太湖水动力学三维数值试验研究——3.马山围垦对太湖风生流的影响

地形地决定湖泊流场的大小和结构和重要因素,它会影响湖泊水体内的物质输移与扩散和水质的分布,因而弄清马山围垦对湖流的影响有助于了解无锡市重要饮用水水源地梅梁湖的藻类“水华”和水质变化规律,本文在太湖风生流的三 数值模拟的基础上,用数值试验方法探讨了马山围垦对湖泊流场的影响,结果表明：虽然围垦对表层及底层风生流影响较小,但是对中间转层的流场影响较大,对整层平均流场影响更大,在多数风场作用下,围垦虽未对     

用稳定同位素方法估算大型浅水湖泊蒸发量——以太湖为例

湖泊蒸发量的准确估算对于水文学、气象学和湖泊学等研究有重要的意义.基于2013-2015年太湖水量收支资料、气象观测数据和稳定同位素观测资料,采用稳定同位素质量守恒模型、水量平衡法和Priestley-Taylor模型估算太湖蒸发量,分析太湖蒸发量的季节变化和年际变化特征,并以Priestley-Taylor模型结果为参考值,评价水量平衡法和同位素质量守恒方程的计算精度.结果表明:5-9月太湖蒸发量较高,冬季最低.2013-2015年太湖年总蒸发量分别为1069、894和935 mm,蒸发量的年际变化受到天气条件的影响.2013年12月2014年11月期间,用Priestley-Taylor模型计算的湖泊蒸发量为885 mm;同位素质量守恒模型的估算结果较一致,为893 mm;而水量平衡方程的估算结果明显偏高,为1247 mm.     

蓝藻水华暴发和衰亡对太湖有色可溶性有机物的影响

利用平行因子分析(PARAFAC)技术对藻华暴发季节太湖梅梁湾和开敞区水样中有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)的三维荧光光谱进行分析,获得代表类酪氨酸、类色氨酸和类腐殖酸等3种荧光组分,这3个组分的荧光得分值均与叶绿素a浓度呈极显著正相关,其中类腐殖酸物质荧光得分值占总分值的比例也与叶绿素a浓度极显著正相关,由此可以推测,蓝藻水华可能是太湖CDOM的一个重要来源,并极大地影响了湖泊CDOM的组成结构.为进一步探索蓝藻水华对湖泊CDOM的影响,于太湖梅梁湾湖岸进行藻华暴发和衰亡模拟试验.PARAFAC结果显示,模拟试验水样CDOM的三维荧光图谱同样含有3个组分,其中类酪氨酸和类色氨酸荧光峰位置与湖泊水样基本相同,而类腐殖酸物质荧光峰则有一定程度的蓝移,表明培养试验中有新的内源类腐殖酸物质产生.利用PARAFAC模型中的得分值计算后发现,初始叶绿素a浓度越高,类腐殖酸物质所占比例越大,而实验结束时添加了高浓度和中等浓度藻的2个处理中类腐殖酸物质对荧光的贡献率也有显著提高.因此,藻华的长期暴发可以显著改变湖泊CDOM的组成,导致类腐殖酸物质比例提高.     

波浪作用下太湖底泥试验及航道回淤分析

波浪作用下泥沙的起动和输移研究对航道回淤分析具有重要意义．以往这类研究主要针对海岸地区的非粘性沙,而对于单纯波浪或以波浪为主要动力的粘性泥沙运动,特别是湖区底泥的研究相对较少．本文通过波浪水槽试验对太湖底泥的起动和输移进行了研究,并提出波浪动力下含沙量经验公式,由此对太湖地区某具体工程的航道回淤进行分析计算．该成果对研究波浪作用下淤泥的输移及太湖地区类似的航道回淤问题具有借鉴意义．     

太湖梅梁湾湖区悬浮物动态沉降特征的野外观测

沉降运动是悬浮物主要运动形式之一,是影响营养盐内源释放的主要运动过程,研究悬浮物沉降速度对湖泊富营养化的研究具有重要意义.为了解浅水湖泊悬浮物的沉降特征,以太湖梅梁湾为例,采用声学多普勒流速仪,光学后向散射浊度仪以及风速风向仪在梅梁湾进行了连续9 d的野外观测.采用扩散沉降平衡的方法计算小风速情况下悬浮物的沉降速度,并对沉降速度与垂向流速、风速、悬浮物浓度的关系进行分析.结果表明悬浮物平均沉降速度为0.0785 mm/s,表层垂向流速和悬浮物浓度对悬浮物沉降速度变化起主要作用;而在底层,风速、垂向流速、悬浮物浓度都对悬浮物运动有重要影响,具体表现为风速1.5 m/s时,垂向流速紊动增大,悬浮物因起悬而浓度较大,并且沉降速度波动较大;风速1.5 m/s时,垂向流速基本向下且流速较小,沉降速度也较小.本文揭示了大型浅水湖泊悬浮物的动态沉降特征,为今后太湖污染物的输移、水环境数学模型和湖泊富营养化的深入研究奠定了必要的基础.     

基于水质改善目标的太湖适宜换水周期分析

准确估算换水周期对于研究湖泊水体化学、生物变化以及污染物迁移、扩散、转化有着重要意义,换水周期是湖泊的一个重要环境参数.根据2010年实测水文、气象和环湖水量、水质条件,建立3组情景模式:第1组为实况方案,第2组是环湖水量倍比缩放方案,第3组为望虞河水量倍比缩放方案.采用EcoTaihu模型模拟3组情景模式下太湖及各湖区营养盐状况,并根据实测结果对模型进行校验.模型计算结果表明:在2010年太湖水文、气象条件下,150~160 d换水周期条件下太湖氮、磷浓度最低,即太湖适宜换水周期为150~160 d.     

太湖风生流的三维数值模拟

建立了太湖三维风生流数值模型,并用差分法求解;垂直方向上采用了坐标变换技术,把任一节点的水深转换成无量纲水深,从而有效地消除了因风力作用造成的自由水面波动和湖底不规则的影响;水平面上采用锯齿网格处理,对于四周以闭边界为主的湖泊水域,显得比较合理。计算结果表明,湖泊风生流沿垂直、水平方向都有较大变化,流向上下、水平也并不一致,这是湖泊水流区别于其它水域水流之所在。计算模拟显示所建模型的有效性和可操作性。     

大气-水耦合模式下三维太湖湖流场研究

利用太湖区域的大气边界层三维数值模式和三维水动力学数值模式,采用气-水耦合方法,对太湖的风生流特征进行了深入研究。结果表明,太湖区域大气边界层风场具有明显的时空变化特征,与均匀定常风作用下的太湖流场相比,大气-水耦合模式下太湖流场变化较大,形成稳定湖流场所需的时间也较长。三维模式计算出的流速值明显比二维模式大(表层约大一倍,整层平均约大50％),且与实际观测值符合较好。故即使对于像太湖这样的浅水湖泊,三维水动力学模式的应用仍然是很必要的。模拟结果中还发现湖流的上下流矢有时出现非常大的切变,甚至达到了180°。由于浅水湖中仍存在两个边界层(水-气和水-土),故浅水湖中存在流矢的巨大切变是可能的。     

四种常见湖泊沉积物氮磷通量估算方法对比分析

湖泊沉积物-水界面营养盐释放是研究湖泊环境行为的重点关注对象,但目前对于湖泊通量的估算方法选择缺乏横向定量比较.以南京莫愁湖为研究对象,在冬春夏3季采用静态释放培养法、机械搅拌培养法、流动培养法和间隙水浓度扩散模型法4种常见的湖泊通量培养方法进行氮磷释放对比实验.结果表明,非扩散模型法（静态释放、机械搅拌、流动培养）在冬季存在负通量,随着气温升高,夏季通量估算值为正,且该3种方法通量数值差异不显著.间隙水扩散模型法在三季实验中结果数值无负值,对比非扩散模型组具有显著差异,约低一个数量级.不同方法在培育过程中溶解氧和pH变化差异显著,流动培养法最为稳定.4种方法的通量结果在不同季节变化趋势具有显著相关性,非扩散模型法估算结果作为表观通量值,适用于计算湖泊沉积物营养盐释放总量,其中静态释放法结果稳定性较差,平行组相对标准偏差最高达70%;流动培养法稳定性最好,平行组相对标准偏差最高仅21%.扩散模型法估算结果作为理论释放值,在估算浅水湖泊通量时低于实际释放通量,适于探究深水湖泊沉积物间隙水动态释放过程,有助于分析湖泊沉积物性质.不同培养方法,有其侧重点,根据不同湖泊状况,应选取合适方法进行通量估算.     

1958—2017年太湖蒸发量年际变化趋势及主控因子

湖泊蒸发对气候变化非常敏感, 是水文循环响应气候变化的指示因子, 因此研究湖泊蒸发的控制因素, 对于理解区域水文循环有重要意义. 本文利用太湖中尺度涡度通量网避风港站观测数据校正JRA-55再分析资料, 驱动CLM4.0-LISSS模型, 并利用2012—2017年涡度相关通量数据和湖表面温度数据检验模型模拟蒸发结果, 验证了该模型在太湖的适用性; 估算了1958—2017年间太湖的湖面蒸发量, 并利用Manner-Kendall趋势检验分析了湖面蒸发的变化趋势, 寻找太湖实际蒸发的年际变化的主控因子. 结果如下: 校正后的JRA-55再分析资料模拟的太湖蒸发与观测值之间存在季节偏差, 但是季节偏差在年尺度上相互抵消, 再分析资料可用于年际尺度太湖蒸发变化的模拟; 1958—2017年间太湖蒸发量以1977年为界, 先下降(-3.6 mm/a), 后增加(2.3 mm/a); 多元逐步回归结果表明, 向下的短波辐射是太湖1958—2017年间太湖蒸发变化的主控因子, 向下的长波辐射、气温、比湿也对湖泊蒸发年际变化有一定影响, 但是风速对蒸发量的年际变化影响不大.     

太湖水环境面临的主要问题、研究动态与初步进展

本文对太湖水环境研究作了一个简单的回顾,指出了这几十年工作所取得的成就,如太湖进出污染物调查和水质评估,太湖水体光辐射观测与模拟等,结合国家有关主湖治理措施与方案,提出了“九五”工作应该着重在湖泊生态管理模型,水土界面主蓝藻水华爆发机制等领域,通过对当前国际上在这些领域中研究进展情况的回顾,特别介绍了在湖泊水动力学的观测,解释,模拟和应用方面,在湖泊藻类生长以及水结出现与湖泊光照条件,营养盐水平的     

过去40年太湖剧烈的湖泊物理环境变化及其潜在生态环境意义

过去40年,全球气候变暖、辐射变暗和变亮、风速减弱、气候异常波动等自然环境变化以及筑坝建闸、岸堤硬质化和调水引流等强烈人类活动势必会深刻改变太湖湖泊物理环境和过程,驱动湖泊生态系统演化.基于历史文献、档案数据以及气象水文和透明度等长期观测数据,本文系统梳理了太湖气温、水温、风速、水位和透明度等物理环境空间分布和长期变化特征,探讨了气温和风速、水位和透明度相互协同作用机制及其潜在生态环境意义.受全球变化和城市化等影响,过去40年太湖气温和水温呈现显著升高趋势,而近地面风速则表现为持续下降,湖泊增温和风速下降有利于藻类生长和蓝藻水华漂浮聚集,某种程度上增加了蓝藻水华出现频次和集聚的面积.为防洪和满足流域日益增长的水资源需求,闸坝管控和调水引流使太湖水位呈现缓慢增加趋势,而入湖污染物增加和富营养化则造成水体透明度逐渐下降,致使透明度与水位(水深)的比值明显降低,减少了湖底可利用光强,恶化水下光环境,在一定程度上驱动了太湖水生植被和草型生态系统退化.湖泊物理环境长期变化逐渐拓展了太湖藻型生境空间而压缩了草型生境空间,加剧了草型生态系统向藻型生态系统转化和增强了藻型生态系统的自我长期维持.太湖湖泊物理环境的显著变化也会部分抵消流域营养盐削减和湖体营养盐下降对藻类生物量和蓝藻水华的控制,增加了太湖蓝藻水华防控和湖泊富营养化治理的难度.这意味着未来流域控源截污需要更加严格的标准,而湖泊水位等物理环境的有效管控是应对藻华加剧和恢复草型生态系统的适应性管理策略.     

太湖水质及其保护

Lake Taihu, the third largest fresh water lake in China, with a surface area of 2 338 km², is located in the Changjiang River Delta, the most advanced economic zone in China. During the last two decades, the rapid economic development of local agriculture and industry both in the urban and rural areas of the region has made great advances. Great quantieis of pollutants have been discharged into the lake, its nutrient content has increased continuously, and phytoplankton blooms have occurred in some areas. Water quality protection in Lake Taihu is very important because of its close relation with economical development and people''s daily life. It is urgent to have comprehensive pollution control in Lake Taihu. Based on water quality monitoring data in Lake Taihu from 1987 to 1994, the dynamic variations of water quality and eutrophication trends have been analyzed, showing obvious spatial and temporal variations. The main water quality factors were compared with the standard for drinking water and indicate considerable change with the seasons. Some basic strategies to protect water quality and prevent eutrophication are discussed.     

太湖梅梁湾冬季湖流特征

2003年元月在盛行西北偏北风的情况下,对位于太湖北部的梅梁湾进行了面上湖流调查,发现梅梁湾湾口的湖流较为稳定,以向南流为主,且流速相对较大,最大达8cm/s,梅梁湾西岸有稳定的向北流,而从五里湖口至拖山附近的梅梁湾东线湖水由北向南流动,且在中部附近分为两支,一支向西,再流向北以补偿西岸的向北流,另一支扩散至整个梅梁湾南部,向南流经湾口进入太湖.在梅梁湾东北部,发现有弱辐合中心,该范围内Chl.a和TP、TN的含量明显高于周围水域.从所有点的垂直运动判断,梅梁湾水流以弱上升运动为主,大小为2cm/s以下.从水量平衡分析,以梅梁湾流入太湖为主要特征,水量补给主要来自于北部的五里湖和直湖港及武进港.     

Preliminary study on assessment of nutrient transport in the Taihu Basin based on SWAT modeling

With the Taihu Basin as a study area, using the spatially distributed and mechanism-based SWAT model, preliminary simulations of nutrient transport in the Taihu Basin during the period of 1995-2002 has been carried out. The topography, soil, meteorology and land use with industrial point pollution discharge, the loss of agricultural fertilizers, urban sewerage, and livestock drainages were all considered in the boundary conditions of the simulations. The model was calibrated and validated against water quality monitoring data from 2001 to 2002. The results show that the annual total productions of nitrogen (TN) and phosphorus (TP) into Lake Taihu are 40000t and 2000t respectively. Nutrient from the Huxi Region is a major resource for Lake Taihu. The non-point source (surface source) pollution is the main form of catchment sources of nutrients into Lake Taihu, occupied TN 53% and TP 56% respectively. TN and TP nutrients from industrial point pollution discharge are 30% and 16%, and sewerage in both forms of point source and non-point source are TN 31 % and TP 47%. Both the loss of agricultural fertilizers and livestock drainages from the catchment should be paid more attention as an important nutrient source. The results also show that SWAT is an effective model for the simulation of temporally and spatially nutrient changes and for the assessment of the trends in a catchment scale.     

Preliminary study on assessment of nutrient transport in the Taihu Basin based on SWAT modeling

With the Taihu Basin as a study area, using the spatially distributed and mechanism-based SWAT model, preliminary simulations of nutrient transport in the Taihu Basin during the period of 1995:_2002 has been carried out. The topography, soil, meteorology and land use with industrial point pollution discharge, the loss of agricultural fertilizers, urban sewerage, and livestock drainages were all considered in the boundary conditions of the simulations. The model was calibrated and validated against water quality monitoring data from 2001 to 2002. The results show that the annual total productions of nitrogen (TN) and phosphorus (TP) into Lake Taihu are 40000t and 2000t respectively. Nutrient from the Huxi Region is a major resource for Lake Taihu. The non-point source (surface source) pollution is the main form of catchment sources of nutrients into Lake Taihu, occupied TN 53% and TP 56% respectively. TN and TP nutrients from industrial point pollution discharge are 30% and 16%, and sewerage in both forms of point source and non-point source are TN 31% and TP 47%. Both the loss of agricultural fertilizers and livestock drainages from the catchment should be paid more attention as an important nutrient source. The results also show that SWAT is an effective model for the simulation of temporally and spatially nutrient changes and for the assessment of the trends in a catchment scale.     

大型浅水湖泊沉积成岩模型不确定性与敏感性分析——以氮为例

随着太湖流域控源截污和面源整治的推行,底泥释放成为太湖不可忽视的污染源.本文基于EFDC模型构建太湖沉积成岩模型以动态模拟底泥释放过程,以氨氮和硝态氮为水质目标,采用拉丁超立方抽样抽取沉积成岩模型的18个参数进行不确定性分析,采用标准秩逐步回归法进行敏感性分析.结果表明：对于大型浅水湖泊,沉积物-水界面的硝化作用、反硝化作用和扩散过程对底泥氮的释放影响很大,太湖氮浓度的不确定性有明显的时空差异,并且受藻类生长影响;随藻类生长生化反应参数的敏感性逐渐减弱,动力参数的敏感性逐渐增强,氨氮的主要敏感参数为孔隙水扩散系数和最优硝化反应速率,贡献率分别是41.68%和37.82%,硝态氮的主要敏感参数为孔隙水扩散系数和表层反硝化作用反应速率,贡献率分别是29.15%和42.34%,这些参数的取值需予以着重考虑.本研究识别出太湖底泥氮释放的关键物化过程,为模型调参提供优先级并给出优化区间,对减小模型的不确定性、提高模型精度有参考意义,为定性指导大型浅水湖泊底泥释放的室内实验模拟提供依据.     

Variation characteristics of heavy metals and nutrients in the core sediments of Taihu Lake and their pollution history

The sedimentary environment change, trophic evolution and heavy metals pollution history of the northern Taihu Lake in the last 100 years are studied according to the sedimentary geo-chemical proxies of the core sediments, such as grain size, nutrients, heavy metals, diatom, etc. The nutrients in the sediments depended mainly on the lake internal circulation and the heavy metals were from natural geogenic sources before the 1920s, which were not influenced by human activities generally, and grain size was one of the key factors influencing heavy metals content in the sediments. The alternation of manner and strength of human activities in Taihu Lake catchment before and after the 1920s made the lake sediments coarser, and hence heavy metals and TP content decreased contrasted with that before the 1920s. TP content in sediments and water increased from the 1950s to late 1970s due to anthropogenic pollutants discharge, and the lake belonging to mesotrophic state. TN and TOC content and C/N ratio increased due to the increasing external pollutants into Taihu Lake by human activities, TP content also increased obviously in water and sediments, and the diatom association was dominated by eutrophic species since the late 1970s, indicating the eutrophication state of Taihu Lake in this period. Meanwhile the increasing in heavy metals content, such as Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn, and their proportion of valid fractions in the sediments indicates that they all result from human pollutants since the late 1970s. The heavy metals in the surface sediments have certain potential biological toxicity due to the higher SEM/AVS ratio.     

太湖湖区有机物流失模拟

研究了１９９２－１９９４年女山湖大面积围栏养蟹利用与保护沉水植物资源的效果结果表明：围栏内河蟹的食物组成中,主要有菹草、苦草、金鱼藻、马来眼子菜、黄丝草和黑藻等沉水植物．其中菹草、黑藻的出现频率和概念生物量,分别在４、６、７、８和９月为最高;围栏内沉水植物的种类和生物量的变化与河蟹的放养密度关系密切,当河蟹的放养密度不超过３０只·ｈｍ~（－２）时,围栏内沉水植物的生物量与对照组均有明显的增加趋势,由此可证,女山湖大面积的围栏养蟹和适宜的放养密度,有效地利用和保护了围栏区内的沉水植物资源