冬季作物种植对双季稻根系酶活性及形态指标的影响

基于湖南长沙7a定位试验,以冬闲为对照,研究了冬种马铃薯、紫云英及油菜为前茬作物对早、晚稻根系酶活性、形态指标及产量的影响.结果表明,与冬闲相比,冬种作物后早、晚稻根系丙二醛(MDA)含量增加,但其根系的活性氧清除能力更强(SOD、POD和CAT活性高),能够在一定程度上缓解膜脂过氧化作用带来的伤害;冬种不同作物对早晚稻根系形态的影响表现不一.冬种马铃薯和紫云英处理在早稻生育后期的根系优势明显,并能在一定程度上促进晚稻根系生长,双季稻总产量较对照分别增加6.29％和7.76％,而冬种油菜抑制了晚稻根系生长,导致晚稻产量及双季稻总产分别降低6.31％和1.96％;相关性分析表明,灌浆期较高的根长、根数、根体积和根表面积是冬种作物改善双季稻产量的主要原因.综合来看,冬种马铃薯和紫云英对于促进双季稻根系生长,提高稻谷产量具有重要作用,而冬种油菜则不利于提高双季稻的稻谷生产力.     

云南南亚热带北缘地区稻田亩产吨粮的种植模式及其生态生理学研究

1996～ 1 999年 ,在云南省蒙自县草坝镇 (南亚热带北缘 )进行了亩产吨粮的种植模式研究。通过对春、夏、秋、冬播玉米 ,早、中、晚稻以及冬小麦的系统研究 ,以地上部分总干物重、籽粒产量、总入射辐照量、叶面积持续期 (灌浆期 )、氮肥的利用率和生产力、水生产力为指标 ,对早稻—晚稻、早稻—秋玉米、早稻—冬小麦、春玉米—晚稻、夏玉米—冬小麦、中稻—冬小麦和中稻—冬玉米 7种复种模式作了比较 ,选出中稻—冬玉米为一年两熟亩产吨粮的最佳种植模式。     

4种农业措施对三化螟种群动态的控制作用

我国南方稻区是水稻三化螟主发生区。近年来,受农业机械化、产业结构调整、农田水利建设等影响,三化螟发生与为害呈现新的特点。本项研究分别在广东粤北、粤中和粤西,通过田间试验布局和调查,系统研究了隔离育秧、稻菜轮作、浸桩旋耕和烧桩4种农业措施对三化螟种群动态的控制作用。研究结果表明,隔离育秧、稻菜轮作和浸桩旋耕对于三化螟发生具有明显控制作用,而烧桩对三化螟控制效果不明显。隔离育秧与塑盘育秧、露地育秧这两种耕作方式相比,第2代本田白穗率、第4代白穗率、越冬虫口密度分别降低了43.4、53.7、14.0倍和14.4、11.0、4.7倍;稻菜轮作区与非稻菜轮作区比较,第2代本田白穗率、第4代白穗率和越冬虫口密度分别降低了24.4、43.3、152.3倍;浸桩旋耕与非浸桩旋耕区比较,第2代本田白穗率、第4代白穗率和越冬虫口密度分别降低了3.7、2.7、8.9倍;烧桩处理则仅比对照田三化螟存活率略低14.9%。轻简化和机械化将是未来水稻种植主流,本文对于指导生产实践中三化螟防治具有重要意义。     

双季稻田冬季种植模式对土壤有机碳和碳库管理指数的影响

为探讨冬季覆盖作物还田对稻田土壤碳库的影响,通过冬季种植油菜、紫云英、黑麦草、马铃薯,并以冬闲为对照进行大田试验,测定了不同冬季作物模式下早稻和晚稻的土壤有机碳、活性有机碳含量,并计算了稳态碳、碳库活度、活度指数、碳库指数和土壤碳库管理指数.结果表明:冬季作物还田增加了土壤有机碳含量,早稻和晚稻后的土壤有机碳含量比对照分别提高了1%～8%和3%～18%;油菜、黑麦草和紫云英还田均促进了土壤活性有机碳含量的增加,早稻后增加16.2%～84.2%,晚稻后增加24.4%～28.1%;冬季作物还田增加了土壤碳库管理指数,增加幅度为1.4%～41.8%.综上所述,冬种作物还田有利于提高土壤的固碳效应,并提升土壤质量,以种植黑麦草、紫云英的综合效果较佳.     

晚稻中后期二化螟为害特点及严重发生原因剖析

近年来 ,浙江省仙居县晚稻中后期二化螟ChilosuppressalisWalker为害日趋严重。分析原因 ,一是单季稻等桥梁田面积的不断扩大 ,使 8月底至 9月上旬田间出现了全年发生量最大的 2代主蛾峰 ,卵孵化盛期与连作晚稻抽穗期吻合 ;二是冬春气温升高 ,发生期提早 ,2代虫源寄主、水稻移栽期等的多样化 ,使 3,4代发生期拉长 ;三是因 3代主峰和 4代的螟害发生具有“隐性”的特点 ,其测报和防治工作被忽视 ;四是二化螟对常用药剂的抗药性提高。据此提出了相应的治理对策     

Grain Yield,Quality and 2-Acetyl-1-Pyrroline of Fragrant Rice in Response to Different Planting Seasons in South China

Climate conditions is an important factor affected the fragrant rice growth and development. In order to study the effects of different planting seasons on fragrant rice performance in South China, present study was conducted with three planting seasons (early season (April to July), middle season (June to September) and late season (August to November)) and three fragrant rice cultivars, ‘Basmati-385’, ‘Meixiangzhan-2’ and ‘Xiangyaxiangzhan’. The results showed that the highest grain yield and grain 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP, key component of fragrant rice aroma) content were both recorded in late season treatment while the fragrant rice in middle season treatment produced the lowest grain yield, grain filling percentage, 1000-grain weight and gain 2-AP content. The highest contents of precursors (proline, pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid and 1-pyrroline) which related to 2-AP biosynthesis were recorded in late season treatment compared with early season treatment and middle season treatment. The highest activities of enzymes (proline dehydrogenase, pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid synthetase and ornithine transaminase) which involved in 2-AP biosynthesis were also observed in late season treatment. Moreover, the fragrant rice cultivars in late season possessed the lowest chalk rice rate, chalkiness as well as the highest brown rice rate, head rice and protein content. Thus, the optimal season for fragrant rice production in South China is the late season.     

Depletion of Rice as Food of Waterfowl Wintering in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley

ABSTRACT Waterfowl habitat conservation strategies in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley (MAV) and several other wintering areas assume carrying capacity is limited by available food, and increasing food resources is an effective conservation goal. Because existing research on winter food abundance and depletion is insufficient to test this hypothesis, we used harvested rice fields as model foraging habitats to determine if waste rice seed is depleted before spring migration. We sampled rice fields (n = 39 [winter 2000–2001], n = 69 [2001–2002]) to estimate seed mass when waterfowl arrived in late autumn and departed in late winter. We also placed exclosures in subsets of fields in autumn (n = 8 [2000–2001], n = 20 [2001–2002]) and compared seed mass inside and outside exclosures in late winter to estimate rice depletion attributable to waterfowl and other processes. Finally, we used an experiment to determine if the extent of rice depletion differed among fields of varying initial abundance and if the seed mass at which waterfowl ceased foraging or abandoned fields differed from a hypothesized giving-up value of 50 kg/ha. Mean seed mass was greater in late autumn 2000 than 2001 (127.0 vs. 83.9 kg/ha; P = 0.018) but decreased more during winter 2000–2001 than 2001–2002 (91.3 vs. 55.7 kg/ha) and did not differ at the end of winter (35.8 vs. 28.3 kg/ha; P = 0.651). Assuming equal loss to deterioration inside and outside exclosures, we estimated waterfowl consumed 61.3 kg/ha (48.3%) of rice present in late autumn 2000 and 21.1 kg/ha (25.1%) in 2001. When we manipulated late-autumn rice abundance, mean giving-up mass of rice seed was similar among treatments (48.7 kg/ha; P = 0.205) and did not differ from 50 kg/ha (P = 0.726). We integrated results by constructing scenarios in which waterfowl consumed rice at different times in winter, consumption and deterioration were competing risks, and consumption occurred only above 50 kg/ha. Results indicated waterfowl likely consumed available rice soon after fields were flooded and the amount consumed exceeded our empirical estimates but was ≤48% (winters pooled) of rice initially present. We suggest 1) using 50 kg/ha as a threshold below which profitability limits waterfowl feeding in MAV rice fields; 2) reducing the current estimate (130 kg/ha) of rice consumed in harvested fields to 47.1 kg/ha; and 3) increasing available rice by increasing total area of fields managed, altering management practices (e.g., staggered flooding), and exploring the potential for producing second or ratoon rice crops for waterfowl.     

冬季覆盖作物秸秆还田对双季稻田根际土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响

微生物群落功能多样性是土壤质量变化重要的指标,不同作物类型的秸秆还田措施对土壤微生物群落功能多样性具有明显的影响。以位于双季稻主产区不同冬季覆盖作物-双季稻种植模式大田定位试验田为研究对象,以冬闲-双季稻种植模式为对照(CK),应用Biolog-GN技术开展黑麦草-双季稻(Ry)、紫云英-双季稻(Mv)、油菜-双季稻(Ra)和马铃薯-双季稻(Po)种植模式条件下不同冬季覆盖作物秸秆还田后对双季稻田根际土壤微生物功能多样性影响的研究。研究结果表明,早稻和晚稻成熟期,与CK处理相比,冬季覆盖作物秸秆还田处理增加了稻田土壤碳源平均颜色变化率(AWCD),以Po处理AWCD均为最高,均显著高于Ry和CK处理。不同冬季覆盖作物秸秆还田处理土壤微生物代谢多样性指数表现出明显的差异,早稻成熟期,Po处理的Richness、Shannon和McIntosh指数均为最高,其次为Ry、Mv和Ra处理,CK处理最低;晚稻成熟期,各处理的Richness、Shannon和McIntosh指数大小顺序均表现为PoRaMvRyCK。土壤微生物碳源利用的主成分分析结果表明,各冬季覆盖作物秸秆还田处理根际土壤微生物利用的主要碳源为氨基酸类和糖类物质,不同处理间碳源利用类型有差异。冬季覆盖作物秸秆还田措施有利于提高双季稻田根际土壤微生物对碳源的利用能力、物种丰富度和均匀度。     

推迟拔节水灌溉对宽幅精播麦田冠层温度与叶片水分利用效率的影响

为了探讨冬小麦高效节水灌溉模式,于2012—2013年在山东农业大学试验站采用两种种植模式(宽幅精播种植和常规种植),每种种植模式设3种灌溉处理(全生育期不灌溉、拔节期灌溉60 mm和拔节后10 d灌溉60 mm),研究了推迟拔节水灌溉对宽幅精播麦田冠层温度、光合速率、蒸腾速率、叶片水分利用效率(WUEL)和籽粒产量等的影响。结果表明,推迟拔节水灌溉显著提高了宽幅精播麦田生育后期的冠层温度、旗叶光合速率和蒸腾速率,且在冬小麦生长后期推迟拔节水灌溉显著提高了宽幅精播麦田的WUEL,有利于实现宽幅精播麦田的节水高产;产量构成因素中,推迟拔节水灌溉对两种种植模式的千粒重均没有显著影响,但推迟拔节水灌溉显著提高了宽幅精播麦田的穗粒数和籽粒产量。统筹考虑冬小麦的WUEL和籽粒产量,推迟拔节水灌溉对宽幅精播麦田实现节水高产具有一定的现实意义。     

冬灌田影响水稻生长期甲烷排放量的因素分析

冬灌田是CH4排放量最大的一类稻田。对冬灌田6年（1995-2000年）的测定结果表明,越冬期排干,并种植旱作（小麦或油菜）减少后续水稻生长期CH4排放量,水稻垄作并降低冬季垄沟水位也可有效地减少水稻生长期的CH4排放量。对后3年（1998-2000年）不同处理的测定结果分析表明,冬季土壤水分含量与水稻生长期CH4排放量呈显著正相关,可以预测水稻生长期平均CH4排放量56%的年际和处理变化。如果同时考虑水稻生长期的土壤温度,则可预测78%的变化,控制渗漏池地下水位,调节冬季土壤水分,进一步证明冬季土壤水分对后续水稻生长期CH4排放量的影响。由于水稻生长期土壤温度的冬季土壤水分含量与气候因素密切相关,据此,可以认为,冬季降水和水稻生长期温度变化是导致稻田CH4排放量年际变化的主要因素。