳能、工业余热回收、建筑材料、空调蓄冷、电子器件、电池散热、化妆品、调温纤维等方面的应用及最新进展进行了简短综述,其基本原理都是基于PCMs发生相变时吸收或者释放热量。指出,PCMs正成为世界范围内的研究热点,材料、工艺、结构设计等诸方面的研究人员应该大力合作,从而促进该领域更好发展。     

相变储能材料的研究进展与应用

相变储能技术对于能源的开发和合理利用具有重要意义，在太阳能利用、工业余热回收等方面有着显著的优点。综述了相变材料的研究进展，讨论了固—液相变、固—固相变储能材料的特性及其应用。固—液相变材料一般可分为无机和有机两种类型，其中无机类储能材料主要为无机盐水合物，它具有较大的溶解热和导热系数，但易出现“过冷”和“相分离”现象；有机类储能材料虽然避免了上述缺陷，但其导热性较差、溶解热较低。固—固相变材料种类较少，其中以多元醇应用最为广泛。探讨了这方面研究的发展方向，展望了储能技术市场化应用的前景。     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Friction Stir Processing Strategies for Uniform Distribution of Reinforcement in a Surface Composite

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an important technique for preparing surface composites. Fabricating defect-free surface composites with uniform particle distribution by FSP is a challenging task. In this study, silicon carbide particles reinforced AA5083 alloy surface composites was fabricated using different FSP strategies including variation in process parameters, dual-tool processing and tool offset overlapping. Material flow of the processed material with reinforcement particles demonstrated that the distribution of particles was influenced by the stirring action of the probe as well as the extrusion of the plasticized material due to the movement of the tool. Process parameters, particularly rotational speed, showed a dominant influence on the distribution of silicon carbide particles.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

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