模具钢表面盐浴渗钛层的制备及性能研究

采用盐浴法在Cr12Mo V冷作模具钢表面进行渗钛处理,研究了不同温度和时间对渗层厚度的影响。通过金相显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度测试仪和旋转摩擦试验仪分析了渗层的显微形貌、相结构、表断面硬度和耐磨性能。结果表明:通过配方优选,在适宜的渗入温度(1000℃)和时间(6h)下,可在模具钢表面形成致密、厚度约13μm的渗钛层,相组成主要为Ti C,渗层具有较高的表面硬度(约2789HV0.3)。室温干摩擦试验表明,与基体相比,相渗层试样的磨损量降低约17倍,平均摩擦系数为0.4054,仅为基体的70.6%,说明模具钢盐浴渗钛处理后具有较佳的耐磨减摩性能。     

Ti2AlNb基合金等离子表面渗铬层组织结构对耐磨性能的影响

低硬度和较差的耐磨性制约了钛铝基合金在航空领域的应用。为了提高Ti2AlNb合金的表面硬度和耐磨性,采用双层辉光等离子表面合金化技术对Ti2AlNb合金表面进行渗Cr处理,并对其微观组织、扩散特性及显微硬度和耐磨性进行了分析测试。结果表明：经等离子渗铬处理后,可获得约25μm的合金层;渗层中Cr含量随渗层深度有显著变化且在高温条件下因各原子扩散能力的差异,以基体中Al和Nb量的变化为主,在渗层的不同区域形成不同的相,表层以含Cr2Nb的Laves相和Al8Cr5相为主,而在渗层和基体的交界处形成新的无序O相（Ti25.36Al18.44Nb）;渗层硬度值由外层的HV1125逐渐过渡到基体的HV432,渗层与基体的界面处由于无序O相的析出而硬度最低。渗Cr处理将合金的摩擦因数由原来的0.24降低到0.15,磨损率降低了60%以上。     

纯钛表面渗铌合金层的血液相容性和耐腐蚀性

采用双层辉光等离子渗金属技术在纯钛表面渗入铌元素形成了钛-铌合金层,采用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪分析了合金层的截面形貌和物相组成;通过动态凝血时间和阳极极化曲线的测试,比较了纯钛渗铌前后的血液相容性和耐腐蚀性。结果表明:纯钛表面经过渗铌处理后,形成了梯度分布、致密且与基体牢固结合的钛-铌合金层;由于该合金层与纯钛相比,其抗凝血时间延长、自腐蚀电位升高、自腐蚀电流密度减小,从而显著提高了纯钛表面的血液相容性和耐腐蚀性。     

高频感应加热膏剂法制备渗铬层的组织与性能

利用高频感应加热膏剂法在Ti6Al4V合金表面制备了渗铬层,对渗铬层的厚度、显微组织、化学成分、硬度、结合强度以及摩擦学性能进行了研究。结果表明:渗铬层厚度可达25μm以上;渗铬后在合金表面形成了由α+β、CrVO3、(Ti0.88Cr0.12)2O3和TiN相组成的渗铬层;渗铬层的化学成分呈梯度分布,距渗铬层表面25μm处的硬度可达850HV,渗铬层与基体实现了冶金结合,明显提高了基体的摩擦学性能。     

钛合金双层辉光等离子体渗钽工艺的研究

利用双层辉光等离子渗金属技术,以纯钽作为源极,氩气为工作气体,利用不等电位空心阴极效应,在钛合金表面进行渗钽试验研究。用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）观察分析了钛钽合金渗层的截面形貌。用显微硬度仪测量渗层的显微硬度。结果表明,在Ti6A14V合金基材表面成功形成钛钽合金扩散层约为10μm厚。表面显微硬度值达到530HV。工艺参数对渗钽层的厚度有较大影响,渗钽最佳工艺参数范围为工件电压550～600V,源极电压850～900V,极间距15～40mm,温度800～900℃。     

钼基高温合金表面包埋渗法制备渗铝层的组织与性能

采用包埋渗法在TZM钼基高温合金表面制备抗氧化的渗铝层,渗铝温度为1 050℃,渗铝时间为12 h;采用SEM、EDS和XRD等分析了渗层的显微组织、物相组成和元素分布等,并对渗层的硬度和抗高温氧化性能进行了研究。结果表明:渗层的相组成为Al_5Mo、Al_3Mo和Al_4Mo;渗层均匀致密,厚度达到130μm,具有双层结构,与基体形成了冶金结合;渗层表面呈颗粒状,其显微硬度达到了8 000 MPa;在800℃×80 h高温氧化下包埋渗铝层具有较好的抗氧化性能。     

TC4固态渗碳化硼的试验研究

为改善钛及钛合金的表面性能,对TC4在不同温度条件下固态渗碳化硼后的渗层显微组织及硬度等情况进行了试验研究。结果表明,渗层表面为致密分布的化合物层,而在基体内部则形成沿晶界分布的板条状或等轴状的颗粒扩散层;表面渗碳化硼处理可以显著提高TC4的表面硬度,而且由表及里具有良好的硬度梯度;断口形貌分析发现材料由韧性断裂转变成脆性断裂。该工艺设备简单、操作方便、效率高、成本低。     

TC4固态渗碳化硼的试验研究

为改善钛及钛合金的表面性能,对TC4在不同温度条件下固态渗碳化硼后的渗层显微组织及硬度等情况进行了试验研究。结果表明,渗层在表面为致密分布的化合物层,而在基体内部则形成沿晶界分布的板条状或等轴状的颗粒扩散层;表面碳化硼处理可以显著提高TC4的表面硬度,而且由表及里具有良好的硬度梯度;断口形貌分析发现材料由韧性断裂转变成脆性断裂。     

ZG45铸钢表面Ni/ZrO_2复合铸渗层的组织与耐磨性能

采用负压铸渗技术在ZG45铸钢表面制备了Ni/ZrO_2复合铸渗层,并对其显微组织、硬度以及常温摩擦学性能进行了研究。结果表明:铸渗层的主要相组成为ZrO_2,Cr_2B,NiB化合物和Fe(Ni)固溶体相;其表面硬度可达60～64 HRC,显微硬度由铸渗层表面至基体呈梯度变化,最大硬度在铸渗层的次表层,最大值为8.5GPa;在100 N和250 N载荷下基体的磨损率分别是铸渗层的22.6倍和21.9倍。     

铜表面激光熔覆镍基合金的显微组织与硬度

用超音速火焰喷涂方法在铜基体表面预置一层镍基合金涂层后,再用高功率密度的激光进行熔覆;用OM、SEM、XRD、显微硬度计对熔覆层进行了表征.结果表明:熔覆层组织致密、无裂纹,气孔、夹杂等缺陷明显减少;在熔覆层底部形成了高熔点、高密度钨相带,其显微硬度明显升高;熔覆层与基体的界面处有铜、镍互渗的冶金结合层形成,其厚度约为13μm;熔覆层的显微硬度是铜基体硬度的8倍以上.     

钛合金微弧氧化层的摩擦学性能研究

利用微弧氧化技术在Ti6Al4V合金表面制备了富含钙、磷的多孔氧化陶瓷层,研究了微弧氧化层表面形貌、组成及摩擦学性能。研究结果表明,随着电压的升高,氧化层表面微孔孔径、粗糙度和Ca、P元素含量增大,显微硬度增大。25%小牛血清润滑条件下的微弧氧化层与ZrO2陶瓷球的摩擦学实验表明,微弧氧化层的摩擦因数高于Ti6Al4V钛合金,但磨损率明显降低,表明微弧氧化Ti6Al4V合金具有良好的耐磨性能。     

激光熔覆原位自生Ti-Al-Si复合涂层的微观组织和高温抗氧化性能

为提高钛合金的高温抗氧化性能,采用激光熔覆原位自生技术,在TC4钛合金表面自行设计并制备了原子百分比为Ti∶Al∶Si=41∶41∶18和Ti∶Al∶Si=35∶35∶30的两种涂层。通过XRD、OM、SEM表征了涂层的微观组织和物相组成;借助管式电阻炉测试了涂层和基体试样在800℃×24h×5次循环氧化条件下的高温抗氧化性能;结合氧化增重和氧化动力学曲线分析了涂层的高温抗氧化机理。结果表明,涂层主要由Ti5Si3、Ti7Al5Si12、Ti3Al、TiAl和TiAl3等物相组成。涂层中没有出现一般激光熔覆所产生的外延生长柱状晶组织,全部为细小等轴晶。在800℃×24h×5次循环氧化条件下,TC4基材单位面积的氧化增重约为35.1mg·cm-2,涂层的约为2.8mg·cm-2和3.3mg·cm-2。两种涂层的高温抗氧化性能较钛合金基材分别提高了12.5倍和10.6倍。激光熔覆原位自生Ti-Al-Si复合涂层能明显改善TC4钛合金的高温抗氧化性能。涂层抗氧化性改善的机理,一方面是表面生成了连续致密的TiO2、Al2O3、SiO2氧化层,阻碍了氧扩散;另一方面是提高了氧化层的黏附性,使氧化层不易从涂层表面剥落,对涂层未氧化部分起到了很好的保护作用。     

Backscattered electron imaging and electron backscattered diffraction in the study of bacterial attachment to titanium alloy structure

The application of secondary electron (SE) imaging, backscattered electron imaging (BSE) and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) was investigated in this work to study the bacterial adhesion and proliferation on a commercially pure titanium (cp Ti) and a Ti6Al4V alloy (Ti 64) with respect to substrate microstructure and chemical composition. Adherence of Gram‐positive Staphylococcus epidermidis 11047 and Streptococcus sanguinis GW2, and Gram‐negative Serratia sp. NCIMB 40259 and Escherichia coli 10418 was compared on cp Ti, Ti 64, pure aluminium (Al) and vanadium (V). The substrate microstructure and the bacterial distribution on these metals were characterised using SE, BSE and EBSD imaging. It was observed that titanium alloy‐phase structure, grain boundaries and grain orientation did not influence bacterial adherence or proliferation at microscale. Adherence of all four strains was similar on cp Ti and Ti 64 surfaces whilst inhibited on pure Al. This work establishes a nondestructive and straight‐forward statistical method to analyse the relationship between microbial distribution and metal alloy structure.     

Fretting wear behavior of nitrogen ion implanted titanium alloys in bovine serum lubrication

Nitrogen ion implantation was performed on biomedical titanium alloys by using of the PBII technology to improve the surface mechanical properties for the application of artificial joints. The titanium nitride phase was characterized with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The nanohardness of the titanium alloys and implanted samples were measured by using of in-situ nano-mechanical testing system (TriboIndenter). Then, the fretting wear of nitrogen ion implanted titanium alloys was done on the universal multifunctional tester (UMT) with ball-on-flat fretting style in bovine serum lubrication. The fretting wear mechanism was investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and 3D surface profiler. The XPS analysis results indicate that nitrogen diffuses into the titanium alloy and forms a hard TiN layer on the Ti6Al4V alloys. The nanohardness increases from 6.40 to 7.7 GPa at the normal load of 2 mN, which reveals that nitrogen ion implantation is an effective way to enhance the surface hardness of Ti6Al4V. The coefficients of friction for Ti6Al4V alloy in bovine serum are obviously lower than that in dry friction, but the coefficients of friction for nitrogen ion implanted Ti6Al4V alloy in bovine serum are higher than that in dry friction. Fatigue wear controls the fretting failure mechanism of nitrogen ion implanted Ti6Al4V alloy fretting in bovine serum. The testing results in this paper prove that nitrogen ion implantation can effectively increase the fretting wear resistance for Ti6Al4V alloy in dry friction, and has a considerable improvement for Ti6Al4V alloy in bovine serum lubrication.     

预应力切削钛合金的有限元分析

为揭示预应力切削对钛合金Ti6Al4V加工表面残余应力的调整机理,探讨切削时锯齿形切屑的形成过程,基于预应力切削原理建立了钛合金的预应力切削有限元模型,模拟了0、280 MPa和560 MPa这3种预应力下的锯齿形切屑形成过程以及已加工表面的残余应力分布。结果表明:采用预应力切削方法可以调整钛合金已加工表面的残余应力状态;预应力对锯齿形切屑的形成过程和切屑特征无明显影响;在材料弹性极限内施加越大的预应力,表面层残余压应力效果越显著,次表层最大残余压应力值越高,残余压应力层分布也越深。     

A study on the influence of laser power on microstructural evolution and tribological functionality of metallic coatings deposited on Ti-6Al-4V alloy

Metallic Ti–Co binary coatings were fabricated on titanium alloy (Ti–6Al–4V) substrate by laser surface cladding technique using a continuous wave RofinSinar 4 kW Nd: YAG laser. The influence of laser power on microstructure, hardness and tribological performance of Ti–Co laser clad coatings on titanium alloy (Ti–6Al–4V) was examined. Laser powers of 750 and 900 W were varied with constant scan speed of 1.2 m/min. A beam size of 3 mm and argon shield gas flow rate of 1.2 L/min were set as the operating laser parameters. Phase identification and morphological studies of the coatings were carried out using X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Based on the results of laser process optimisation, it was observed that both laser powers produced clad coatings with good metallurgical bond with no cracks or pores in the coatings. With respect to the substrate (Ti–6Al–4V), the microstructure, hardness and friction/wear behaviour of Ti–Co coatings on Ti–6Al–4V substrate were enhanced obviously.     

热处理条件下激光原位合成高铌Ti-Al金属间化合物复合涂层的微结构特征

为了提高钛合金的高温抗氧化性能,推动钛合金在高温和复杂工况环境下的进一步工程应用,利用高能激光束作用下Ti、Al、Nb三种元素混合粉末之间的原位反应在BT3-1钛合金表面制备了高温抗氧化的高铌Ti-Al金属间化合物复合涂层。针对原位反应所制备涂层存在的缺陷,通过自行设计的热处理工艺优化了涂层和界面微观组织。借助光学显微镜(OM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)分析了热处理前后复合涂层的物相结构及显微形貌。结果表明:热处理前的涂层主要由单质Nb、金属间化合物γ-TiAl、α_2-Ti_3Al、Ti_3Al_2等物相组成;热处理后的复合涂层,单质Nb固溶到γ-TiAl和α_2-Ti_3Al中,同时形成了新相Ti_3AlNb_(0.3),涂层近似为γ-TiAl+α_2-Ti_3Al双相层片状等轴晶组织。此外,涂层中并未观察到减弱抗氧化性的单质Nb颗粒和Ti_3Al_2相,Ti、Al、Nb的宏观偏析得以消除,涂层与基材界面位置的气孔和裂纹均以消失,出现了明显的白亮带冶金结合过渡层,涂层组织也更加均匀致密。热处理对提高钛合金表面Nb的合金化程度和改善Ti-Al金属间化合物的高温抗氧化性能起到了显著的促进作用。     

Torsional fretting wear of a biomedical Ti6Al7Nb alloy for nitrogen ion implantation in bovine serum

Ti6Al7Nb is a high-strength titanium alloy used in replacement hip joints that possesses the excellent biocompatibility necessary for surgical implants. Ti6Al7Nb treated with nitrogen gas (N₂) plasma immersion ion implantation–deposition (PIII–D) was investigated. Torsional fretting wear tests of untreated and nitrogen-ion-implanted Ti6Al7Nb alloys against a Zr₂O ball (diameter 25.2 mm) were carried out under simulated physiological conditions (serum solution) in a torsional fretting wear test rig. Based on the analyses of the frictional kinetics behavior, the observation of 3D profiles, SEM morphologies and surface composition analyses, the damage characteristics of the surface modification layer and its substrate are discussed in detail. The influence of nitrogen ion density on the implantation and torsional angular displacement amplitudes were investigated. The results indicated that ion implantation layering can improve resistance to torsional fretting wear and thus has wide potential application for the prevention of torsional fretting damage in artificial implants. The damage mechanism prevented by the ion implantation layer on the Ti6Al7Nb alloy is a combination of oxidative wear, delamination and abrasive wear. An increase in ion implantation concentration inhibited detachment by delamination.