蔗糖和植物生长调节剂对离体培养穗籽粒建成的影响

利用麦穗离体培养技术，研究了不同蔗糖浓度和不同生长调节剂处理对籽粒形成和生长的影响，结果表明，开花后的早期阶段（籽料形成期）是决定穗粒重的关键时期，此期蔗糖供给和激素水平的变化对穗粒数和粒重均有显著调控作用，蔗糖与激素以及不同激素之间对籽粒生长的互作调控关系需要进一步研究。     

Simplified culture method of detached ears and its application to vernalization in wheat

Summary The effects of the addition of sulfurous acid into culture solution and of cold treatment of the solution were examined to simplify the culture of detached wheat ears. In the simplified method, detached ears could be cultured at room temperature on the liquid medium containing 100 g/l sucrose and 0.075% sulfurous acid without any sterilization. The immature seeds in detached ears cultured by this method were treated with low temperature or with chemicals known to have vernalizing effect. The chemical treatment did not affect the chilling requirement of immature embryos, although photoperiodic response and narrow-sense earliness were reduced by kinetin and trypsin. The low temperature treatment drastically affected the chilling requirement, and fully vernalized mature seeds having normal germinability were obtained by treating the detached ears in culture with low temperature from 10 days after anthesis.     

蔗糖对小黑麦离体培养穗粒数的调节作用

利用小黑麦植株穗的离体培养技术，研究了不同蔗糖浓度对穗粒形成的影响。结果表明：在开花前13天到开花1天。不同浓度的蔗糖供给对穗结实率有不同的影响，随着蔗糖浓度上升，总结实率增加，但蔗糖浓度超过4％，穗结实率开始下降。在0．0～0．5％蔗糖浓度下．上部节间仍有～定的生长。但生长缓慢．不能抽穗。为明确蔗糖对穗粒数的调控的最敏感时期，设置了开花前不同时期降低蔗糖浓度的试验。蔗糖浓度为0．5％和4％2个处理。处理为开花前13～9天、8～4天、3天～开花。结果表明：不论在何时段，用0．5％蔗糖浓度处理，均比正常蔗糖4％处理穗粒数减少，就下降而言开花前13天＞3天＞8天＞0天；穗粒数率最敏感的时期：一是在开花前13—9天，二是开花前3天～开花。     

嫩茎花椰菜花药和花粉培养中的胚胎发生

Futura、GV和GC三个品种嫩茎花椰菜单核阶段的花药和花粉,接种在(mg/L):①2,4-D0.1+NAA0.1+10％蔗糖;②2,4-D0.5+NAA1+BAP0.5+Kt0.5+GA_30.5+10％蔗糖的改良B_5固体和液体培养基上,给予不同温度和持续时间的热处理,最后培养在25℃光照下。接种后三周,从花药中产生出胚状体。转移到含2％蔗糖的改良B_5基本培养基上长成植株。观察了花药中花粉粒发育成胚状体的过程,分析了胚状体植物的染色体倍性。液体培养中的分离花粉粒,发育成一些膨大的胚性细胞和多细胞原胚。     

Effects of Stem-injected Sucrose on Grain Production, Dry Matter Distribution, and Chlorophyll Fluorescence of Field-grown Corn Plants

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of long-term exogenous sucrose supply on aspects of corn plant physiology and development during the grain filling period. Concentrated sucrose solution was supplied to corn ( Zea mays L.) stems by an injection technique. This injection technique delivered pressurized solutions through syringe needles sealed to the stem with latex. The pressure was applied to the syringe plunger with ceramic construction bricks. Solutions containing sucrose at 0, 150, and 300 g L⁻¹ were injected over a 32 day period encompassing the duration of the active grain filling period. The primary ears of plants injected with sucrose produced approximately 50% more kernels and 30% more grain weight than those injected with distilled water. The injected internode was also considerably heavier (56%) for plants receiving 300 g sucrose L⁻¹ than plants receiving distilled water. For all measured variables, plants injected with distilled water were either not different from or had larger values than the non-injected controls. After one week sucrose injection caused photo-synthetic inhibition (as measured by chlorophyll fluorescence) in the leaf just above the ear and the ear leaf, and this was more severe for plants receiving 300 g sucrose L⁻¹ than for those receiving 150 g sucrose L⁻¹. For sucrose injected plants, the increased size of the primary ear was concomitant with a large decrease in grain production by the secondary ear and an overall decrease in per plant grain production. These results suggest that the mechanisms for signalling between sinks (the primary and secondary ears) and the primary sink and the source (leaves) are different.     

油菜不同类型外植体组织培养及再生研究

为建立高效的组织培养体系，以甘蓝型油菜杂交品种恢复系627R、621R和616R材料田间种植植株的侧芽、花托和无菌种子实生苗下胚轴为外植体，探索不同苗龄、预培养时间、预培养基、愈伤分化培养基、诱导出芽培养基以及成苗壮苗培养基中激素配比对芽再生、成苗植株生长势的影响。结果表明：无菌苗快速繁殖体系中，发芽6 天的无菌苗下胚轴或者子叶在预培养（MS+ 2.0 mg/L 2,4-D+ 1.0 mg/L 6-BA+ 30 g/L 蔗糖+ 8 g/L 琼脂，pH 5.85）3 天后转移到分化培养基MS+ 3 mg/L 6-BA+ 1.0 mg/L NAA+5 mg/L AgNO3+ 30 g/L 蔗糖+8 g/L 琼脂(pH 5.85)，或者MS+ 3 mg/L 6-BA+ 1.0 mg/L IAA+ 5 mg/LAgNO3+ 30 g/L 蔗糖+8 g/L 琼脂(pH 5.85)生长，可以获得较高的芽再生频率，对于田间生长到抽薹开花期植株取样的外植体，腋芽的出芽频率高于花托培养的出芽频率，但是这2 类外植体在分化培养基（MS+ 10 mg/L 6-BA+ 1 mg/L NAA+ 30 g/L 蔗糖+8 g/L 琼脂，pH 5.85）生长30 天后都有成苗的潜力，上 述外植体经过组织培养出芽后转移到添加矮壮素的培养基（MS+15 mg/L CCC+15~20 g/L 蔗糖+8 g/L 琼脂，pH 5.85）上继续生长30 天，能够得到根系发达、生长势强的植株。甘蓝型油菜优良恢复系建立的组织培养体系能够快速获得生长势优的油菜植株，加速油菜良种的繁殖与评价。     

影响甜樱桃离体小叶片再生的关键因子研究

适当提高蔗糖浓度能明显改善甜樱桃试管苗的状态，在F14培养基蔗糖浓度由原来2%增加到6%，增殖倍数由1~2增加到25~30，叶片由黄绿无光变为浓绿油亮，保持天数由原来的15d增加到70d。经过4步骤程序培养可以获得小叶片再生，即：①将普通继代试管苗接入F14（附加6-BA0.5mg/L+IBA0.05mg/L+GA30.2mg/L+蔗糖6%+琼脂7.0g/L，pH5.8）继代培养30d，获得小叶型高分化试管苗。②剪取并且横切2~3刀后将小叶片，先在0.1%VC无菌水中浸泡1到30min，然后接入MS或F14或WPM（附加6-BA2mg/L+2，4-D2mg/L+蔗糖4%+琼脂7.0g/L，pH5.8）进行光照培养3~4d，获得剪切口组织脱分化的小叶片。③转接1/2大量元素的WPM培养基（附加6-BA2mg/L+IAA2mg/L+蔗糖4%+琼脂7.0g/L，pH5.8）及在环境控制（15h/24h日光周期变化,光照2000lux，温度20℃；黑暗，温度15℃）下培养20~30d，得到诱导出红色愈伤组织（含有花色苷）的小叶片。④转接F14培养基（附加6-BA0.5mg/L+IBA0.05mg/L+GA32mg/L+蔗糖6%+琼脂7.0g/L，pH5.8）培养20d后得到由红色愈伤组织中萌发出不定芽，同时颜色变淡。小叶片再生不定芽率可达91%。     

双重化控对春玉米灌浆期穗位叶和籽粒蔗糖代谢关键酶活性的影响

以中单909和吉单35为材料,设置乙矮合剂和聚糠萘合剂双重化控处理,研究玉米穗位叶和籽粒中蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的动态变化,探讨双重化控调控玉米碳代谢的生理机制,为建立玉米高产稳产的化学调控技术提供理论基础。结果表明,双重化控提高了灌浆期穗位叶蔗糖合成酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)的活性,尤其显著提高灌浆后期(花后50 d)蔗糖合成能力,提高灌浆前期(花后10~20 d)穗位叶蔗糖含量,降低后期(花后30~50 d)蔗糖含量。双重化控处理对玉米籽粒蔗糖合成酶(合成方向)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性的影响较小,蔗糖合成酶分解方向活性呈升高趋势;中单909籽粒蔗糖含量灌浆前期(花后10 d)升高,灌浆后期(花后50 d)降低,花后20~40 d影响不显著,吉单35籽粒蔗糖含量花后10~20 d降低,30~40 d升高,50 d没有显著差异。双重化控处理提高了中单909和吉单35灌浆中期和灌浆中后期灌浆速率,使两品种粒重和产量均显著提高,分别比对照增产4.61%和7.78%。本研究说明,乙矮合剂和聚糠萘合剂双重化控处理可通过调控源库蔗糖代谢关键酶的活性,促进蔗糖在源端的合成和在库端的降解,从而促进碳同化物向籽粒的转运,达到高产。     

灌浆前期碳氮供应对冬小麦籽粒蛋白质和淀粉积累的影响

采用花后离体穗培养技术，研究蔗糖和谷氨酰胺不同浓度配比供应对冬小麦（宁麦9号）籽粒淀粉和蛋白质积累的影响。结果表明：在同样谷氨酰胺水平下，提高蔗糖供应水平能显著增加粒重，促进籽粒中淀粉积累，但降低蛋白质合成；在同样的蔗糖水平下，提高谷氨酰胺供应水平，既有利于籽粒中蛋白质积累，也促进淀粉合成。培养基中     

箭筈豌豆、玉米产量对间作和施氮水平的响应

研究不同施氮水平下箭筈豌豆、玉米产量对单作和间作的响应,对于优化栽培措施、提高作物产量具有重要意义。本试验于2017年在甘肃河西绿洲灌溉区进行,重点研究是不同施氮水平下箭筈豌豆、玉米在单作及间作模式中干物质累积、产量构成、产量表现。结果表明,间作箭筈豌豆干物质累积量与单作相比在不施氮(N0)、减量施氮(N1)和常规施氮(N2)处理下分别提高44.0%、36.7%和37.2%;施氮水平间,间作模式下N1比N2和N0提高9.1%和25.5%,单作模式下提高9.4%和32.1%。间作玉米干物质累积量与单作相比在N0、N1和N2处理下分别提高23.3%、22.5%和23.0%;施氮水平间,间作模式下N1比N2和N0提高9.3%和19.8%,单作模式下提高9.9%和20.7%。间作模式下箭筈豌豆豆荚数和玉米穗数较相应单作分别增加7.6%和14.5%,两者的产量较单作分别提高34.9%和27.0%。由通径分析可知,箭筈豌豆产量决定次序是豆荚数>粒重>单荚粒数,玉米产量决定次序是穗数>粒重>穗粒数。间作结合施氮量240 kg/hm²能获得较高干物质积累量和产量,是河西灌溉区玉米间作箭筈豌豆适宜的施氮水平。     

白灵菇液体菌种培养条件研究

以菌丝生物量,菌球密度,菌球直径为指标,探讨了白灵菇液体菌种最适培养条件。结果表明：最适培养基为蔗糖2.0%,玉米粉3.0%,蛋白胨0.2% ,麸皮4.0%,磷酸二氢钾0.3 %,硫酸镁0.1%,硫酸钙 0.1%;摇瓶装液量100ml/250ml,接种量10%,起始 pH 为6.5,摇瓶转速160r/min,培养时间为6d。     

Production of diploid and triploid interspecific hybrids between Lilium concolor and L. longiflorum by in vitro ovary slice culture

Successful hybridization between Lilium concolor and Lilium longiflorum has not been reported but ovary slice culture technique, after cut-style pollination has now been used to produce diploid and triploid interspecific hybrids between these species. Reciprocal crosses between diploid cultivars (2n= 2x= 24) were conducted. 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, and 45 days after pollination (DAP), ovaries were sliced and cultured on a modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium without growth regulators and NH₄NO₃, supplemented with 6% sucrose, 50 mg/1 yeast extract and 0.25% gelrite at pH 6.3. For the L. concolor × L. longiflorum cross, embryo germination was found to be best at 20 DAP, while for the L. longiflorum × L. concolor at 25 DAP. After transfer to a MS (half-strength) medium supplemented with 1.5% sucrose, 0.25% gelrite and 0.2% active charcoal at pH 5.8, diploid and triploid hybrid plants were developed. All regenerated plants were identified as hybrids on the basis of karyotype and isozyme analyses. Ovary slice culture technique as a method of producing polyploids is discussed.     

杏鲍菇液体菌种培养基的筛选及培养条件的探讨

采用液体摇瓶培养法,以菌丝生物量为主要指标,对杏鲍菇液体菌种培养基配方及培养条件进行研究。试验表明,最适宜的培养基配方为：蔗糖3%,玉米面3%,麦麸3%,酵母粉0.4%,KH2PO4 0.25%,MgSO4 0.1%,ZnSO4 0.05%,CaSO4 0.05%,起始pH值为6~7。最适摇瓶培养条件为装液量80 mL/250 mL,摇床转速150 r/min,接种量10%,培养周期为6天。     

Plant Regeneration from in vitro Cultured Anthers of Black Mustard (Brassica nigra Koch)

Anthers of Brassica nigra, excised from fresh as well as cold-pretreated (3 days at 3 ± 2°C) buds cultivated on modified B₅ medium (Gamborg et al. 1968) containing sucrose level varying from 2 % to 10 %, along with 1O^?6M BAP (benzylaminopurine) and 9 × 10^?6M 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), developed calli and/or embryos. The latter response was observed only in anthers reared on media containing 6 % or higher levels of sucrose. On media containing two or four per cent sucrose, the anthers produced calli, exclusively. The growth of embryos was inhibited or else they started callusing if left on the media containing higher levels of sucrose. However, on transfer to MS medium (Murashige and Skoog 1962), containing 2 % sucrose, embryos started callusing and subsequently a few secondary embryos differentiated. Such embryos were sub-cultured on MS + 5 × 10^?6M BAP + 2 % sucrose, wherein numerous shoots developed from embryos. The shoots were rooted by transferring to a medium containing 5 × 10^?6M NAA (naphthalene acetic acid). Within two months of culture, some of these plants started flowering in vitro.     

不同培养条件对金线莲多糖与总生物碱含量的影响

To investigate tissue culture conditions to increase certain medicinal ingredients in tissue culture seedlings of Anoectochilus formosanus, using its tissue culture seedlings as the material, set four sucrose concentrations 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and four treatments of subculture 10, 30, 50, 70 days, and then measured the content of polysaccharide and total alkaloids from its tissue culture seedlings after culturing for some time. The results showed that 4% of sucrose concentration was the most suitable quantity on the accumulation of polysaccharide. Polysaccharide content showed an increase after the first reduction with subculture days. Total alkaloid content decreased with the increase of sucrose concentration, and it was the highest with 1% of sucrose concentration. The content of total alkaloids was the highest after 50 days of subculture.     

灌浆期高温胁迫对甜玉米籽粒糖分积累和蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的影响

为明确高温对甜玉米籽粒产量和品质的影响,以甜玉米厦甜1号和粤甜16为材料, 人工授粉3 d后, 利用人工气候室分别进行昼间高温(HT)35℃和正常气温(CK)处理, 研究了甜玉米籽粒灌浆过程中粒重、糖分积累和蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的动态变化。结果表明, 与正常气温相比, 高温缩短甜玉米灌浆进程, 显著降低粒重、含水量, 提高皮渣率。在最佳采收期(水分含量为68%~74%)甜玉米鲜百粒重分别下降了20.8% (厦甜1号)和16.4% (粤甜16)。在甜玉米籽粒灌浆过程中可溶性糖和蔗糖的含量随授粉后时间先升高后降低, 高温处理不利于可溶性糖和蔗糖积累, 籽粒中糖分含量降低, 淀粉含量升高。籽粒中蔗糖的合成与分解主要由磷酸蔗糖合成酶(SPS)和蔗糖合成酶(SS)催化, SS催化反应是可逆的。高温明显降低SPS和SS合成方向活性, 提高SS分解方向活性, 导致糖分含量降低, 品质变劣。高温缩短两品种SS(合成方向)活性峰值出现的时间, 而对于SPS活性峰值出现时间厦甜1号被缩短, 粤甜16 为不变。     

Nutrient culture media with agar is effective for early and rapid screening of iron toxicity tolerance in rice

The breeding for iron toxicity tolerant rice needs an effective, efficient, and reliable screening method. The study was aimed to evaluate the best method for screening iron tolerant genotypes at the seedling stage in the greenhouse. Two rice genotypes, Mahsuri (tolerant) and IR64 (sensitive) were grown in three modified media solutions namely, Yoshida-conventional solution (YCS), Yoshida with etylenediamintetraacetic acid (1:2) (YES), and Yoshida with 0.2% agar (YAS). Three levels of iron were tested to observe the severity of their leaf bronzing score (LBS). The optimized solution in the greenhouse was then evaluated using 24 rice genotypes. Using the same genotypes interrelationship, the LBS in the greenhouse with grain yield and its attributes was validated under acute and moderate Fe toxicity in the field. The results showed that the optimized media culture was YAS with 400 mg L^-1 of FeSO₄. This media had more stable pH and redox potential, it could maintain sufficient Fe²⁺ supply over 10 days, and it could discriminate of LBS between tolerant and sensitive genotypes. Evaluation using the optimized media solution showed that there was a significant variation among genotypes in shoot dry weight and a significant correlation of relative reduction of shoot dry weight with LBS. The LBS in the greenhouse was correlated with LBS in acute iron stress in the field (r=0.673**) and the grain yield (r= -0.618**). This study has proven that YAS culture media can be used as early identification of iron toxicity tolerant genotypes for supporting breeding programs.     

Development of diploid and triploid interspecific hybrids between Lilium longiflorum and L. concolor by ovary slice culture

Ovary slice culture, after cut-style pollination, was used to develop interspecific hybrids between Lilium longiflorum and L. concolor. Reciprocal crosses between diploid cultivars (2n = 2x = 24) were carried out. On the days 30, 35, 40 and 45th after pollination (DAP), ovaries were sliced and cultured on a modified hormone-free Murashige-Skoog (M–S) medium without NH4NO3, supplemented with 6% sucrose, 50 mg/1 yeast extract and 0.25% gelrite at pH 6.3. For the L. longiflorum × L. concolor cross, ovule germination was found to be best at 30 DAP. After transfer to a M–S (half-strength) medium supplemented with 1.5% sucrose and 0.25% gelrite at pH 5.8, diploid and triploid hybrid plants were established. In contrast, ovules from the L. concolor × L. longiflorum cross did not germinate. The hybridity of the plantlets obtained was verified by karyotype and isozyme analysis. The importance of the ovary slice culture technique as a tool to develop new hybrids between incompatible lilly plants is discussed.     

Effects of Stem-Injected Sucrose on Photosynthesis and Productivity of Water Stressed Corn Plants

Water stress during silking or early kernel development decreases the number of kernels set by corn (Zea mays L.) plants. Previous work has suggested that lack of assimilate supply due to water stress at silking was a major factor in the resulting reproductive failure. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that sucrose supplementation of water stressed corn plants can prevent decreased kernel set. Sucrose was injected into corn stems at three concentrations [0 (distilled water), 150 and 300 g L^?1] for 30 days starting at silking. Water availability was controlled by either maintaining a water table at 50 cm from the soil surface (well watered) or by withholding water starting one week before silking (water stress) until the fifth day after silking. The photosynthesis rate of water stressed plants was 25% that of well-water plants on the first day of silking. On average, the daily injection rate for distilled water was 1 mL higher than that of the sucrose treatments over a 30 day injection period. No difference in daily uptake rate was observed between the 150 and 300 g sucrose L^?1 treatments. Over water availability treatments approximately 17 g sucrose were injected into corn plants during the 30 day injection period. Corn plants receiving sufficient water supply produced bigger ears, with more seeds and greater 100-seed weight values, leading to higher total plant dry matter accumulation than water stressed plants. Injection of 300 g sucrose L^?1 increased the weight of the injected internodes by 28%, compared with distilled water injection. The highest grain yield was for the plants injected with 150 g sucrose L^?1, but only under sufficient water supply. The plants injected with 300 g sucrose L^?1 produced the least grain regardless of moisture availability. Thus, the exogenous sucrose supplementation influenced kernel set only under conditions of sufficient soil water supply. These results indicate that plant reproductive development after silking was limited more by water availability than assimilate supply, suggesting that some overall plant response to water stress, perhaps mediated by hormonal signalling, was more important than carbohydrate supply. These results indicated that plant desiccation occurred during floral development or pollination; irreversible loss of florets on unsuccessful pollination could result, thus, grain yield would be limited more by sink size than by availability of photosynthate.     

结实期人工模拟倒伏对水稻生长和产量的影响

2015 年土培条件下，以‘日本晴’和‘L81’为供试材料，在抽穗后20、10 天进行人工模拟倒伏处理，研究结实阶段不同时期倒伏对水稻籽粒产量、产量构成以及物质生产和分配的影响。结果表明：抽穗后20、10 天人工倒伏处理使‘日本晴’籽粒产量平均下降8% (P＞0.1)、20% (P＜0.1)，使‘L81’平均分别下降21% (P＜0.01)、29% (P＜0.01)。人工倒伏处理对供试品种单位面积穗数和每穗颖花数均无影响，但使结实能力明显下降：抽穗后20、10 天倒伏处理使‘日本晴’饱粒率分别下降8%、16%，使‘L81’分别下降16%、21%，均达显著或极显著水平；水稻饱粒重、所有籽粒平均粒重表现出相似的趋势，但降幅均小于饱粒率。品种与抽穗后20 天或10 天倒伏处理对水稻结实能力特别是饱粒率有交互作用。两期人工倒伏处理使地上部总干重和各器官干重均显著或极显著下降，最大降幅达31%。与此不同，人工倒伏对两品种特别是‘L81’物质分配的影响因处理时期而异：抽穗后10 天倒伏处理使生物量在生殖器官中的分配比例减少，而抽穗后20 天倒伏处理表现出相反的趋势。本试验结果表明：结实期倒伏对水稻最终产量的影响因供试品种和倒伏发生时期而异，倒伏引起的产量损失主要与结实能力特别是饱粒率下降有关，后者可能又与灌浆结实期光合生产能力下降有关。