吡虫啉驱避作用的再测

吡虫啉(imidacloprld)因超高效、低毒、对人畜和环境安全而成为美国当前防治白蚁的主要药剂。据谢心宏等报道，吡虫啉对白蚁无驱避作用。但据卢川川等报道，吡虫啉对家白蚁有驱避作用。为确证吡虫啉有无驱避性，再作本试验。用吡虫啉的药砂和干净的河砂(对照)放于同一培养皿中让白蚁选择爬行和栖息，以及药液浸木块让白蚁取食，试验结果：当把凉干的浸药杉木放入装有200头白蚁、底铺湿砂的水果罐头瓶中，白蚁立即爬到木块上布满了表面，药后4d白蚁大量死亡；在0．1％药砂上24h死亡率达100％。说明吡虫啉对家白蚁无驱避作用，适合应用推广。     

鸡粪沼液“新壮态”对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的防控效果

为明确鸡粪沼液"新壮态"对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的防控效果,于室内测定了其对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊卵和不同龄期幼虫的毒力,研究了其对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊雌成虫产卵和幼虫取食的驱避效果,并进行了田间药效试验。结果表明,"新壮态"0倍稀释液对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊卵有杀灭作用,死亡率达54.76%;对2~4龄幼虫均无直接毒杀作用;对雌成虫产卵和幼虫取食均有明显的驱避活性,对雌成虫产卵驱避率为74.75%,处理5 min后对幼虫的选择性和非选择性驱避率分别为78.62%和45.60%。田间药效试验表明,鸡粪沼液"新壮态"对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊有一定的控制作用,并明显增加韭菜产量。     

桉叶提取物对小菜蛾的产卵驱避活性研究

研究了6种桉叶乙醇提取物和乙醇提取物的不同萃取部分对小菜蛾的产卵驱避活性。结果表明：在选择性试验中巨尾桉和柠檬桉的乙醇提取物对小菜蛾具有较强的驱避作用,驱避效果在60％以上,干扰控制指数均低于0．25;非选择性试验中巨尾桉乙醇提取物对小菜蛾具有较强的驱避作用,驱避效果达80．33％,干扰控制指数低于0．2。用4种不同的...     

木腐菌对台湾乳白蚁取食偏好性的影响

本文测定了经红芝、紫芝、茯苓、黄孢原毛平革菌和密褐褶孔菌5种木腐菌腐蚀的马尾松木屑对台湾乳白蚁行为和取食反应的影响。在双重选择性试验中,与未经木腐菌腐蚀的马尾松木屑相比,台湾乳白蚁嗜好聚集和取食木腐菌腐蚀过的马尾松木屑。在多重选择性试验中,结果显示台湾乳白蚁偏好取食经茯苓、红芝或密褐褶孔菌腐蚀过的马尾松木屑。     

抗生素对家白蚁的毒效试验

本研究收集了北京、上海等地的近四十种抗生素对家白蚁(Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki)进行毒效试验。室内初步筛选表明,杀蚜素、井冈霉素、庆丰霉素、BO—10、灭瘟素以及春雷霉素对家白蚁具毒杀作用,其中以杀蚜素、井冈霉素和庆丰霉素的毒性较大。进一步的室内试验中发现,杀蚜素对家白蚁触杀快,驱避作用大;井冈霉素、庆丰霉素对家白蚁的触杀作用不明显,驱避作用较小。以滤纸作毒饵,比较井冈霉素、庆丰霉素两者的毒力,井冈霉素对家白蚁工蚁的致死中浓度(LC50)为58ppm;庆丰霉素为100ppm,井冈霉素对家白蚁工蚁的毒力是庆丰霉素的1.7倍。     

噻虫胺、甲氰菊酯药土处理对台湾乳白蚁的驱避效果

在室内采用毒沙药膜法和毒土柱屏障法测定了噻虫胺、甲氰菊酯对台湾乳白蚁Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki的触杀和驱避药效。结果表明,噻虫胺、甲氰菊酯毒沙药膜对台湾乳白蚁的LC50分别为3.01mg a.i.L-1和9.43 mg a.i.L-1。噻虫胺在低于4.5 mg a.i.kg-1的药土浓度下对台湾乳白蚁无明显驱避性,处理土壤有效阻杀台湾乳白蚁的浓度为5.37 mg a.i.kg-1;甲氰菊酯药土在低于20.0 mg a.i.kg-1的浓度下对台湾乳白蚁无明显驱避性或驱避性不明显,处理土壤有效驱避台湾乳白蚁的浓度为40.0 mg a.i.kg-1以上,表明噻虫胺是一种值得进一步研究的白蚁防治药剂。     

卵表化合物对桔小实蝇产卵行为的影响

多种实蝇科害虫产卵后可释放寄主标记信息素来表明寄主果实已经被占据,从而调节自身或同种个体间的对寄主果实的产卵选择行为。为探明桔小实蝇卵表化合物的寄主标记作用,本文测定了桔小实蝇卵表甲醇提取物对桔小实蝇的产卵驱避活性,并观察了甲醇提取物处理对桔小实蝇产卵行为过程的影响。结果表明:桔小实蝇卵表甲醇提取物对桔小实蝇有明显的产卵驱避活性,且活性随浓度的增加而增强,当提取物浓度为100 mg/mL(虫卵与溶剂质量体积比,m/v)时,在选择性条件下的产卵驱避率为55.45%;非选择性条件下的产卵驱避率达到64.79%。经卵表提取物处理后,桔小实蝇在寄主果实上的访问次数、试探产卵时间、试探产卵次数、实际产卵次数和产卵量均显著少于对照。证实了桔小实蝇卵表化合物具有明显的产卵寄主标记作用。     

三种有机磷农药对黑胸散白蚁毒杀作用的研究

在室内条件下(27±1℃;RH 60%～80%)测定了甲胺磷、乐斯本、甲基异柳磷对黑胸散白蚁的毒杀效果,结果表明:以上3种药剂均能在较低浓度下毒杀黑胸散白蚁.有效成分为2μg/ml的甲胺磷,2μg/ml的乐斯本,8μg/ml甲基异柳磷在处理后第一天黑胸散白蚁校正死亡率分别为91.2%、89.8%、97.8%.忌避性试验表明,以上3种药剂对黑胸散白蚁均无明显驱避作用.     

球孢白僵菌-玉米共生体对亚洲玉米螟取食行为的影响

为明确球孢白僵菌-玉米共生体对亚洲玉米螟幼虫取食行为及取食选择性的影响，本文通过室内控制试验，采用培养皿叶盘法，研究了共生体对亚洲玉米螟初孵幼虫和3龄幼虫的选择、非选择性取食的影响。结果表明，在48 h非选择性试验中，亚洲玉米螟初孵幼虫在球孢白僵菌-玉米共生体叶片组织（处理组）上的取食率显著低于未接种球孢白僵菌玉米叶片（对照组），第48 h时在共生体和对照玉米上的幼虫取食率分别为35.7%和62.5%，差异极显著；3龄幼虫在共生体茎秆组织上的取食率与对照组玉米差异不显著。在48 h选择性试验中，初孵幼虫在共生体玉米叶片组织上的取食率显著低于对照组，共生体玉米叶片组织上的幼虫取食率随时间的增加呈下降趋势，第48 h时在共生体和对照玉米上的幼虫取食率分别为6.3%和20.6%，差异极显著；3龄幼虫在共生体和对照组玉米茎秆组织上的幼虫取食率随时间的增加呈上升趋势，其中对照组幼虫取食率显著高于处理组，第48 h时在处理组和对照组玉米上的幼虫取食率分别为33.1%和45.6%，差异极显著。本研究初步表明，球孢白僵菌-玉米共生体对亚洲玉米螟幼虫的取食行为有显著的抑制和忌避作用。     

丁硫克百威药土处理对台湾乳白蚁的驱避效果

在室内采用毒沙药膜法和毒土柱屏障法测定了丁硫克百威对台湾乳白蚁的触杀和驱避效果。结果表明,丁硫克百威药土在低浓度下对台湾乳白蚁无明显驱避性,处理土壤有效阻杀台湾乳白蚁的浓度为100 mg a.i.kg-1。该药值得进一步研究其残效期,以明确其用于防治农作物白蚁的可能性。     

Response of the subterranean termite Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) to soil treated with microencapsulated fenobucarb

BACKGROUND: Treating soil with insecticides is thought to be an effective method for termite control. Speed of action and repellency of insecticides are important factors for discussing their barrier effects as soil-treatment termiticides. The chemical barrier effect of microencapsulated fenobucarb against Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki was examined in the laboratory.RESULTS: Fenobucarb had a significantly faster lethal effect when applied to the mouthparts than to the tergites of worker termites. Soil that had been treated with > or = 50 mg kg(-1) of microencapsulated fenobucarb had a barrier effect within a single day, and could stop or retard the penetration of termites for 7 days. Microencapsulated fenobucarb did not act as a repellent, as indicated by a gradual increase in mortality at > or = 50 mg kg(-1) with slight penetration into the treated soil during the 7 day test.CONCLUSION: The results suggest that microencapsulated fenobucarb is a fast-acting termiticide, with a good barrier effect as a soil treatment, that also acts as a reduced repellent, retarding entry of termites into treated soil.     

非洲山毛豆提取物对香蕉交脉蚜的忌避作用研究

运用正交回归旋转组合试验研究了非洲山毛豆乙醇提取物和机油乳剂对香蕉交脉蚜的忌避作用及其混用效果 ,结果表明非洲山毛豆乙醇提取物和机油乳剂对香蕉交脉蚜均有明显的忌避作用。当非洲山毛豆乙醇提取物中干物质的量为0.1250g/100ml时 ,忌避作用率为0.3201,0.5g/100ml时忌避作用率为0.1393,两者混用后有明显的增效作用。建立了两种药剂对香蕉交脉蚜的忌避作用的回归模型 :非洲山毛豆Y₁=0.2645-0.0904X₁-0.0348X²₁;机油乳剂Y₂=0.2645-0.0736X₂-0.0068X²₂,以及混用后的忌避作用模型Y=0.2645-0.0904X₁-0.0736X₂-0.0348X²₁。     

Termite control with microencapsulated permethrin

Bait methods with microencapsulated active ingredients are proposed for controlling local populations of subterranean termites. The foraging workers will take up the microcapsules, transport them to the nest and pass them to their nestmates. In laboratory tests microencapsulated formulations of permethrin had lethal effects on Heterotermes indicola Wasman and Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) depending on the amount of active ingredient applied. The time interval between the application of the capsules and the occurrence of insecticidal effects could be modified by changing the wall thickness of the capsules. Tests revealed that the microcapsules were transmitted from donors to recipients by trophallaxis. Microencapsulated formulations from which the solvent used during the manufacturing process had been removed did not reveal any repellent effects in several tests.     

间作大蒜对茄子截形叶螨的防控效果

为明确间作大蒜对茄子截形叶螨Tetranychus truncatus Ehara种群的防控效果,于室内测定了大蒜提取液对截形叶螨卵的毒杀活性及对雌成螨的驱避和产卵选择性影响,并研究了田间不同比例间作大蒜对茄子截形叶螨自然种群的影响。结果表明,用0.05 g/mL和0.10 g/mL大蒜提取液处理后,截形叶螨卵死亡率分别为44.53%和63.53%,均显著高于空白对照;大蒜提取液处理蔬菜叶片72h后,截形叶螨雌成螨和卵的数量分别为16头和141粒,均显著低于空白对照组的23头和236粒;田间茄子和大蒜按1∶1、2∶1或4∶1间作均可降低截形叶螨自然发生数量,其中1∶1和2∶1间作对截形叶螨种群控制显著升高。研究表明,大蒜提取液对截形叶螨雌成螨取食及产卵具有显著的驱避活性;且间作大蒜可以对截形叶螨种群起到明显的抑制作用。     

Comparative effects of vetiver oil,nootkatone and disodium octaborate tetrahydrate on Coptotermes formosanus and its symbiotic fauna

The potential of vetiver oil and nootkatone as wood treatments against Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki was examined by assessing the effects on termite tunneling, feeding activity and survival, and the consequences on the symbiont protozoa responsible for wood digestion. Comparisons were made with non-treated wood (control), wood treated with the borate compound Tim-Bor (a commonly used lumber preservative) and absence of a food source (starved termites), using choice and no-choice tests. All wood slices were prepared at the same time using a 10 g liter(-1) solution of each substance and were tested in four different sessions over one year to investigate longevity of the effects. Termites had to tunnel through sand to exploit the food sources, consisting of two wood slices, placed on opposite sides of the experimental enclosure. No-choice tests showed that in the presence of vetiver oil or nootkatone, tunneling activity was always the lowest; wood consumption, termite survival and flagellate numbers and species distribution were significantly different from the control and similar to the results obtained for starved termites and with Tim-Bor-treated wood. Nootkatone negatively affected termites for 12 months and was longer lasting than vetiver oil. In choice tests, when vetiver oil or nootkatone were present, termites exhibited a significant preference for non-treated wood. Our results confirmed both the toxicity and absence of repellency of Tim-Bor. Vetiver oil and especially nootkatone affected Formosan subterranean termites and their protozoa, acting as arrestants, repellents and feeding deterrents, and represent a promising natural alternative for the control of this invasive pest.     

Effect of hexaflumuron on mortality of the Western subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) during and following exposure and movement of hexaflumuron in termite groups

The effects of hexaflumuron consumption on the mortality of workers of the Western subterranean termite, Reticulitermes hesperus Banks, were observed following various exposures to a substrate treated with 14C-labeled hexaflumuron at 5 g kg(-1). Uptake of hexaflumuron by workers was rapid, peaking at approximately 280 ng hexaflumuron per termite 12 days after exposure. The onset of mortality began at day 8, with cumulative mortality reaching approximately 96% by day 45. Excretion of hexaflumuron from worker termites was rapid following various exposure periods, half-lives ranging from 2.1 to 4.7 days. Trophallaxis among worker termites was efficient, hexaflumuron levels in recipient termites approaching two-thirds of levels present in donor termites feeding continuously on hexaflumuron-treated filter paper. The effect of donor-to-recipient group ratios was negligible on the amounts of hexaflumuron transferred from donors to recipients. In laboratory tests, hexaflumuron diffused from a feeding source within 7 days. The presence of additional food sources appeared to inhibit movement of hexaflumuron. Movement of hexaflumuron by cannibalism and coprophagy occurred, but was significant only when termites were starved. Hexaflumuron also appeared to adversely affect egg development by preventing hatch. Hexaflumuron was readily transferred through termite groups, effectively suppressing laboratory populations of R hesperus. Variable efficacy in field situations employing baiting with hexaflumuron in southern California may be a consequence of sporadic feeding at bait stations, the rapid clearance of hexaflumuron from individual termites, and the difficulties in bait presentation (low foraging activity, poor bait station foraging fidelity) inherent in the foraging characteristics of the Western subterranean termite.     

艾蒿提取物及其不同柱层析馏分对甜菜夜蛾产卵行为的影响

利用Syntech触角电位仪,测定了甜菜夜蛾雌成虫对艾蒿提取物和4种溶剂(苯、乙酸乙酯、丙酮和乙醇)柱层析馏分的触角反应;利用涂纸法,测定了艾蒿提取物和4种馏分对甜菜夜蛾产卵的忌避特性和抑制特性。结果表明:甜菜夜蛾雌成虫对相同浓度(10 mg/mL)提取物和馏分的触角反应存在很大差异,对丙酮馏分的反应最强烈,电位值为9.632±1.054 mV,其次为乙酸乙酯和苯馏分,以乙醇馏分的反应最弱。提取物和不同馏分对甜菜夜蛾的产卵忌避作用存在很大差异,丙酮馏分、乙酸乙酯馏分和提取物都具有一定的忌避作用,而且随浓度上升而增强,其中以丙酮馏分的忌避作用最强,10 mg/mL的忌避率达到49.0%。不同浓度处理时,都以丙酮馏分和乙酸乙酯馏分的产卵抑制作用最强,且随浓度上升而增强,10 mg/mL的抑制率分别达到72.16%和68.95%;较高浓度(5 mg/mL和10 mg/mL)时,提取物、苯馏分和乙醇馏分也具有一定的产卵抑制作用。     

薇甘菊对桔小实蝇的驱避试验初报

为了探索一种低毒、低残留的环保型驱避剂，分别在广州市番禺区杨桃园和广东省昆虫研究所大院内，以薇甘菊Mikania micrantha H．B．K对桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis（Hendel）成虫进行驱避试验。结果表明，薇甘菊对桔小实蝇具有明显的驱避效果，在薇甘菊环境内诱杀桔小实蝇虫数明显低于正常环境诱杀虫数，全年1，12月薇甘菊环境内对桔小实蝇的驱避率为13．33-92．78％，全年平均驱避率为50．65％；杨桃园内，以薇甘菊甲醇提取物喷施的杨桃，可以把本地种杨桃的桔小实蝇为害率控制在50％以下，而对照的为害率超过80％。     

山东烟台地区发生番茄斑萎病毒病危害

番茄斑萎病毒Tomato spotted wilt virus(TSWV)是我国进境植物检疫性有害生物,近年来相继在国内一些省份发现。利用TSWV的通用引物NF302/NR575对从山东烟台地区收集的15份疑似感染番茄斑萎病毒病的番茄样品进行检测;进一步对特异引物TSWV-NF2037/TSWV-NR2825扩增的TSWV的N基因序列克隆、测序,并对N基因片段编码氨基酸进行遗传距离及系统发育分析。结果表明,15份疑似样品中有4个样品扩增得到TSWV病毒片段;基于N基因序列分析发现,山东TSWV番茄分离物与云南TSWV番茄分离物(AEI70836.1)的遗传距离最近,为0.8%,且与云南TSWV番茄分离物聚为一支。这是山东地区首次利用分子标记证实番茄斑萎病毒病的危害。