青藏高原的兰科植物

一、兰科植物在青藏高原的种子植物中是大科之一,共有99属,474种及9变种.属占我国国产属总数的61.5%,地生型54属,附生型37属,腐生型8属.种数占我国国产种总数的46.5%,属中含超过20种的属有:虾脊兰属、羊耳蒜属、杓兰属、舌唇兰属、玉凤花属和石豆兰属,含10-20种的属有石斛属、毛兰属、角盘兰属、无柱兰属、阔蕊兰属、红门兰属、贝母兰属和对叶兰属,而仅含1种的属有43属,含2种的属有15属.兰科植物在本地区的分布是以横断山     

兰属、兜兰属、石斛属植物叶片的扫描电镜观察

对兰科植物的兰属、兜兰属及石斛属１６个种折叶片及其横断面进行了扫描电镜的观察。兰属各种叶片上表皮细胞均为矩形,上表皮细胞表面具小乳突或不明显突起。石斛属及兜兰属的各个种上下表皮细胞均为多边形,但石斛属表皮细胞表面无坦无纹饰,而兜兰属花叶类上表皮细胞表面明显呈乳突状,绿叶类呈龟背状隆起。兰属及石斛属叶片叶肉组织没有栅栏组织及海绵组织的分化,而兜兰属的绿叶类叶肉不分化;花叶类叶肉有分化。     

手参属花粉形态及其分类学意义

首次报道了兰科的手参属Gymnadenia国产5种植物花粉形态的研究结果,并与邻近的兜被兰属 Neottianthem 花粉进行了对比研究。前者花粉小块形状大多不规则,少数为三棱锥体形;而后者花粉小块大多形状为三棱锥体形,少数形状不规则。手参属花粉外壁表面具很细微的小穿孔、皱波状,小穴和小穿孔与沟渠状纹饰共存,或沟渠状等;而兜被兰属外壁表面纹饰明显,具有5种类型： (1)小穿孔,(2)表面近光滑,(3)沟渠状,(4)拟网状,(5)典型的网状纹饰。手参属花粉表面具粘丝,而兜被兰属花粉表面没有发现粘丝。此外,本文还探讨了手参属和兜被兰属两属花粉在分类学上的意义。     

中国兜蕊兰属植物的研究

兜蕊兰属是一个仅６种的属,分布于克什米尔地区、喜马拉雅、中国和日本。本文从其分类和植物地理的研究和修订,此属在我国现知产５种,包括一个新种和一个新组合种,其中３种特产于我国,文中有国产５种的分种检索表和每个种的异名和地理分布。     

中国兜被兰属植物叶表皮微形态特征的研究

利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察了中国兜被兰属１２种植物叶表皮的微形态特征,结果表明：该属植物成熟叶片的上下表皮均具角质层,其表面纹饰有直线形、浅波形、深波形和网状４种类型;有的种表皮细胞垂周壁明显凸起;气孔不具副卫细胞,仅分布在叶片下表面,气孔的外拱盖单层,表面光滑。这些特征在属级水平上较为一致,但也表现出种间差异,可以作为种间分类的辅助特征     

广西兰科植物新记录属——锚柱兰属

报道了广西兰科植物一新记录属:锚柱兰属(Didymoplexiella Garay)。该属植物为具肉质块茎的腐生草本,其体态近似于双唇兰属(Didymoplexis Griff.),但因前者的蕊柱上端扩大而具一对镰刀状的长翅,蕊柱足极不明显而相区别。该属植物在中国仅1种,即锚柱兰(Didymoplexiella siamensis),原记载分布仅台湾和海南,在广西十万大山的发现揭示了中国大陆与附近岛屿植物区系的紧密联系。文中还描述了锚柱兰的分类学特征,并提供彩色图版以资识别。     

多根兰,中国云南兰科一新种

20 0 2年的7月下旬,我们在云南省东南部的文山地区,采集到一些植物活标本。此种植物无绿叶,在直立的花葶上具多枚鞘,清除地面泥土后,发现其多节、分枝的根状茎上生长许多横向的根,根具浓密的毛。初时我们以为是无叶兰属Aphyllorchis的植物,但其花的结构却与兰属Cymbidium植物的     

石豆兰属植物化学成分及药理活性研究进展

石豆兰属植物由于近年来同科石斛属植物的过度采挖,而作为名贵中药石斛类药材使用。为了解其化学成分及能否替代石斛,对石豆兰属植物的化学成分及药理活性研究进展进行了综述。研究表明,从石豆兰属植物一共分得化合物60多个,包括菲类、联苄、苯丙素、黄酮、甾体和挥发性成分等结构类型。药理实验表明．广东石豆兰具有抗肿瘤作用。开展国产石豆兰属植物的研究,对发现新的药用活性成分及资源保护有重要意义。     

中国兰科一新记录属──指柱兰属

报道了中国兰科植物一个分布新记录的属－指柱兰属和该属一新记录的种－指柱兰。     

贵州兰属植物资源

贵州省地处中国西南部云贵高原的斜坡地带,地形变异复杂,生境多样,植物资源丰富。据初步调查,贵州产兰属(Cymbidium)植物20种、9变种,是中国兰属植物资源最丰富的省区之一,种数仅次于云南省,居第二位。 贵州所产的兰属植物种类有:     

朱鹮随机微卫星扩增多态DNA（RMAPD）研究

首次利用RMAPD标记对43只洋县人工饲养朱鹮群体的遗传多态性进行了分析。结果表明,RMAPD技术的稳定性与多态性比RAPD高。12对引物共扩增出2147条带纹,93条具有多态性。朱鹮的条带共享率为0.718,遗传多样性指数为3.664,反映群体内个体间相似程度较高,遗传多态性较低,需要加强对朱鹮的遗传多样性保护。     

兰属Cymbidium植物ISSR遗传多样性分析

将简单重复序列区间扩增多态标记(inter-simple sequence repeats, ISSR)技术应用于16种兰属的遗传多样性分析, 15个引物共扩增出836条带, 其中有227条多态带, 多态百分比为27.2%。UPGMA聚类结果显示: 春兰与春剑的亲缘关系最近, 而兔耳兰与其他15种兰属植物的距离最远。ISSR聚类结果与传统分类结果基本相似, 表明该技术能在分子水平上对传统兰属分类进行必要补充。     

漆树品种的AFLP分析及评价(简报)

漆树(Toxicodendron vernicifluum(stokes)F.A.Barkley)隶属于漆树科(Anacardiaceae)漆树属(Tox- icodendron)的落叶乔木,是我国重要的特用经济林木。漆树栽培与生漆使用在我国已有几千年的历史,在长期栽培过程中形成了许多农家品种,它们具有一定的形态特点,适应一定的生长环境,并具有产漆量高、生漆品质好等特性。     

Genetic diversity of wild Cymbidium goeringii (Orchidaceae) populations from Hubei based on Inter-simple sequence repeats analysis

Cymbidium goeringii is a diploid and nonrewarding,bumblebee-pollinated species,which is distributed in China,Japan and Korea Peninsula.This species is now highly endangered due to the mass collection and forest clearance in China.In the present study,we investigated the distribution of genetic variation within and between eleven populations of Cymbidium goeringii in central China by using Inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers.Eleven primers produced a total of 127 clear and reproducible bands of which 112 were polymorphic.High genetic diversity was detected in Cymbidium goeringii for both population level (P = 63.1%;He = 0.194 5) and species level (P = 88.2%;He = 0.262 8).A higher level of genetic differentiation was detected among populations (GST = 0.244 0,FST = 0.220 7)with Nei's Gsr analysis and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA),and no correlation was found between geographical and genetic distance.Genetic drift rather than gene flow played an important role in forming the present population structure of Cymbidium goeringii.Limited gene flow among populations and gene drift increase the extinction risk of local populations.Some conservation concerns are therefore discussed together with possible strategies for implementing in situ and ex situ conservation.     

Single primer amplification reaction (SPAR) reveals inter- and intra-specific natural genetic variation in five species of Cymbidium (Orchidaceae)

A total of 53 primers belonging to three SPAR methods, viz. RAPD, ISSR and DAMD, collectively produced 456 polymorphic amplicons with 96.6% polymorphism at inter-specific level in five species of Cymbidium, viz. C. aloifolium, C. mastersii, C. elegans, C. eburneum and C. tigrinum, whereas at intra-specific level, the observed polymorphism ranged from 51.2% to 77.1% among them. Three SPARs collectively revealed 25 unique species-specific amplicons; most of them were amplified with RAPD and DAMD primers besides few bands which were either missed (absent) or lost (heterozygosity). UPGMA clustering evidently distinguished the representatives of C. aloifolium and C. tigrinum, with distinct genetic distance, which may be due to their entirely different habitats as well as discrete morphological characteristics. Upon analysis of the data generated, all the three SPAR methods, either independently and/or in combination, revealed wide range of genetic variation between and within five species of Cymbidium. Comparison of matrix of individual SPAR method revealed that analysis of natural genetic variation using combination of SPAR methods, rather than an isolated approach, is highly effective. The critical analyses of the amplicon data are indicative of DAMD as the most powerful SPAR method by showing highest resolving power (Rp) followed by ISSR and RAPD. Alternatively, the total polymorphic information content was highest in case of RAPD followed by other two SPAR methods. Thus, the present investigation for the first time provides a valuable baseline data for genetic variation at inter- and intra-specific levels in horticultural Cymbidiums and also addresses conservation concerns.     

华北地区油松种群遗传多样性分析

用酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶（APAGE）技术分析了华北地区5个油松种群在醇溶蛋白水平上的遗传多样性。95份材料分离出12条带,其中11条具有多态性,得到23种不同的带型。种群多态位点比例在16.67%～66.67%之间。Shannon信息指数和Nei’s指数的统计结果表明：关帝山油松种群的遗传多样性高于其它种群;华北地区油松种内遗传多样性为0.248 9;种群内的遗传多样性为0.150 7,占总变异的60.55%;种群间的遗传多样性为0.098 2,占总变异的 39.45%。     

蕙兰SSR引物开发及渝贵川地区兰属遗传多样性研究

采用磁珠富集法对野生蕙兰DNA进行SSR引物开发,并以开发出的多态性引物为研究工具,选取来自渝、贵、川3省(市)的9个野生兰属居群为研究对象,探讨遗传多样性与其地理位置分布的关系,从而在分子水平上为如何保护兰属植物提供有利参考。结果显示:8对SSR引物共扩增出53个等位基因,平均每个位点的等位基因为6.6250个,平均多态性位点百分率为98.6%。兰属植株个体间存在交配不平衡现象,Nei′s多样性指数范围为0.3158~0.8661,Shannon信息多样性指数变化范围为0.8833~1.3557。重庆黔江野生兰属居群的遗传多样性最高,79.97%的遗传分化存在于居群内,20.03%的遗传分化存在于居群间,居群内的变异高于居群间,基因流Nm<1,遗传漂变在兰属的遗传分化中起一定的作用。通过比较居群间遗传聚类结果与兰属植株采集地理位置的关系,发现野生兰花居群的划分在分子遗传学水平受其地理因素的影响较大。     

Development and characterisation of microsatellite markers for <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cordia verbenacea</Emphasis> (Boraginaceae), an important medicinal species from the Brazilian coast

Cordia verbenacea DC (Boraginaceae) is a Brazilian coastal shrub species extensively utilized in the folk medicine and also by the pharmaceutical industry. Despite its enormous economic and pharmacological potential, little is known about its reproductive biology, genetic structure and genetic diversity of natural populations. Due to the rapid degradation of its natural habitat, this knowledge became imperative. We developed a set of eight highly polymorphic microsatellite markers for the study of genetic structure and diversity of C. verbenacea natural populations and germplasm collections. Six of them revealed a multibanded pattern typical of polyploid species. The total number of bands per locus ranged from 2 to 12 and the number of bands per locus per individual ranged from 1 to 8. The primer pairs presented here will be used to generate information to guide conservation programs and rational exploitation of C. verbenacea.     

利用SRAP标记分析河南小麦栽培品种的遗传多样性

利用小麦SRAP标记对22个河南省小麦品种进行了遗传多样性分析,10对引物组合扩增获得169个条带,其中70个条带具有多态性,多态条带百分率为41．42％,每对引物平均产生7个多态性条带。22个供试材料的带型按照条带的有、无分别记录为1、0后,采用Nei72方法计算不同品种的遗传距离,利用NTSYS软件进行非加权组法（UPGMA）聚类分析。结果表明SRAP标记技术能较真实地反映小麦品种间的亲缘关系,可以用于小麦品种遗传多样性研究。     

利用SRAP标记分析河南小麦栽培品种的遗传多样性

利用小麦SRAP标记对22个河南省小麦品种进行了遗传多样性分析,10对引物组合扩增获得169个条带,其中70个条带具有多态性,多态条带百分率为41.42％,每对引物平均产生7个多态性条带。22个供试材料的带型按照条带的有,无分别记录为1,0后,采用Nei 72方法计算不同品种的遗传距离,利用NTSYS软件进行非加权成组法（UPGMA）进行了聚类分析。结果表明SRAP标记技术能较真实地反映小麦品种间的亲缘关系,可以用于小麦品种遗传多样性的研究。