1型糖尿病反义肽噬菌体疫苗诱导CD8~+T细胞对病理性CD4~+T细胞的抑制作用

目的观察1型糖尿病反义肽噬菌体疫苗诱导CD8+T细胞对病理性CD4+T细胞的抑制作用。方法用1型糖尿病反义肽噬菌体疫苗免疫非肥胖型糖尿病(NOD)小鼠,并同时设立噬菌体空载体免疫组和未免疫空白对照组。于初次免疫后第20周,检测各组小鼠血糖;磁珠法分离免疫小鼠CD8+T细胞,并用合成反义肽及IL-2诱导刺激作为效应细胞;分离噬菌体空载体免疫组和空白对照组小鼠CD4+T细胞,用合成正义肽及IL-2诱导刺激作为靶细胞。将效应细胞与靶细胞按不同比例混合,以乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放法检测CTL的杀伤活性。结果初次免疫后第20周,1型糖尿病反义肽噬菌体疫苗免疫组小鼠血糖水平保持正常,而另外2组小鼠血糖均高于正常水平。1型糖尿病反义肽噬菌体疫苗免疫组诱导的CD8+T细胞作效应细胞,当效靶比为100∶1时,对噬菌体空载体免疫组CD4+T细胞的杀伤效率最高,达47.95%±11.30%,而噬菌体空载体免疫组诱导的小鼠CD8+T细胞对空白对照组的CD4+T细胞无杀伤作用。结论1型糖尿病反义肽噬菌体疫苗能够诱导CD8+T细胞抑制病理性CD4+T细胞。     

白血病K562细胞株中CD34~+细胞群的分离及其生物学特性

目的分离白血病K562细胞株中CD34+细胞群,并分析其生物学特征,为从干细胞角度治疗白血病提供实验依据。方法采用免疫磁性分选法分离K562细胞中CD34+细胞群,台盼蓝拒染法检测细胞活性;流式细胞术检测CD34+细胞比例及细胞周期;单细胞克隆培养检测CD34+细胞自我更新能力;RT-PCR法检测CD34+细胞分化相关指标促红细胞生成素(Erythropoietin,EPO)和粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulatingfactor,GM-CSF)基因mRNA的转录水平;并检测CD34+细胞耐药蛋白P-gp(P-glycoprotein)的表达。结果免疫磁性分选法可有效分离出CD34+细胞群,细胞活性为99%～100%;分离的CD34+细胞含量占细胞总数的78.5%～85.3%,细胞大部分处于静止状态,G0/G1期细胞比例达80%左右,显著高于分离前的K562细胞;CD34+细胞群具有形成混合集落的能力;与K562细胞相比,CD34+细胞EPO和GM-CSF基因mRNA的转录水平明显下降(P<0.01),P-gp表达阳性。结论成功从K562细胞株中分离了CD34+细胞群,其具有自我更新和多向分化的能力,表明其具有白血病干/祖细胞的生物学特点。     

WuTac与CD25抗原结合的饱和度及其对健康人外周血淋巴细胞亚群的影响

目的动态监测鼠抗人T淋巴细胞CD25抗原单克隆抗体(WuTac)在健康人中与CD25抗原结合的饱和度及其对外周血淋巴细胞亚群的影响,评价WuTac临床应用的安全性,并预测其有效性。方法静脉恒速滴注WuTac0.05、0.1、0.2mg/kg,在用药前和停药后的1、24和72h经肘静脉采血,通过流式细胞术动态监测T淋巴细胞亚群及与CD25抗原结合的饱和度。结果不同剂量组的T淋巴细胞亚群用药前后差异均无统计学意义;停药后1h开始,CD25+淋巴细胞的比例明显降低,且一直持续至停药后72h,CD25+淋巴细胞的比例均明显低于用药前。不同剂量组的CD25抗原的饱和度均达96%以上。结论WuTac单抗用药后,对健康人T淋巴细胞亚群均无影响,能迅速与CD25高效结合,持续时间72h以上,为其Ⅱ、Ⅲ期临床研究奠定了基础。     

CD4+CD25+调节性细胞在特发性血小板减少性紫癜中发病机制中的作用

CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞(regulatory Tcell,Treg)是一群具有独特的免疫调节或免疫抑制作用的T细胞亚群,系维持机体自身耐受的重要组成部分,其功能紊乱或数目下降是导致自身免疫性疾病的重要原因之一。本文对CD4+CD25+Treg细胞的特征和作用、ITP的发病机制及CD4+CD25+Treg细胞在ITP发病中的作用等的研究进展作一综述。     

冻干甲型肝炎减毒活疫苗诱导的人体特异性免疫应答

目的观察人体接种冻干甲型肝炎减毒活疫苗(H2株)后产生的特异性免疫应答。方法选择16名血清甲型肝炎抗体阴性的健康志愿者,接种1针冻干甲型肝炎减毒活疫苗,接种前和接种后2、4、8、12、156周(3年)采血,采用ELISA检测血清抗HAVIgG抗体;采用流式细胞术检测全血各淋巴细胞亚群CD3+、CD4+、CD8+的百分率及表达细胞因子IFN-γ和IL-4的阳性细胞百分率;采用ELISPOT法检测外周血淋巴细胞分泌IFN-γ的斑点形成细胞(SFC)。结果接种疫苗后2周,表达IL-4的阳性细胞百分率与接种前相比显著升高;接种后4周,CD4+淋巴细胞亚群百分率与接种前相比显著升高;接种后8周,抗体100%阳转;接种后3年,抗体和分泌IFN-γ的SFC有一项以上阳性者占85.7%(12/14)。结论接种冻干甲型肝炎减毒活疫苗,能诱导机体产生良好的体液免疫和细胞免疫应答。     

复合通用CD4~+T辅助细胞表位基因克隆载体的构建及测序

目的构建复合通用CD4+T辅助细胞表位基因克隆载体,并进行测序。方法由DNA work2.0软件设计并人工合成20条55个碱基的寡核苷酸序列,利用套叠PCR技术人工合成全基因序列,并克隆至pUC19载体,转化大肠杆菌DH5α,提取质粒,酶切鉴定并进行测序。结果经PCR扩增出645bp的目的DNA片段。酶切鉴定筛选出8个阳性克隆,经测序获得一个序列完全正确的克隆。结论已成功构建了复合通用CD4+T辅助细胞表位基因克隆载体,为研究表位疫苗和细菌多糖结合疫苗提供了新的载体表位。     

抗人T淋巴细胞CD4人-鼠嵌合抗体的真核表达

目的在小鼠骨髓瘤细胞SP2/0中表达抗人T淋巴细胞CD4人-鼠嵌合抗体。方法真核表达质粒PAG4622+CD4VL和PAH4604+CD4VH经酶切和序列测定后,采用电穿孔转染技术将二者共转染SP2/0细胞,经组胺醇和霉酚酸联合筛选阳性克隆,通过ELISA、流式细胞术、RT-PCR和DNA测序的方法进行初步鉴定。结果真核表达质粒经酶切和测序鉴定证明构建正确。获得2株分泌抗人T淋巴细胞CD4人-鼠嵌合抗体的阳性SP2/0细胞克隆0925CASP2/0和1107CASP2/0,嵌合抗体表达量为0.5～2ng/ml。结论已成功地在SP2/0细胞中表达了抗人T淋巴细胞CD4人-鼠嵌合抗体,为该抗体在其他真核细胞中的高效表达及临床应用奠定了基础。     

CD4~+CD25~+Foxp3~+调节性T细胞在类风湿性关节炎及骨关节炎患者外周血和关节液中含量的变化

目的分析CD4+CD25+Foxp3+调节性T细胞(Regulatory T cell,Treg)在类风湿性关节炎(Rheumatoid arthritis,RA)及骨关节炎(Osteoarthritis,OA)患者外周血和关节液中含量的变化,探讨其在RA中可能的意义。方法以肝素抗凝负压采血管分别抽取36例RA患者、30例OA患者和33名健康人外周静脉血,常规关节穿刺术抽取RA和OA患者膝关节腔积液,采用流式细胞术分别检测CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg细胞的百分含量。结果 RA组外周血中CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg细胞的百分含量显著低于OA组和健康对照组(P<0.05),OA组与健康对照组相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);RA组关节液中CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg细胞的百分含量显著高于OA组(P<0.01);RA组和OA组关节液中CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg细胞的百分含量均显著高于自身外周血(P<0.01)。结论 CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg细胞在RA患者中的负性调控作用降低,可能是促进疾病发生发展的一个不可缺少的因素,但在关节液中,可能更主要是表现为炎症发生后的继发性反应。     

口蹄疫病毒多价DNA疫苗的构建及其免疫原性

目的构建口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)多价DNA疫苗,并检测其免疫原性。方法以复合多表位表达盒OAAT及AsiaⅠ型FMDV的P1-2A-3C基因为基础,构建FMDV多价DNA疫苗pIRES-OAAT-P1-2A-3C,并用间接免疫荧光(IFA)方法检测目的蛋白在HeLa细胞中的表达。进一步进行小鼠免疫试验,并应用ELISA法检测小鼠血清抗体,ELISPOT检测小鼠脾淋巴单细胞IFN-γ的分泌水平,流式细胞术检测脾T淋巴细胞亚群数量,淋巴细胞转化试验检测特异性淋巴细胞增殖水平。结果所构建的FMDV多价DNA疫苗在HeLa细胞中获得了正确表达。免疫小鼠后,血清特异性抗体水平、脾淋巴单细胞IFN-γ的分泌、脾T淋巴细胞亚群CD4+和CD8+的数量及特异性淋巴细胞增殖水平均显著提高。结论已成功构建了FMDV多价DNA疫苗,并诱导小鼠产生了特异性的细胞免疫和体液免疫应答。     

复合通用CD4~+Th细胞表位基因的原核表达及免疫学特性

目的构建复合通用CD4+Th细胞表位基因的原核表达载体,检测表达蛋白的免疫学特性,并探讨其作为载体蛋白的可能性。方法以限制性核酸内切酶BamHⅠ和HindⅢ双酶切重组质粒pUC19-Pep10,回收长度为650bp左右的目的片段,插入原核表达载体pQE30中,获得重组质粒pQE30-Pep10,转化大肠杆菌M15后进行诱导表达。表达产物经SDS-PAGE和Westernblot分析后,进行亲和层析纯化及透析复性,获得重组蛋白Pep10,将Pep10和TT分别免疫雌性BALB/c小鼠,以间接ELISA法和流式细胞术分别检测其免疫原性和淋巴细胞增殖效应。结果SDS-PAGE显示重组蛋白Pep10相对分子质量约为23000,表达量达41%,主要以包涵体形式表达,Westernblot检测可见特异性染色条带,纯化后纯度达94%,共获得42mg重组蛋白。其体外淋巴细胞增殖效应与TT相当,增殖指数分别为4.216和4.736,而免疫原性远低于TT,特异性IgG几何平均滴度(GMT)分别为1∶15758.65和1∶67558.81。结论已成功构建重组原核表达载体pQE30-Pep10,并在大肠杆菌中高效表达,且表达的重组蛋白Pep10具有良好的淋巴细胞增殖效应和较低的免疫原性,有可能作为一种新型载体蛋白,用于多糖结合疫苗的研制。     

Human CD4+ T-Cell Clone Expansion Leads to the Expression of the Cysteine Peptidase Inhibitor Cystatin F

The existence of CD4+ cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) at relatively high levels under different pathological conditions in vivo suggests their role in protective and/or pathogenic immune functions. CD4+ CTLs utilize the fundamental cytotoxic effector mechanisms also utilized by CD8+ CTLs and natural killer cells. During long-term cultivation, CD4+ T cells were also shown to acquire cytotoxic functions. In this study, CD4+ human T-cell clones derived from activated peripheral blood lymphocytes of healthy young adults were examined for the expression of cytotoxic machinery components. Cystatin F is a protein inhibitor of cysteine cathepsins, synthesized by CD8+ CTLs and natural killer cells. Cystatin F affects the cytotoxic efficacy of these cells by inhibiting the major progranzyme convertases cathepsins C and H as well as cathepsin L, which is involved in perforin activation. Here, we show that human CD4+ T-cell clones express the cysteine cathepsins that are involved in the activation of granzymes and perforin. CD4+ T-cell clones contained both the inactive, dimeric form as well as the active, monomeric form of cystatin F. As in CD8+ CTLs, cysteine cathepsins C and H were the major targets of cystatin F in CD4+ T-cell clones. Furthermore, CD4+ T-cell clones expressed the active forms of perforin and granzymes A and B. The levels of the cystatin F decreased with time in culture concomitantly with an increase in the activities of granzymes A and B. Therefore, our results suggest that cystatin F plays a role in regulating CD4+ T cell cytotoxicity. Since cystatin F can be secreted and taken up by bystander cells, our results suggest that CD4+ CTLs may also be involved in regulating immune responses through cystatin F secretion.     

复合疫苗佐剂促进蛋白抗原通过交叉提呈和交叉致敏诱生CD8~+CTL反应的研究

目的研究CpG寡聚脱氧核苷酸(CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides,CpG-ODN)与A(lOH)3或Montanide ISA720等组成的复合佐剂在小鼠体内促进蛋白抗原通过交叉提呈和交叉致敏诱生CD8+CTL反应的能力。方法以鸡卵清蛋白(Ovalbumin,OVA)为抗原,分别以CpG X1、A(l OH)(3即Alum)、Montanide ISA720、CpG X1+Alum和CpG X1+Montanide ISA720为疫苗佐剂,分别于0和4周经肌肉注射免疫C57BL/6小鼠,体积均为100μl,分别含20μg OVA、20μg CpG X1、74μl Montanide ISA720和/或100μg Alum。通过胞内细胞因子染色和体内CTL杀伤试验评价不同佐剂对细胞免疫应答的影响,通过表达OVA的黑色素瘤和李斯特菌攻击模型评价不同佐剂在免疫预防和免疫治疗中的作用。结果与OVA组相比,A(lOH)3本身不能有效诱生小鼠的细胞免疫应答;CpG X1或Montanide ISA720单独使用能够在一定程度上增强抗原特异性CD8+T细胞的IFNγ分泌和CTL活性,但不增强抗原特异性CD4+T细胞反应。两种复合佐剂具有比单佐剂更强的细胞免疫佐剂效应,其中CpG X1+MontanideISA720只能增强抗原特异性CD4+和CD8+T细胞的IFNγ分泌,而CpG X1+Alum不仅能够增强抗原特异性CD4+和CD8+T细胞的IFNγ分泌,还能够增强CD8+CTL的杀伤活性。在黑色素瘤和李斯特菌攻击模型中,CpG X1+Alum佐剂显示出良好的预防和治疗效果。结论 CpG X1与A(lOH)3组成的复合佐剂能够有效促进蛋白抗原通过交叉提呈和交叉致敏诱生功能性CD8+CTL反应。     

The Proteomic Landscape of Resting and Activated CD4+ T Cells Reveal Insights into Cell Differentiation and Function

CD4+ T cells (T helper cells) are cytokine-producing adaptive immune cells that activate or regulate the responses of various immune cells. The activation and functional status of CD4+ T cells is important for adequate responses to pathogen infections but has also been associated with auto-immune disorders and survival in several cancers. In the current study, we carried out a label-free high-resolution FTMS-based proteomic profiling of resting and T cell receptor-activated (72 h) primary human CD4+ T cells from peripheral blood of healthy donors as well as SUP-T1 cells. We identified 5237 proteins, of which significant alterations in the levels of 1119 proteins were observed between resting and activated CD4+ T cells. In addition to identifying several known T-cell activation-related processes altered expression of several stimulatory/inhibitory immune checkpoint markers between resting and activated CD4+ T cells were observed. Network analysis further revealed several known and novel regulatory hubs of CD4+ T cell activation, including IFNG, IRF1, FOXP3, AURKA, and RIOK2. Comparison of primary CD4+ T cell proteomic profiles with human lymphoblastic cell lines revealed a substantial overlap, while comparison with mouse CD+ T cell data suggested interspecies proteomic differences. The current dataset will serve as a valuable resource to the scientific community to compare and analyze the CD4+ proteome.     

Role of CD4+ T Cells in the Control of Viral Infections: Recent Advances and Open Questions

CD4+ T cells orchestrate adaptive immune responses through their capacity to recruit and provide help to multiple immune effectors, in addition to exerting direct effector functions. CD4+ T cells are increasingly recognized as playing an essential role in the control of chronic viral infections. In this review, we present recent advances in understanding the nature of CD4+ T cell help provided to antiviral effectors. Drawing from our studies of natural human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) control, we then focus on the role of high-affinity T cell receptor (TCR) clonotypes in mediating antiviral CD4+ T cell responses. Last, we discuss the role of TCR affinity in determining CD4+ T cell differentiation, reviewing the at times divergent studies associating TCR signal strength to the choice of a T helper 1 (Th1) or a T follicular helper (Tfh) cell fate.     

附红细胞体感染小鼠CD4~+ T淋巴细胞相关因子的检测

目的动态检测小鼠感染附红细胞体后CD4+T淋巴细胞相关细胞因子的变化情况,探讨CD4+T淋巴细胞发挥的免疫学效应。方法将小鼠随机分为实验组(纯化的附红细胞体)和对照组(生理盐水),均经腹腔免疫接种,0.5 ml/只。分别于感染后第3、5、7、9 d,经小鼠尾尖采血,镜下观察附红细胞体形态并进行PCR鉴定。建模成功后,分别于感染后第3、5、7、9 d无菌取小鼠脾脏,采用RT-PCR法检测小鼠脾脏中IL-4、IL-17、IFNγ基因的转录水平。结果各时间点感染小鼠的红细胞均出现不同程度的变形,边缘被附红体附着,PCR扩增产物可见602 bp的特异条带。实验组小鼠脾脏IL-4、IL-17、IFNγ均有不同程度的表达,IL-17在感染在第3天上调,5 d达到高峰,7 d开始下降;IFNγ在感染第3天表达上调,5 d明显下降,7 d表达上升,9 d达到高峰;IL-4始终处于低表达状态。实验组小鼠脾脏IL-4、IL-17、IFNγ的转录水平均高于对照组(P<0.01),IL-17和IFNγ的表达呈相互抑制状态,IL-4呈被抑制状态。结论附红细胞体感染后,IL-17在早期发挥了促进炎症发生和抵抗感染的免疫学作用;IFNγ在感染后期发挥保护炎性反应,避免炎性反应过度发生的免疫学效应;IL-4在此感染过程中作用不明显。     

Perforin Expression by CD4+ Regulatory T Cells Increases at Multiple Sclerosis Relapse: Sex Differences

Multiple sclerosis (MS) represents the leading cause of neurological deficit among young adults, affecting women more frequently than men. In MS, the extent of central nervous system lesions is determined by the net balance between self-reactive and regulatory T-cells at any given time, among other factors, as well as by the effect of inflammatory response. Here, we studied both CD4+ and CD8+ T(Reg) in parallel in blood and CSF during MS relapse. A recruitment of both regulatory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (T(Reg)) within the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) takes place during MS relapse. Not previously described, the presence of CD4+ T(Reg) in CSF was higher in women than in men, which could account for the sexual dimorphism in the incidence of MS. A direct correlation between plasma oestradiol (E2) and IL-2 levels was observed, in line with a putative circuit of E2 and perforin expression by CD4+ T(Reg) playing a role in MS. Also, serum IFN-alpha was higher in females, with direct correlation with serum E2 levels. This is the first study to analyze perforin expression by CD4+ T(Reg) in MS, which was greatly enhanced in CSF, what points out a relevant role of this molecule in the suppressive effects of the CD4+ T(Reg) in MS, and contributes to the understanding of MS pathophysiology.     

A Role for Human Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells in Direct Allo-Recognition by CD4+ T-Cells and the Effect of Ischemia-Reperfusion

Direct allorecognition is the earliest and most potent immune response against a kidney allograft. Currently, it is thought that passenger donor professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are responsible. Further, many studies support that graft ischemia-reperfusion injury increases the probability of acute rejection. We evaluated the possible role of primary human proximal renal tubular epithelial cells (RPTECs) in direct allorecognition by CD4+ T-cells and the effect of anoxia-reoxygenation. In cell culture, we detected that RPTECs express all the required molecules for CD4+ T-cell activation (HLA-DR, CD80, and ICAM-1). Anoxia-reoxygenation decreased HLA-DR and CD80 but increased ICAM-1. Following this, RPTECs were co-cultured with alloreactive CD4+ T-cells. In T-cells, zeta chain phosphorylation and c-Myc increased, indicating activation of T-cell receptor and co-stimulation signal transduction pathways, respectively. T-cell proliferation assessed with bromodeoxyuridine assay and with the marker Ki-67 increased. Previous culture of RPTECs under anoxia raised all the above parameters in T-cells. FOXP3 remained unaffected in all cases, signifying that proliferating T-cells were not differentiated towards a regulatory phenotype. Our results support that direct allorecognition may be mediated by RPTECs even in the absence of donor-derived professional APCs. Also, ischemia-reperfusion injury of the graft may enhance the above capacity of RPTECs, increasing the possibility of acute rejection.