氮化碳自组装包裹对SnO2TiO2复合锂离子电池负极材料电化学性能的影响

通过简单的石墨相氮化碳(g-C₃N₄)纳米片自组装沉积法,制备了g-C₃N₄包裹的SnO₂-TiO₂纳米复合材料.扫描电子显微镜观察显示,g-C₃N₄均匀地包裹在SnO₂-TiO₂纳米颗粒上.SnO₂-TiO₂-C₃N₄纳米复合材料被用作锂离子电池的负极材料,在0.2C的倍率下循环20次后,比容量达到380.2 mA·h·g^-1,明显高于未经g-C₃N₄包裹的纯的SnO₂(51.6 mA·h·g^-1)和SnO₂-TiO₂纳米复合材料.在0.1~0.5C的倍率充放电测试中,SnO₂-TiO₂-C₃N₄纳米复合材料的比容量仅从490 mA·h·g^-1衰减到330 mA·h·g^-1,高倍率下抗衰减性能优于同类材料.材料优异的电化学性能归功于g-C₃N₄的包裹处理,这不仅增强了固体电解质界面(SEI)的稳定性,也抑制了锂离子嵌入-脱出时SnO₂和TiO₂纳米颗粒的体积变化.     

铁氧化物锂离子电池负极材料研究进展

铁氧化物锂离子电池负极材料具有比容量高、资源丰富、价格便宜和环境友好等优势,是目前高容量负极材料的研究热点之一.然而,铁氧化物负极材料巨大的体积效应、较差的循环性能以及大的首次可逆容量损失,影响了其在锂离子电池中的应用.目前研究最多的铁氧化物负极材料是α-Fe₂O₃和Fe₃O₄,理论容量分别为1007 mA·h·g^-1和924 mA·h·g^-1.关于其电化学性能的改进方法,包括制备不同形貌与尺寸的纳米结构材料以及铁氧化物/碳纳米复合材料.介绍了铁氧化物锂离子电池负极材料的储锂机理及其存在的问题,综述了各类铁氧化物负极材料的制备方法、影响因素及电化学性能,并对铁氧化物负极材料的进一步研究、发展应用予以展望.     

Fe2O3在锂离子电池负极材料中的研究进展

近年来,锂离子电池被广泛地应用于便携式电子设备和手机,并且对于诸如电动汽车等更高要求的应用而言具有巨大的潜力。作为锂离子电池负极材料,Fe₂O₃是最有可能替代石墨的过渡金属氧化物之一。因其具有高的理论比容量（1 007 mA·h·g^-1）、储量丰富、安全性能好、无毒、环境友好和成本低等一系列优点,被广泛应用于气体传感器、催化和锂离子电池电极材料等领域,是一种具有巨大潜力的电极材料。介绍了锂离子电池的基本结构组成和工作原理,综述了Fe₂O₃的储锂机制和制备方法,总结了近年来Fe₂O₃以及它的复合物作为锂离子电池负极材料的研究进展。     

分子印迹电化学发光传感器检测毒死蜱

石墨相氮化碳纳米薄片（g-C₃N₄NSs）具有优良的电化学发光（ECL）性能和良好的成膜特性.以g-C₃N₄NSs作为ECL材料,利用其良好的成膜性能将其固定在玻碳电极（GCE）上,再以毒死蜱（CPF）作模板分子,甲基丙烯酸（MAA）作功能单体,通过分子自组装制备分子印迹聚合物（MIP）.将该聚合物引入g-C₃N₄NSs修饰电极,构建了一个MIP-ECL传感器.除去模板分子的传感器能够选择性识别CPF,利用CPF对g-C₃N₄NSs ECL信号的淬灭作用实现了CPF的高灵敏、高选择性检测.传感器对CPF的线性响应范围是1.0×10^-8~1.0×10^-4mol·L^-1,检出限（LOD）是5.0 nmol·L^-1,用于蔬菜中CPF残留量检测,结果令人满意.     

泡沫镍上原位生长CoMn2O4多级空心纳米球作为超级电容器电极材料的电化学性能研究

采用水热法结合空气气氛中的热处理过程,在泡沫镍（NF）表面生长了锰酸钴（CoMn₂O₄）多级空心纳米球,通过X射线衍射仪（XRD）、场发射扫描电镜（FE-SEM）和X射线光电子能谱（XPS）等测试手段对纳米球进行了表征.在三电极电化学测量系统中,0.1Co²⁺-250电极材料在5 mA·cm^-2时的面积比电容高达6 184 mF·cm^-2.以0.1Co²⁺-250为正极,商用活性炭（AC）为负极组装而成的混合超级电容器,在1.6 mW·cm^-2时的最大能量密度为0.112 mWh·cm^-2.即使在功率密度为16 mW·cm^-2时,能量密度仍达到0.064 mWh·cm^-2.在2 mA·cm^-2的电流密度下,经过10 000次充放电循环后,电容保持了初始值的93%.因其优越的电化学性能和低成本的便捷合成方法,CoMn₂O₄多级空心纳米球作为电极材料具有重要的应用前景.     

钴掺杂Mn3O4作为模板制备锂离子电池正极LiMn2O4

以水热合成的钴掺杂Mn₃O₄作为模板,通过固相反应制备尖晶石LiMn₂O₄。XRD谱图和SEM照片显示制备的LiMn₂O₄具有岩石状结构并呈现良好的结晶性,同时Co的引入能够引起LiMn₂O₄晶格的收缩。作为锂离子电池正极材料,Co含量的增加能够提高循环稳定性但降低材料放电比容量,3% Co掺杂的LiMn₂O₄在0.5 C的电流密度下,经过100次循环后,剩余放电比容量达101.6 mAh·g^-1;在10 C的电流密度下,放电比容量可维持在81.0 mAh·g^-1,优于未掺杂的LiMn₂O₄。这是由于Co的引入能够稳定LiMn₂O₄晶体结构并抑制循环中的姜-泰勒扭曲。     

基于Au-g-C3N4 NS纳米复合材料的分子印迹电化学发光传感器检测叶酸

近年来,作为一种新型的二维半导体纳米材料,石墨相氮化碳纳米薄片（g-C₃N₄ NS）因其优异的电化学发光（ECL）性能和良好的成膜特性在ECL传感领域备受关注。然而,g-C₃N₄ NS在较高的工作电压下产生的ECL信号不稳定,而金纳米粒子（Au NPs）的引入可明显改善其发光稳定性. 基于这个特点,采用原位生长法将Au NPs引入g-C₃N₄ NS中,制备了一种金-石墨相氮化碳纳米复合材料（Au-g-C₃N₄ NS）,以其作为ECL物质固定在电极上. 同时,引入具有专一识别能力的分子印迹聚合物（MIP）,构建了一种检测叶酸（FA）的分子印迹-电化学发光（MIP-ECL）传感器. 该传感器对FA表现出良好的选择性和灵敏响应,在优化的条件下,信号变化与FA物质的量浓度在1.0×10^-10~1.0×10^-3 mol·L^-1的范围内呈良好的线性关系,检出限（LOD）达到0.07 nmol·L^-1. 并且探讨了检测机理,考察了传感器的稳定性和重现性,将传感器用于实际样品中FA的检测,获得满意结果.     

K2CO3活化合成的甘蔗渣衍生多孔碳用于CO2吸附

环境中化石燃料的大量使用导致CO₂浓度不断增加,这是全球变暖的主要原因。为了解决这一问题,开发一种高效廉价的吸附材料至关重要。以甘蔗渣为碳源,尿素为N源,通过碳化和K₂CO₃活化制备出N掺杂多孔碳。多孔碳的物理化学性质用N₂解吸等温线、傅里叶红外光谱、元素分析、扫描电子显微镜观察和X射线衍射等方法进行表征。结果表明：该材料具有高度发达的孔隙、较高的N含量和较高的石墨化程度。当尿素与甘蔗渣混合比是2、碳化温度是800℃、K₂CO₃浸渍比是3时,多孔碳的比表面积高达2 486.67 m²·g^-1,同时CO₂吸附量高达250.73 mg·g^-1。由此可见以廉价的甘蔗渣制备N掺杂的多孔碳用于吸附CO₂具有广阔的应用前景。     

氮化碳基复合材料的研究进展

石墨相氮化碳（graphitic phase carbon nitride, g-C₃N₄）作为一种无金属半导体，被广泛认为是清洁、绿色、可持续能源生产和转化有希望的候选者。近年来，g-C₃N₄以其合适的带隙（约2.7 eV）、低成本、易制备、无毒、高度稳定和环保等优异性能备受人们关注。这一前景也反映了g-C₃N₄纳米结构优异的光物理和化学特性，特别是高表面积、高量子效率、高效界面电荷分离和传输，以及易于形成复合材料或结合表面官能团等。综述了g-C₃N₄纳米结构材料的合成、改性策略及光催化应用的最新研究进展。最后，总结了g-C₃N₄基光催化剂在生产和应用中面临的挑战，并对g-C₃N₄基光催化剂的发展前景进行了展望。     

TiO2/CB-NiCo2O4修饰玻碳电极的制备及其对葡萄糖的电化学测定

利用低温下的水化学生长法合成了镍钴氧化物（NiCo₂O₄）纳米针,因其自组装而表现出立方晶相,再用二氧化钛/炭黑（TiO₂/CB）对NiCo₂O₄表面进行了改性,合成了TiO₂/CB-NiCo₂O₄复合纳米材料.用X射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、能量色散X射线光谱仪（EDX）图谱对材料的形貌进行了表征,运用循环伏安法（CV）、时间-电流（i-t）曲线法考察了TiO₂/CB-NiCo₂O₄修饰玻碳电极的电化学行为.实验发现：TiO₂/CB-NiCo₂O₄修饰电极对葡萄糖的氧化有良好的电催化性能,其线性范围为0.001~1.780 mmol·L^-1,检测限为0.53 μmol·L^-1（信噪比S/N=3）.将该法用于实际样品中葡萄糖的测定,结果令人满意.     

Synthesis of amorphous SeP2/C composite by plasma assisted ball milling for high-performance anode materials of lithium and sodium-ion batteries

To promote substantially the performances of red phosphorous (P) anode for lithium and sodium-ion batteries, a simple plasma assisted milling (P-milling) method was used to in-situ synthesize SeP₂/C composite. The results showed that the amorphous SeP₂/C composite exhibits the excellent lithium and sodium storage performances duo to the small nano-granules size and complete combination of selenium (Se) and phosphorous (P) to generate Se–P alloy phase. It was observed that inside the granules of SeP₂/C composite the nanometer size of the SeP₂ particles ensured the fast kinetics for Li⁺ and Na⁺ ​transfer, and the amorphous carbon wrapping the SeP₂ particles relieved volume expansion during lithium/sodium storage processes and enhances electric conductivity. Therefore, the SeP₂/C electrode retained reversible capacities of 700 ​mA ​h ​g⁻¹ at 2 ​A ​g⁻¹ after 500 cycles and 400 ​mA ​h ​g⁻¹ at 0.5 ​A ​g⁻¹ after 400 cycles as anode for LIBs and SIBs, respectively. The result proves that the amorphous SeP₂/C composite can be a new type of anode material with great potential for lithium and sodium-ion batteries.     

Synthesis of LiFePO4 in situ vapor-grown carbon fiber （VGCF） composite cathode material via microwave pyrolysis chemical vapor deposition

One of the most important factors that limits the use of LiFePO 4 as cathode material for lithium ion batteries is its low electronic conductivity.In order to solve this problem,LiFePO 4 in situ vapor-grown carbon fiber (VGCF) composite cathode material has been prepared in a single step through microwave pyrolysis chemical vapor deposition.The phase,microstructure,and electrochemical performance of the composites were investigated.Compared with the cathodes without in situ VGCF,the initial discharge capacity of the composite electrode increases from 109 to 144 mA h g-1 at a 0.5-C rate,and the total electric resistance decreases from 538 to 66.The possible reasons for these effects are proposed.     

Synthesis of layered LiMnO2 byin situ oxidation-intercalation and a study of the reaction mechanism and electrochemical performance

Using Mn(OH)₂ as precursor, LiOH as lithiating agent and (NH₄)₂S₂O₈ as oxidant, layeredo-LiMnO₂ was obtained by a novel method—in situ oxidation-intercalation under mild conditions (80 °C). The product was characterized by XRD, ICP, TEM and⁷Li-NMR. The results reveal that orthorhombic LiMnO₂ with high purity and good crystallinity can be obtained by this method. During electrochemical tests, a LiMnO₂/Li cell shows an initial reversible capacity of 208 mAh · g⁻¹ and a reversible capacity of 180 mAh · g⁻¹ after 30 cycles at room temperature.     

An electrochemical impedance spectroscopic study of the electronic and ionic transport properties of LiCoO2 cathode

The storage behavior and process of the first delithiation-lithiation of LiCoO2 cathode were investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS). The electronic and ionic transport properties of LiCoO2 cathode along with variation of electrode potential were obtained in 1 mol·L?1 LiPF6-EC:DMC:DEC electrolyte solution. It was found that after 9 h storage of the LiCoO2 cathode in electrolyte solu-tions,a new arc appears in the medium frequency range in Nyquist plots of EIS,which increases with increasing the storage time. In the charge/discharge processes,the diameter of the new arc is reversi-bly changed with electrode potential. Such variation coincides well with the electrode potential de-pendence of electronic conductivity of the LiCoO2. Thus this new EIS feature is attributed to the change of electronic conductivity of LixCoO2 during storage of the LiCoO2 cathode in electrolyte solutions,as well as in processes of intercalation-deintercalationtion of lithium ions. It has been revealed that the reversible increase and decrease of the resistance of SEI film in charge-discharge processes can be also ascribed to the variation of electronic conductance of active materials of the LiCoO2 cathode.     

Synthesis and electrochemical properties of FeSbO4 nanorods

Well-crystallized FeSbO 4 nanorods with rutile-like structure are synthesized through a solid-state reaction and used as cathode material of Li-ion battery for the first time.The obtained nanorods can react with 11 Li-ions per FeSbO 4 unit with a specific discharge capacity of 1 100 1 mAh g between 0.1 and 2.0 V.Three discharge plateaus can be observed during the fully discharging process,but the reversible reaction with 1 Li occurs between 1.5 V and 4.5 V vs.Li + /Li,and the reversible capacity is only 50-80 1 mAh g.FeSbO 4 nanorods have a stable cyclic performance between 1.5 V and 4.5 V and it can be used as cathode material for rechargeable Li-ion battery.