介绍一种新的煤基直接还原工艺

介绍一种新的煤基直接还原工艺侯拥和（冶金部长沙矿冶研究院）关键词煤基直接还原，工艺，介绍随着我国钢铁工业的发展，对废钢，尤其是优质废钢的需求量越来越大，加之国内废钢短缺，因此发展替代优质废钢的海绵铁生产日益受到重视。目前，世界上生产海绵铁的方法有气基...     

直接还原技术的新发展

直接还原铁作为电炉炼钢的高质量代用品，正在迅速增长。但随着直接还原技术的发展和原料、能源条件新变化，当前直接还原技术向前发展的主导趋势是扩大能源范围，煤作一次能源，加快煤的气化技术的发展研究；充分利用粉矿和精矿，充分发挥比表面大的优势，发展新的流化床技术，提高产品质量和稳定性，减少生产环节，简化工艺，提高能量利用率，开创直接还原新局面。     

直接还原炼铁工艺技术综述

直接还原是一种采用天然气、煤气、非焦煤粉作燃料和还原剂，使用球团矿、块矿、粉矿在固态下直接还原生产固体直接还原铁（DRI／HBI）的炼铁工艺技术。全面介绍了各种典型直接还原工艺的原理、特点与缺陷及工业化进展情况，分析了世界直接还原工艺技术发展的动因、现状与趋势。     

直接还原的现状与发展

简述世界直接还原工艺的发展、现状及动向，并侧重介绍我国的有关情况。对近几年国内外直接还原铁（DRI）的生产和市场前景进行了分析。     

直接还原的发展现状

在直接还原工艺中，利用煤气或煤作为还原剂还原铁矿石成固态的海绵铁，由于当今在生产高附加值钢产品的发展中，废钢自然是电炉生产的主要原料，然而，海绵铁作为添加剂在欧洲又重新显示其意义。本文将简要介绍全世界现有的直接还原生产能力，工艺技术的发展现状以及未来的发展趋势。     

中国直接还原技术的发展现状及展望

回顾了直接还原技术的发展过程。结合生产实际，对直接还原工艺做了简明的分类。重点介绍了几个气基法和煤基法直接还原技术的典型工艺流程。根据目前国内钢铁工业的现状，指出了中国钢铁工业的特点及发展趋势以及在新世纪发展直接还原铁（DRI）技术的必要性和紧迫性。依据现有能源、资源的结构特点，展望了直接还原技术的发展前景。     

莱钢未来炼铁工艺结构格局的探讨

主要探讨了莱钢未来炼铁工艺结构调整方向,由目前全高炉冶炼逐步发展到高炉、直接还原和熔融还原相结合的多元化生产模式,并阐述了莱钢炼铁工艺结构调整的必要性及未来炼铁技术工作的努力方向。     

喀左回转窑直接还原生产中几个问题的探讨

本文介绍了喀左直接还原回转窑的试生产情况，对直接还原工艺的有关问题进行分析讨论。     

直接还原技术进展及其在中国的发展

近年来,全球直接还原铁(DRI/HBI)产量和需求逐年增加,表明直接还原技术是钢铁工业不可缺少的组成部分,有助于炼铁生产摆脱焦煤资源短缺的羁绊,降低钢铁生产能耗,提高钢铁产品质量和品质。气基竖炉生产规模不断增大,成为主要的生产工艺;竖炉直接还原铁热装热送技术的发展进一步降低了工序能耗。回转窑、隧道窑等工艺在特定地区迅速发展,但很难成为直接还原铁生产的主流。我国具备发展直接还原生产的资源条件和技术基础,煤制气—气基竖炉技术是可能的主要发展方向。     

直接还原炼铁技术的最新发展

直接还原炼铁工艺根据还原剂不同分为气基与煤基.目前已获得工业应用的气基直接还原流程主要有使用球团矿或块矿的Midrex法和HyLⅢ法,以及直接使用粉矿的Finmet法.已获得工业应用的煤基直接还原流程主要有回转窑工艺和转底炉工艺,转底炉有使用球团矿的,也有直接使用粉矿的.对各种直接还原流程的工艺特点和应用情况进行了分析比较,并评述了其最新发展趋势,结合国内情况提出了一些建议.     

Influence of caloric intake on aging and on the response to stressors

Reducing the food intake of rodents to well below that of ad libitum fed animals increases the life span. This action, which gerontologists often refer to as the antiaging action of dietary restriction (DR), is due to the slowing of the aging processes. DR also maintains most physiological processes in a youthful state and delays the occurrence and/or slows the progression of age-associated disease processes. This antiaging action of DR results from the reduced intake of calories. Reduction of the body fat content does not play a causal role in the antiaging action of DR, nor does reduction in the metabolic rate. Alterations in the characteristics of carbohydrate metabolism and of oxidative metabolism in response to DR have been found that are of such a nature that they could, at least in part, underlie the antiaging action. Several theories have recently been proposed in regard to the mechanisms responsible for the antiaging action of DR, but none has been tested by rigorously designed studies. Of these theories, the one that seems most promising is based on the fact that DR protects rats and mice of all ages against the damaging actions of acute stressors. This protective action against stressors may play a major role in the antiaging action of DR.     

薄板坯连铸连轧技术及发展趋势

介绍了薄板坯连铸连轧技术中CSP技术、ISP技术、FTSR技术、CONROLL技术、QSP技术等主要特点,指出薄板坯连铸连轧技术将朝着各种技术相互渗透、共同发展,新技术、新工艺不断开发应用,产量质量日趋提高,品种范围扩大,规格越来越薄的方向发展。     

Carbon Fiber Adsorption Using Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship

Adsorption capacities of adsorbents are necessary for selecting and designing adsorption systems for separation and removal processes, such as air quality control devices, because they are indicators of service life. This paper describes the use of the Dubinin-Radushkevich (DR) equation and the quantitative structure-activated relationship to predict the equilibrium adsorption of select organic vapor by activated carbon fiber (ACF) adsorbents. The DR isotherm parameter, k, depends on the adsorbate as well as the adsorbent, and the prediction for k can be obtained indirectly from the affinity coefficient. A correlation is developed to compute the affinity coefficient from the modified, first-order, valence molecular connectivity index. This method provides an improved way to predict equilibrium adsorption capacities for select volatile organic compound adsorbates and activated carbon fiber adsorbents.     

Endocrine active compounds: from biology to dose response assessment

Endocrine active compounds (EACs) alter signaling processes responsible for regulation and coordination of physiological functions during development and adulthood. The potential that adverse effects of these compounds have gone unrecognized has focused attention on their toxicology. The primary response to this concern has been development of additional hazard identification methods. This review discusses issues for dose response (DR) analyses for EACs, including definitions of adversity, implications of alternative modes of action, the roles homeostatic and developmental regulatory feedback processes play in creating DR behaviors, uses of in vitro data in DR analyses, and induction of effects by natural and synthetic compounds in the context of endogenous hormone background. Current risk assessment guidance applicable to endocrine-mediated effects provide limited default methods for evaluating DR behaviors and making interspecies comparisons. Improved DR methods for EACs will be achieved through the use of mode of action and dosimetry data to better characterize potential human risks.     

直接还原在当代冶金变革中的发展

简述了当代的直接还原现状与方法，论述了直接还原是发展短流程的重要基础，直接还原也是熔融还原法的重要组成，同时分析了发展直接还原与熔融还原是当代世界冶金变革中的重要方向之一，也是中国面向２１世纪的重大任务。     

低品位铁矿石直接还原新工艺研究

对多种难选铁矿石进行了煤基直接还原和渣铁分离研究，提出了煤基直接还原──渣铁分离──还原铁粉冷固结成型的新的工艺流程。所得产品的铁品位、金属化率和铁回收率分别在９０％、９２％和８４％以上。直接还原铁粉经冷固结成型后即为电炉炼钢的优质原料。该工艺为利用我国大量尚未开发的低品位难选铁矿石提供了新的途径。     

Identification of HLA class II-restricted determinants of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-derived proteins by using HLA-transgenic, class II-deficient mice

T helper 1 cells play a major role in protective immunity against mycobacterial pathogens. Since the antigen (Ag) specificity of CD4(+) human T cells is strongly controlled by HLA class II polymorphism, the immunogenic potential of candidate Ags needs to be defined in the context of HLA polymorphism. We have taken advantage of class II-deficient (Ab0) mice, transgenic for either HLA-DRA/B1*0301 (DR3) or HLA-DQB1*0302/DQA*0301 (DQ8) alleles. In these animals, all CD4(+) T cells are restricted by the HLA molecule. We reported previously that human DR3-restricted T cells frequently recognize heat shock protein (hsp)65 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and only a single hsp65 epitope, p1-20. DR3.Ab0 mice, immunized with bacillus Calmette-Guérin or hsp65, developed T cell responses to M. tuberculosis, and recognized the same hsp65 epitope, p1-20. Hsp65-immunized DQ8.Ab0 mice mounted a strong response to bacillus Calmette-Guérin but not to p1-20. Instead, we identified three new DQ8-restricted T cell epitopes in the regions 171-200, 311-340, and 411-440. DR3.Ab0 mice immunized with a second major M. tuberculosis protein, Ag85 (composed of 85A, 85B, and 85C), also developed T cell responses against only one determinant, 85B p51-70, that was identified in this study. Importantly, subsequent analysis of human T cell responses revealed that HLA-DR3+, Ag85-reactive individuals recognize exactly the same peptide epitope as DR3.Ab0 mice. Strikingly, both DR3-restricted T cell epitopes represent the best DR3-binding sequences in hsp65 and 85B, revealing a strong association between peptide-immunodominance and HLA binding affinity. Immunization of DR3.Ab0 with the immunodominant peptides p1-20 and p51-70 induced T cell reactivity to M. tuberculosis. Thus, for two different Ags, T cells from DR3.Ab0 mice and HLA-DR3+ humans recognize the same immunodominant determinants. Our data support the use of HLA-transgenic mice in identifying human T cell determinants for the design of new vaccines.     

发展高新技术 振兴钢铁工业

论述了全微机化便携式电能表校验仪的设计思想、基本算法，介绍了硬件电路工作原理及软件框图。本校验仪中基于采样原理的软标准表取代了模拟电子的电路构成的硬标准表，促进了国内便携式电能表校验仪的发展。     

Clinical hepatitis after transplantation of hepatitis C virus-positive kidneys: HLA-DR3 as a risk factor for the development of posttransplant hepatitis

BACKGROUND: Exposure to hepatitis C virus (HCV) and subsequent infection after renal transplantation lead to significant clinical hepatitis in approximately 50% of graft recipients. METHODS: One hundred thirty-two consecutive renal allotransplant patients, who underwent transplantation of kidneys from HCV-positive cadaveric donors, were studied to investigate the relationship between donor and recipient HLA type and the risk of developing clinical hepatitis. Specific attention was directed toward the DR3 and DR4 alleles, as these had previously been associated with worse prognoses in autoimmune and viral hepatitis. RESULTS: Overall, 42% of patients receiving kidneys from donors seropositive for HCV developed clinical hepatitis. This was unrelated to preoperative recipient HCV serum reactivity (P=0.65). Patients receiving kidneys from seropositive donors with HCV RNA as detected by PCR were more likely to develop hepatitis than those receiving kidneys from PCR-negative donors (56% vs. 11%; P=0.005). The presence of the DR3 allele was associated with a significant risk of clinical hepatitis (P=0.025); 80% of DR3-positive recipients (n=34) progressed to hepatitis compared with 42% of DR3-negative patients. No other recipient HLA type was significantly related to prognosis. All patients receiving a donated kidney that expressed the B41 allele developed hepatitis, compared with 55% of recipients of non-B41 grafts (P=0.039). No association between the development of clinical hepatitis and HLA compatibility was found. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that both HLA type and viral presence as assayed by polymerase chain reaction, influence the risk of disease progression after transplantation of HCV-positive kidneys. Application of these associations may decrease the relative risk of a recipient contracting HCV hepatitis after cadaveric renal transplantation.