滇黔交界地区峨眉山玄武岩铜矿化蚀变特征

滇黔交界地区蛾眉山玄武岩铜矿化具层控特征,主要发育于上二叠统蛾眉山玄武岩组第四岩性段下部。矿化主岩为玄武岩流顶部的淬碎玄武质角砾岩和玄武岩流之间的含炭沉积岩;矿石矿物主要为自然铜及其表生氧化产物黑铜矿、赤铜矿、孔雀石等;脉石矿物主要有沥青、炭质物、石英、沸石、方解石、绿帘石等,此外还有少量绿泥石、钠长石、铁阳起石、榍石、辉铜矿、硅孔雀石、铜蓝、褐铁矿等。以玄武岩为主岩的铜矿石典型矿物组合为自然铜 沥青 石英及不含沥青等有机质的自然铜 石英 绿帘石,以含炭沉积岩为主岩的铜矿石典型矿物组合为自然铜 炭质物 沸石 石英( 辉铜矿);原生铜矿化有2个期次：早期铜矿化发生于有机质流体贯人之前,晚期铜矿化发生于有机质流体贯人之后。该类铜矿化的同生火山热液特征不明显,以后生热液矿化为主。淬碎玄武质角砾岩不仅是有机流体的良好储层,也为成矿流体提供了就位空间,是铜矿化层控特征的主要控制因素。有机流体及含碳沉积岩中碳质为成矿物质以自然铜形式沉淀提供了还原条件。     

滇东北发现新类型具工业价值铜矿床

近半年来 ,973项目组在滇东北鲁甸、威宁、宣威一带 ,通过 3次野外工作发现了氧化铜＿自然铜工业矿体和广泛的矿化点受二叠纪峨眉山玄武岩组最上部层位古火山口环境和上覆宣威组碳泥质层控制 ,产于火山角砾岩、凝灰岩、含碳硅质岩、硅质沥青岩和气孔状熔岩中。矿石矿物主要为黑铜矿、自然铜、硅孔雀石、辉铜矿。经野外调查和实地追索取样分析 ,已确定并控制了两个具工业勘查前景的矿段。第一矿段位于鲁甸县的小寨向斜构造北西翼的中段。控制矿体长 15 0 0ｍ ,厚 4～ 2 0ｍ ,矿石Ｃｕ平均品位 1.5 %。第二矿段位于小寨向斜构造南东翼的南端。…     

新疆东准噶尔苏海图地区首次发现自然铜的启示和意义

苏海图火山岩属于纸房-琼河坝火山岩带,出露的地层主要有泥盆—二叠系火山岩。首次在新疆苏海图地区蚀变玄武岩中发现自然铜矿化,矿化与绿帘石化、碳酸盐化、孔雀石化、硅化等关系密切,显示热液成矿特点。电子探针研究初步表明,铜矿物组合为自然铜、赤铜矿和黑铜矿等,自然铜被赤铜矿、黑铜矿不同程度交代;已发现的铜矿物中,尚未发现自然铜与其它铜的硫化物之间存在接触关系,暗示自然铜为原生铜矿物,矿化与火山间歇期热液活动有关,属于火山岩型铜矿化。地球化学特征表明,苏海图含矿玄武岩不具有地幔柱玄武岩特征,自然铜矿化和地幔柱岩浆作用无关。同一岛弧带上的琼河坝地区以斑岩型、矽卡岩型铜矿为主,苏海图地区火山岩广泛分布,可能存在多种铜矿化类型,自然铜矿化是该地区一种新的矿化类型,对寻找铜矿具有一定的指导意义。     

滇黔交界地区峨眉山玄武岩铜矿的PGE及微量元素特征

为了进一步探讨玄武岩铜矿的成因,文章对滇黔交界地区玄武岩铜矿石的铜、铂族元素及其他微量元素的地球化学特征进行了研究。结果表明：与铜矿化关系密切的有机质对铜的初始富集作用不明显,铜矿化是后生热液成因的,进一步支持了玄武岩为铜矿化的矿源岩、沥青及碳质等有机质的存在只是为自然铜沉淀提供了条件的认识。而且,铜矿石的低U、Th含量为该类铜矿石的铅是正常铅提供了合理的解释。     

川滇黔地区与峨眉山玄武岩有关的自然铜矿床成因实验研究

在室温和pH值为中性的开放体系下,选用川滇黔地区与峨眉山玄武岩自然铜矿床相关的不同类型矿物,对配制的铜胶体溶液和cu^2＋溶液进行吸附试验,结果表明,矿物对铜胶体和cu^2＋的吸附率从高到低分别为硫化物、有机质（沥青）、粘土矿物、硅酸盐矿物。这一实验结果与川滇黔地区自然铜矿的赋矿围岩为玄武质角砾岩、铝土一粘土质沉积岩,自然铜与有机质伴生等地质现象一致,并表明有机质在自然铜成矿作用中不仅提供了还原条件,而且是很好的吸附剂。文章还探讨了与峨眉山玄武岩有关的自然铜矿床中铜的迁移形式：认为铜不仅能以离子或络合物的形式迁移,还可能以纳米粒级单质铜的形式迁移。     

黔西北香炉山铜矿床赋矿主岩矿物岩石学研究

黔西北威宁地区香炉山铜矿床位于二叠系峨眉山玄武岩组第3段(P3β3)顶部与宣威组(P3x)底部之间,属于玄武岩型铜矿床。针对其含矿地层宏观地质特征与赋矿主岩矿物岩石学组构,本文以野外地质为基础,系统开展岩矿鉴定、扫描电镜与电子探针分析等研究,结果表明,本矿床赋矿主岩为岩屑粉砂岩的矿石矿物为辉铜矿、斑铜矿、黝铜矿和孔雀石,脉石矿物为长石、石英、绿泥石和碳质物等;赋矿主岩为火山角砾岩的矿石矿物为自然铜、斑铜矿、黄铜矿、辉铜矿、黝铜矿和孔雀石,其脉石矿物为石英、绿泥石、白云石和粘土矿物等,按其主要矿物含量,原生矿石可分为自然铜+辉铜矿+赤铁矿矿石、自然铜+黄铜矿+黝铜矿矿石、黄铜矿+斑铜矿+赤铁矿矿石3种自然类型。根据矿物共生组合与相互穿插关系,本矿床成矿作用可分为热液期和表生期,其中,热液期矿石矿物的形成顺序为斑铜矿→黄铜矿—黝铜矿—自然铜→辉铜矿,表生期形成孔雀石、赤铜矿、赤铁矿、钛铁矿、褐铁矿等矿物。     

川南滇北含自然铜杏仁状玄武岩的矿物组合与成因

峨眉山玄武岩铜矿与基韦诺超大型铜矿相似,杏仁状玄武岩中的自然铜矿石就是该类型铜矿床中的主要组成部分之一,本文称其为"杏仁体式"自然铜矿床。通过矿石矿物标型特征、矿物组合特征以及固溶体分离结构特征等分析研究,认为川南滇北"杏仁体式"自然铜矿为火山热液矿床,形成于低温还原环境,成矿作用发生在岩浆作用结束期及间歇期热液阶段,成矿经历过热液蚀变改造。铜矿物生成顺序为:自然铜→斑铜矿、辉铜矿、黄铜矿→赤铜矿、黑铜矿、孔雀石等。玄武岩中广泛分布的沥青与自然铜同时形成,并为自然铜及铜的硫化物的形成提供了强还原环境。沥青形成温度和斑铜矿-辉铜矿的固溶体分解温度将自然铜形成温度区间限定为290~225℃。     

川南杏仁状玄武岩中沥青与铜矿物的矿物学特征及其成因

川南普格杏仁状玄武岩中普遍产出沥青和铜矿物。沥青主要产于玄武岩气孔、晶洞和裂隙中,少量产于水晶晶体的锥状体部位。铜矿物主要有自然铜、赤铜矿、黑铜矿、硅孔雀石和孔雀石等。自然铜可形成完整晶体,分布于水晶菱面体的锥体顶部,也可呈它形粒状或片状,分布于杏仁体、脉状体沥青的裂隙中和铜球粒核部;赤铜矿主要与板状自然铜一起分布于石英或玉髓脉的裂隙中;黑铜矿常与自然铜一起产出于裂隙或铜球粒中;硅孔雀石呈脉状、浸染状、网状分布在沥青中及其裂隙中,部分硅孔雀石呈皮壳状赋存在自然铜、水晶晶体表面和铜球粒表面;而孔雀石主要分布于铜球粒的最外圈。沥青与铜矿物形成次序为:沥青→自然铜→赤铜矿→黑铜矿→硅孔雀石→孔雀石。沥青和自然铜形成于水晶结晶作用晚期,自然铜形成于沥青之后。碳同位素研究显示沥青为生物成因,可能来源于下二叠统(P13)的碳酸盐岩中的生油层;沥青的红外光谱及螺旋生长纹与气孔构造也证实沥青是由成矿热液中的原油受热裂解为固相;成矿溶液中的有机质成熟度越髙,成矿溶液析出的自然铜越多;铜矿物的演化(Cu→Cu2+)与含有机质的成矿溶液的氧化还原条件及成分变化密切相关。     

川南玄武岩晶洞中的沥青与铜矿物球粒研究

川南普格杏仁状玄武岩晶洞中产出大量石英、水晶、沥青、葡萄石以及铜矿物,根据其产状和矿物组合分为石英沥青、水晶-沥青及水晶-葡萄石球粒三种类型晶洞。水晶-葡萄石晶洞中矿物组合具明显球粒形貌特点,球粒由中心柱状 水晶及垂直水晶柱面生长的葡萄石球粒内圈与铜矿物球粒外圈组成。铜矿物球粒具有明显圈层结构,由自然铜核、黑铜矿 幔、硅孔雀石与孔雀石壳组成。野外及镜下观察显示,铜矿物集合体形态受自然铜形状和产出控制,铜矿物球粒主要分布 于多个葡萄石球粒边缘的汇聚处,核部自然铜为球粒状;脉状铜矿物由一向伸长自然铜与黑铜矿、硅孔雀石等矿物组成, 分布于晶洞裂隙中。碳同位素与红外光谱研究表明晶洞中的沥青为生物成因,属石油沥青,有机质可能来自下二叠统 （P13）碳酸盐。晶洞中矿物为含有机质成矿溶液依次结晶而成,其顺序为：玉髓或石英→水晶、沥青与自然铜→自然铜与 葡萄石→黑铜矿→硅孔雀石→孔雀石→方解石。沥青的螺旋生长花纹特征、水晶中包裹体均一化温度以及水晶中沥青与自 然铜之间的关系显示,沥青是有机质（原油）受热裂解转变而成,其形成温度约为290~230℃,自然铜的结晶温度为230~ 160℃。     

东天山十里坡地区自然铜矿化的地质特征及成因初步分析

东天山十里坡自然铜矿化主要赋存于马头滩组第一段玄武岩夹层中的蚀变凝灰岩中，硅化、绿帘石化、黝帘石化、绿泥石化、沸石化与自然铜矿化关系密切。初步分析认为东天山十里坡自然铜矿化与同生火山热液作用有关，形成于伸展的构造背景，矿化时代可能为二叠纪，成矿特征与滇黔边境峨嵋玄武岩自然铜矿化具有相似性。     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液的研究

通过烧杯搅拌实验对混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液进行研究,从混凝剂适应p H值范围、混凝效果、沉降速度三方面研究比较,找出一种较为理想的混凝剂,并分析了影响混凝剂性能的主要因素,确定了混凝剂的最佳投放剂量。      

黄河源区水环境变化及黄河出现冬季断流的原因

自1954年有水文观测资料以来，黄河曾在青海省玛多县黄河沿水文站发生过3次断流。本文在分析黄河源区水环境特征及其影响因素的基础上指出，鄂陵湖、扎陵湖的环湖融区调节能力低，当遇到连续干旱、冬季其调节水量不足以维系黄河径流时便会发生断流，这是断流的主因。湖水位降低、开采沙金、过度放牧等自然和人为因素也会对黄河发生断流产生影响。鄂陵湖口附近黄河上修建的水电站开始蓄水，提高了两湖及环湖融区的调节能力，今后黄河冬季出现断流的可能性将大为降低。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the     

天山南坡科其喀尔冰川表碛区小气候特征研究

利用天山南坡科其喀尔冰川3号观测站2009年全年的气象观测资料,分析研究了科其喀尔冰川表碛区的小气候特征. 结果表明：总辐射和净辐射夏秋季较高、冬春季较低;反射辐射和地表反照率反之. 与其他地区不同,该区主要受积雪物理性质和下垫面状况的影响,冬春季地表反照率日变化表现为由大到小的变化过程,夏秋季表现为倒U型. 温度年变化表现为夏秋季高、冬春季低,最高月均值出现在8月,为9.4℃,最低月均值出现在1月,为-9.6℃. 受山谷风和冰川风的影响,全年的风向以西北风和西北偏西风为主,风向的日变化以11：00为界发生转向. 受降水和冰川消融等的影响,比湿夏秋季月均值较大,冬春季月均值较小.     

Climate: Is the past the key to the future?

 The climate of the Holocene is not well suited to be the baseline for the climate of the planet. It is an interglacial, a state typical of only 10% of the past few million years. It is a time of relative sea-level stability after a rapid 130-m rise from the lowstand during the last glacial maximum. Physical geologic processes are operating at unusual rates and much of the geochemical system is not in a steady state. During most of the Phanerozoic there have been no continental ice sheets on the earth, and the planet’s meridional temperature gradient has been much less than it is presently. Major factors influencing climate are insolation, greenhouse gases, paleogeography, and vegetation; the first two are discussed in this paper. Changes in the earth’s orbital parameters affect the amount of radiation received from the sun at different latitudes over the course of the year. During the last climate cycle, the waxing and waning of the northern hemisphere continental ice sheets closely followed the changes in summer insolation at the latitude of the northern hemisphere polar circle. The overall intensity of insolation in the northern hemisphere is governed by the precession of the earth’s axis of rotation, and the precession and ellipticity of the earth’s orbit. At the polar circle a meridional minimum of summer insolation becomes alternately more and less pronounced as the obliquity of the earth’s axis of rotation changes. Feedback processes amplify the insolation signal. Greenhouse gases (H₂O, CO₂, CH₄, CFCs) modulate the insolation-driven climate. The atmospheric content of CO₂ during the last glacial maximum was approximately 30% less than during the present interglacial. A variety of possible causes for this change have been postulated. The present burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and cement manufacture since the beginning of the industrial revolution have added CO₂ to the atmosphere when its content due to glacial-interglacial variation was already at a maximum. Anthropogenic activity has increased the CO₂ content of the atmosphere to 130% of its previous Holocene level, probably higher than at any time during the past few million years. During the Late Cretaceous the atmospheric CO₂ content was probably about four times that of the present, the level to which it may rise at the end of the next century. The results of a Campanian (80 Ma) climate simulation suggest that the positive feedback between CO₂ and another important greenhouse gas, H₂O, raised the earth’s temperature to a level where latent heat transport became much more significant than it is presently, and operated efficiently at all latitudes. Atmospheric high- and low-pressure systems were as much the result of variations in the vapor content of the air as of temperature differences. In our present state of knowledge, future climate change is unpredictable because by adding CO₂ to the atmosphere we are forcing the climate toward a “greenhouse” mode when it is accustomed to moving between the glacial–interglacial “icehouse” states that reflect the waxing and waning of ice sheets. At the same time we are replacing freely transpiring C3 plants with water-conserving C4 plants, producing a global vegetation complex that has no past analog. The past climates of the earth cannot be used as a direct guide to what may occur in the future. To understand what may happen in the future we must learn about the first principles of physics and chemistry related to the earth’s system. The fundamental mechanisms of the climate system are best explored in simulations of the earth’s ancient extreme climates. Received: 7 November 1996/Accepted: 23 January 1997