筛片参数优化对饲料粉碎机筛分效率的影响

传统锤片式粉碎机普遍存在着筛分效率低于粉碎效率的问题,为了寻求提高粉碎机的筛分效率的途径,该文通过试验台试验与颗粒动力学仿真相结合的方法,通过研究粉碎机筛片的结构参数和分离装置内的气流速度对筛分效率之间的影响规律,揭示物料的透筛机理。通过试验台试验发现:随着气流速度的增大,筛分效率呈先高后低的趋势;筛孔形状和筛片安装角度对筛分效率的影响较大;筛孔的排列方式对筛分效率的影响较小。利用颗粒动力学仿真软件EDEM-FLUENT对颗粒筛分过程进行模拟仿真,模拟结果与试验结果基本吻合,二者的相对误差不超过4%,结果显示:气流速度为6~15 m/s时,物料透筛效率呈先逐渐增大后又逐渐降低的趋势;筛片安装角度在20~70°范围内,最佳筛片安装角度为35~45°;在筛片开孔率相同的情况下,长方孔的筛分效率最高,圆孔的筛分效率最低。研究认为:在多种组合中,气流速度为12.37 m/s,筛片安装角度为40°的长方形的T型筛孔的筛分效率最高。     

再生稻联合收获机清选装置内部气流场分析与试验

为了高效完成再生稻脱出物的清选工作，有效利用气流对物料进行吹散分层，并提高水稻籽粒透筛效率，该研究对沃得旋龙4LZ-3.0E型水稻联合收获机清选装置进行了改进，改进的清选装置采用六叶片离心风机作为清选风机，振动筛上筛使用百叶窗筛，其筛片为平整未经冲压的平板状结构。首先运用CFD软件对风机转速1050 r/min、筛片开度分别为20、25和30 mm工作参数下的清选装置内部气流场进行了数值模拟和对比分析，数值模拟结果表明筛片开度为20 mm时筛面上方气流速度的分布均匀，筛片开度越大，筛片之间越容易产生小型涡流，从而造成气流混乱；使用热线式风速仪在试验样机上进行了气流速度测量，对比实测气流速度和仿真的气流波动规律一致，验证了数值模拟结果的准确性；进一步通过田间试验对静态的模拟试验结果进行了补充，分别选取清选筛振动频率为6、7、8 Hz，得出清选筛振动频率6 Hz配合筛片最佳开度20 mm时清选效果最好的结论，其籽粒含杂率为1.52%，损失率为1.11%；且由结果分析可知，百叶窗筛筛片开度大小对清选损失率的影响无主效应。该研究表明百叶窗筛适用于针对再生稻的清选工作，提出了针对再生稻物料的风筛清选装置的设计思路，为进一步研究打下了基础。     

揉碎机揉碎机理分析及锤片结构优化

为了提高揉碎机性能,实现物料的高能效揉碎。该文首先分别从喂入、切碎、揉搓3方面深入阐述了锤片本身结构及其激励下揉碎机内流场变化对高效揉碎的影响机制。通过在理论上丰富锤片结构参数对揉碎性能影响,提出锤片倾角作为新的结构参数,及倾角锤片设计原理。运用计算流体力学方法分别讨论了无倾角与倾角8°的锤片激励下内流场变化规律,对锤片倾角与高效能揉碎之间相关性加以验证。结果表明,具有倾角锤片可以通过对气流场调节实现高能效揉碎,仿真结果与验证实验结果误差不超过7%。该研究为揉碎机锤片参数优化提供了新思路,为实现高效揉碎提供了理论依据。     

轴向振筛式秸秆粉碎机研制与试验

为满足秸秆规模化细粉碎生产的需要,该文研发了一款粉碎产品粒度为1mm,生产率为1000kg/h的秸秆粉碎机,创新设计了振幅方向平行于转子回转轴线的振动筛。运用ANSYS软件对主轴进行了静力学分析和模态分析,对锤片进行了不同载荷下的受力分析;运用ADAMS软件对转子部件进行了动平衡分析。样机试验结果表明:该粉碎机的纯工作生产率为1155kg/h,耗电量33.4kWh/t,粉碎成品粒度小于1.2mm的占样本质量的98%,小于0.9mm的占86%,转子振动烈度符合ISO-2372设备振动良好标准,性能满足设计要求。     

横流循环式烘干机气流分布均匀性的试验研究

为了提高物料干燥的均匀性，讨论了横流循环式烘干机的气流分布的均匀性。通过试验获得了物料通风层内气流的分布规律、主要工作参数(物料层通风量、物料层厚度和物料层长度)对气流分布均匀性的影响规律。利用回归方程和复合形法进行参数的优化设计，得出最佳参数组合，并通过试验验证了使气流分布均匀的最佳参数组合。     

胡萝卜微粉碎机盘刀设计及试验

为提高胡萝卜微粉碎机的粉碎效率,降低能耗,该文基于干燥后的胡萝卜力学特性,确定了其较佳粉碎方式为:采用剪切粉碎,胡萝卜片的含水率为5%。在此基础上,试验设计了3种粉碎盘刀(单刃盘刀、双刃盘刀、齿式盘刀),进而对粉碎物料及粉碎盘刀受力分析,表明3种盘刀运行时,受到的最大应力均小于其屈服力,工作稳定,不宜发生断裂。以盘刀类型、转子转速、刀底间隙为因素,以单位耗能粉体产量为试验指标,试验结果表明:齿式盘刀单位耗能粉体产量最高,其次为双刃盘刀,单刃盘刀最低;胡萝卜微粉碎机最佳工作参数为:齿式盘刀、转子转速为1455r/min、刀底间隙为7mm,此时生产120目的胡萝卜微粉单位能耗产量最大,该结果为胡萝卜微粉碎机的设计与推广使用提供了参考。     

基于离散元法的茶叶抖筛机结构参数优化与试验

茶叶抖筛机是茶叶精加工的关键装备,传统抖筛装备主要通过经验设计,筛分性能较差,主要表现在筛净率较低、误筛率较高。该研究结合抖筛机的筛分原理,运用solidworks构建虚拟样机,利用EDEM软件建立茶叶颗粒离散元仿真模型,通过单因素仿真试验对茶叶颗粒进行动力学分析,结果表明,连杆长度、曲柄半径和筛面倾角是茶叶抖筛机筛分性能的主要影响因素。以筛净率、误筛率为评价指标,设计三因素三水平二次旋转正交试验,并运用Design-Expert软件对试验数据进行回归分析,当连杆长度为1 977 mm、曲柄半径为25 mm、筛面倾角为2.8 °时,茶叶筛净率为94.5%、误筛率为4.61%,筛分性能最优。以最优结构参数进行验证试验,筛净率为93.8%,误筛率为4.73%,生产效率为319kg/h,较优化前筛净率提高3.42%,误筛率降低7.62%,生产效率提高8.87%。该研究结果可为茶叶筛分装备的优化提供理论依据。     

锤片式粉碎机噪声源识别及降噪方法

为了解决锤片式饲料粉碎机工作过程中噪声大的问题,运用虚拟仪器测试技术和台架试验相结合的方法,对粉碎机的噪声信号进行采集和分析,针对影响噪声的主要因素如锤片、筛网、进料口、出料口和转子转速等进行相应的声压级和频谱测试分析,寻找粉碎机主要噪声源及其与主要影响因素之间的规律,并通过对粉碎机各部件的结构参数进行改进设计,达到降低整机噪声的目的。研究结果表明:粉碎机噪声信号主要包含48、180、200、361、893和1 263 Hz共6种频率成分;筛网、进料口和出料口对主频成分没有影响,只影响噪声频率的幅值;筛网具有降噪作用;进料口和出料口都不同程度地增强了噪声声压级;通过对主轴转速为2 400~2 800 r/min时的空载噪声频谱图分析知,当转速升高时,噪声幅值急剧升高,可见转速对粉碎机的噪声有影响;对不同锤片数量的空载噪声频谱图分析知,锤片数量只影响噪声幅值,对主要频率变化影响较小。此外,对粉碎机进料口、出料口、筛网的结构参数进行改进设计,以出料口的改进设计为例,基于有限元法对改进前后分离装置内的流场湍动能分布情况经行了模拟,将改进前后的结果进行对比分析发现:出料口改进后分离装置内气流的湍动能较小,流动较为稳定。通过台架试验表明:当选用改进后的出料口时,粉碎机整机噪声得到明显改善,噪声总声压级降低了3 d B(A),各测点噪声声压级降低1.9~3.6 d B(A),进一步粉碎试验表明使用改进后的出料口并未影响粉碎机的生产效率以及吨料电耗,研究所采用的降噪措施可行,此法可为控制粉碎机噪声提供理论依据。     

适用于全喂入联合收割机的1JHSX-34型秸秆粉碎机设计

配套全喂入式联合收割机的秸秆粉碎机具目前缺乏。该文设计了一款适合于全喂入联合收割机的1JHSX-34型双轴式秸秆粉碎机。文中详细介绍了整机结构和工作原理,重点针对粉碎刀轴转速、刀片和传动系统的设计进行了详细的阐述。通过对3种不同倒伏率（90%,50%,0）的小麦田间试验显示：小于50mm长度的秸秆粉碎平均合格率分别为91.3%、92.9%和94.4%。试验结果表明,双轴式秸秆粉碎机性能良好。     

锤片式粉碎机空载运行中锤片的受力及运动状态

为了探析锤片式粉碎机运转过程中锤片的受力和运动状态,并为全面分析锤销磨损机理及粉碎机转子的动特性提供理论依据,在考虑锤片与销轴间摩擦的前提下,通过动力学及临界分析的方法,对空载运行过程中锤片的受力及运动进行了理论研究。结果表明,在临界静止偏角范围内,锤片相对转子径线存在随机偏转静止现象;而导出的临界静止偏角表达式显示,其数值仅与锤销间静摩擦系数和锤片-转子系统的结构及工作参数有关;同时,锤片的相对随机偏转静止使得转子锤片组的质心同样产生随机偏移现象。该文的研究结果为锤片式粉碎机动特性分析及结构优化设计提供了理论依据。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.