焦化废水尾水中被O3/UV氧化的组分辨析及关键组分动力学

经过生物和化学选择性降解后残留在焦化废水尾水中的多种惰性组分,仍会对人体和水生生态系统构成重大的风险,因此将焦化废水进行深度净化是一个亟待解决的问题.以焦化废水尾水为研究对象,采用自主研制的O3/UV催化氧化流化床反应器,从焦化废水尾水成分出发,对焦化废水尾水能被O3/UV和重铬酸钾氧化的物质构成进行剖析,考察了pH、初始COD浓度对O3/UV氧化焦化废水尾水效果的影响,并对焦化废水被氧化的组分进行模拟动力学的统计性分析.实验表明,O3/UV比重铬酸钾的氧化能力更强,焦化废水尾水中能被O3/UV氧化的成分不仅包括COD,还包括对COD几乎没有贡献的NH4+-N等组分,初始pH=10—11时尾水COD氧化去除效果最佳,初始COD浓度越高,反应速率越大;O3/UV催化氧化焦化废水尾水中COD时符合一级动力学模型,而NH4+-N被O3/UV氧化反应符合零级动力学模型;由于废水中存在SCN-、CN-等含氮物质,被O3/UV氧化后使得NH4+-N浓度呈现先增后降的趋势,NH4+-N浓度达到最大值的时间与废水中含氮物质的含量呈正相关.结果表明,O3/UV催化氧化流化床反应器对焦化废水尾水具有深度处理效果,依赖于污染物组分的还原活性顺序、降解动力学的应用以及流态化的高传质效率.     

焦化废水污染指标的相关性分析

焦化废水包含不同形态与化合态的化合物.废水中各类化合物在降解过程中的变化对污染风险的判断和水处理工艺的选择都有很大的影响.以74篇国内外有关焦化废水生物处理的文献作为统计背景值,结合课题组近10年的基础研究与工程实践,分析存在于焦化废水中污染指标之间的相互依赖关系,解析COD、TN、色度的构成,评价我国目前的执行标准在指导生产方面的合理性.研究结果发现,不同企业焦化废水的水质存在较大的差异,所有焦化厂普遍忽视TP、苯、PAHs、苯并(a)芘指标的监控,COD和油类的最终出水达标率仅为16.67%和28.57%.焦化废水原水中的硫氰化物、氟离子和色度的平均浓度分别为259.37、135.66 mg·L-1和713.75倍,检出率很高,建议作为控制性指标加以关注.在目前统计到的文献中,构成焦化废水COD的组分为:挥发酚(47.28%)、硫氰化物(19.48%)、硫化物(6.81%)、氰化物(2.41%)、油类和有机胺类等(24.02%);构成TN的组分为:氨氮(48.49%)、有机氮(35.89%)、硫氰化物(12.27%)、氰化物(2.35%)、硝态氮和亚硝态氮(1%);构成色度的主要组分有带显色基团的有机物、显色离子团和硫化物等.构成COD、TN、色度等3项指标的化合物几乎涵盖了焦化废水中的所有组分.综上所述,可将焦化废水指标归纳为COD类、TN类和色度等3大类,通过归一化管理实现简化的目标.     

微波诱导改性活性炭催化处理低浓度抗生素废水

通过采用负载FeSO4活性炭、CuSO4活性炭和一般活性炭作为微波催化剂处理抗生素废水的对比实验,研究不同负载方法对抗生素制药废水COD去除的差别,结果表明,负载FeSO4的活性炭作为催化剂的微波处理系统对COD的去除率最高.以微波诱导负载FeSO4的活性炭为催化剂对抗生素制药废水进行处理,结果表明,增大负载FeSO4活性炭质量,微波辐射时间和微波功率,均有利于抗生素废水中COD的去除,但各影响因素的取值并不是越大越好.对微波诱导负载FeSO4活性炭催化工艺处理抗生素废水进行反应动力学分析,结果显示,过程近似一级反应,其动力学方程为:lnC0/C=0.1413t+5.4121,r=0.9876.反应动力学常数为0.1413 min-1.     

流化床三维电极电催化氧化深度处理焦化废水

研究了以焦粒为粒子电极的流化床三维电极反应器对二级生化处理后的焦化废水进行深度处理。结果表明：采用以焦粒为粒子电极的流化床三维电极反应器能有效降解废水中的有机物,COD去除率依赖于粒子投加量、电流密度、电导率、pH值、曝气量等操作参数的影响。在电导率（以S计）为7.1 m.cm-1,曝气量为160 L.h-1,电流密度（以A计）为48 m.cm-2,pH值为5.0,投加量30 g.L-1时,电解30 min,COD的去除率超过60%,表明流化床三维电极反应器在焦化废水深度处理中有很好工程应用前景。     

有机磷农药废水碱性水解生物处理技术

本文报道了碱性水解和生物氧化两步法,处理有机磷农药-乐果、甲胺磷生产废水的研究结果.废水经碱性水解后,COD和有机磷浓度基本不变,但可生化性有明显改善.在遵循常规生物处理必须满足的条件下,碱性废水进一步用间歇或连续活性污泥法处理.COD去除率90%左右,有机磷去除率85%以上,有机磷含量以毒性磷计小于0.5mg/L.深入考察了碱解剂种类、水溶液的pH和温度等各种因素对碱性水解的影响,结果表明:NaOH作碱解剂时的碱解速率比Ca(OH),提高28%;碱解速率随pH和温度的升高而增大,pH每增加一个单位,碱解速率增加2～11倍;温度每升高10℃,碱解速率增加2～5倍.     

Fe-C-H_2O_2协同催化氧化处理印染废水

用Fe-C-H2O2协同催化氧化体系对印染工业废水的降解脱色处理进行了研究。对影响印染废水降解的几种因素如铁屑/碳粒质量比、双氧水的质量分数、废水pH等进行考察。试验结果表明,对于色度为650度和ρ（COD）为468mg·L-1的印染废水,在废水pH=4.8的情况下,当铁屑/碳粒质量比为25∶1、H2O2用量为150mg·L-1、催化反应30min时,印染废水的脱色率达98%以上,CODCr去除率可达78%。与Fe-C微电解法相比,Fe-C-H2O2协同催化氧化方法对印染废水的脱色能力和去除COD,表现出了更好的处理效果。     

硅酸钙吸附法预处理焦化废水中COD和NH3-N

焦化废水是一种典型的含有高污染、难降解有机物的高浓度工业废水,生物处理是目前处理焦化废水的核心技术.由于焦化废水高浓度污染物对微生物活性产生抑制作用,经生物处理后其COD及NH3-N等指标仍很难达标.因此,在进入生物处理系统前往往采用物理法或化学法对焦化废水进行预处理,使氰化物、COD及NH3-N等难降解物指标得到一定程度的降低,为后续生物处理降低负荷.     

可燃吸附剂从焦化废水中分离潜热实现低能耗工艺的实验研究——以活性炭为例

以活性炭和焦化废水为例,将吸附废水尾水的粉末活性炭(PAC)分离,再吸附原水,从吸附过程和投加量考察COD的去除,运用GC/MS对吸附过程的微观组分进行解析,再进行燃烧热值测定.研究结果表明,针对尾水选择合适粉末活性炭,少量投加即可使出水COD达标排放;吸附尾水时主要去除生物系统难以降解的有机组分,再吸附原水时,对酚类物质、氮杂环化合物以及多环芳烃类都具有显著的效果,表现出非选择性,吸附过程完全受控于高浓度组分;单位废水可提供的热值Qw=(45.990±3.521)×Cm,吸附原水有机物的活性炭,其燃烧热值有显著提高,增量ΔQ由ΔQ=(45.990±3.521)×(Cm-Ce)×V决定.针对高浓度难降解的工业有机废水,上述工艺通过能源回收的方式可实现工程造价与运行费用的显著降低.     

钽铌冶炼铁泥制备聚硅酸硫酸铁絮凝剂及其应用

本文以Fenton试剂法处理钽铌冶炼废水产生铁泥作为聚硅酸硫酸铁制备铁源,在不同的ω(SiO_2)、pH值、n(Fe)/n(Si)条件下优化制备了聚硅酸硫酸铁絮凝剂,并进行钨铋多金属矿选矿废水及高浊度模拟废水处理.研究结果表明:在ω(SiO_2)=1.00%、pH=3.00、n(Fe)∶n(Si)=1∶1的适宜条件下制得的聚硅酸硫酸铁絮凝剂效果最佳.在0.10%(体积分数)投加量下搅拌2 min,钨铋选矿废水浊度去除率达99.9%,COD去除率达76.8%,废水中Pb和As去除率分别达98.8%和97.2%,Be去除率几乎达100%,处理后废水浊度由319 NTU降至0.32 NTU、COD含量由322 mg·L~(-1)降至74.7 mg·L~(-1),废水中Pb和As质量浓度分别由7.89、1.03 mg·L-1降至0.09、0.03 mg·L~(-1),未检出Be;高浊度模拟废水浊度去除率达98.5%,浊度由716 NTU降至10.7 NTU.处理后废水达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8979—1996)一级标准.     

磷酸铵镁沉淀法去除NH3-N的影响因素及应用研究

针对NH3N浓度为200—1000mg·l-1的废水,以磷酸铵镁沉淀法去除NH3N,通过正交试验确定影响磷酸铵镁沉淀反应的因素依次为:pH值,PO3-4∶NH 4,Mg2 ∶NH 4和反应时间;最优反应条件分别为pH=8,Mg2 ∶PO3-4∶NH 4=1.4∶1.2∶1,反应时间10min,分别考察pH值,PO34投加量,Mg2 投加量和NH3N初始浓度对磷酸铵镁沉淀法去除NH3N的效率及出水NH3N和TP浓度的影响,对养猪场废水和焦化废水中NH3N的处理,最高去除率分别达到81.01%和73.63%,同时,两种废水相应的COD和色度的最大去除率分别达到81.33%、72.97%和50.27%、20.94%.     

污染水体中鱼体内三聚氰胺的累积及其在清洁水体中的消除

以吉富罗非鱼（Oreochromis niloticus）为受试动物,在室内用水族箱进行模拟养殖试验,设定污染水体中三聚氰胺初始浓度为0.2 g·L-1,考察罗非鱼在其中饲养1周期间体内三聚氰胺的累积情况。再将鱼转移至不含三聚氰胺的清洁水体中饲养1周,考察鱼体内三聚氰胺在其中的消除情况。结果表明,三聚氰胺能在鱼体内迅速富集,鱼肉及内脏中三聚氰胺的含量均与鱼在污染水体中暴露的时间成正相关。其中,鱼肉中三聚氰胺的浓度几乎成线性增大,拟合所得方程为y=5.598 8x＋12.897,相关系数为0.995 9。内脏对三聚氰胺的富集速率先快后慢,且其中三聚氰胺的浓度为鱼肉的2~3倍。在试验后期,鱼肉及内脏中三聚氰胺的浓度分别高达51.55 mg·kg-1和93.89 mg·kg-1,此时罗非鱼表现出明显的中毒迹象。将罗非鱼转移至清洁水体中养殖后,鱼肉及内脏中三聚氰胺的残留量均迅速下降,尤其是后者的消除速度甚快,一周后两者的浓度分别降至0.13 mg·kg-1和0.21 mg·kg-1。此时,罗非鱼中毒症状逐渐消失,活动趋向正常。     

土壤水库和森林植被对水资源的调节作用

以湖南省土地、森林利用状况等有关资料为基础，从土壤和森林对降水形成径流的影响，调节水资源的数量和方式，防洪抗旱减灾方面的作用3个层次，详细地剖析了土壤水库和森林植被对水资源的调节作用。结果指出，土壤水库和森林植被能够调节水资源，其潜力非常大。合理利用土壤水库和森林植被可以蓄水保土减蚀，削减洪峰，减少自然灾害。     

Degradation of hydrochlorothiazide in water

The photolytic decomposition of hydrochlorothiazide in water was investigated. Irradiation of the drug was performed in pure water and sewage treatment plant water with a solar simulator and by direct sunlight. Here we show that three photoproducts were obtained. Two of them were formed in yields much higher than 10%. An environmental risk assessment of hydrochlorothiazide should take into account also these photoproducts in a complete analytical and ecotoxicological evaluation.     

Price perceptions in water demand

Economists advocate for using the price mechanism to manage water scarcity, but complex nonlinear rate structures prevalent in markets for municipal water obscure price signals. We conduct a randomized field experiment that jointly elicits knowledge about the cost of water and examines the impact of improved information on demand by linking a survey to water billing records. Half of our sample of 30,000 single family homeowners are randomly sent an invitation to a survey that asks questions about the water bill and the costs of water-use activities (e.g. the cost of taking a shower), and subsequently provides personalized accurate information. Results show that consumers have poor information about the marginal price of water and overestimate the costs of using water. Respondents are relatively better informed about their total bill and water consumption. In aggregate, respondents increase water use in response to the survey, potentially due to learning that water is cheaper than they previously thought. Increased consumption is concentrated among low users who are more likely to over-estimate the costs of using water.     

Molecular analysis of bacterial community in the tap water with different water ages of a drinking water distribution system

The increase of water ages drove the deterioration of drinking water quality. The relative abundance of Rhizobiales uniquely increase during distributing process. Rhizobiales order was helpful for inhibiting corrosion under high chlorine level. New disinfecting strategies should be developed to ensure drinking water safety. Bacterial community in the drinking water distribution system (DWDS) was regulated by multiple environmental factors, many of which varied as a function of water age. In this study, four water samples with different water ages, including finished water (FW, 0 d) and tap water (TW) [TW1 (1 d), TW2(2 d) and TW3(3 d)], were collected along with the mains of a practical DWDS, and the bacterial community was investigated by high-throughput sequencing technique. Results indicated that the residual chlorine declined with the increase of water age, accompanied by the increase of dissolved organic matter, total bacteria counts and bacterial diversity (Shannon). For bacterial community composition, although Proteobacteria phylum (84.12%-97.6%) and Alphaproteobacteria class (67.42%-93.09%) kept dominate, an evident regular was observed at the order level. In detail, the relative abundance of most of other residual orders increased with different degrees from the start to the end of the DWDS, while a downward trend was uniquely observed in terms of Rhizobiales, who was inferred to be chlorine-resistant and be helpful for inhibiting pipes corrosion. Moreover, some OTUs were found to be closely related with species possessing pathogenicity and chlorine-resistant ability, so it was recommended that the use of agents other than chlorine or agents that can act synergically with chlorine should be developed for drinking water disinfection. This paper revealed bacterial community variations along the mains of the DWDS and the result was helpful for understanding bacterial ecology in the DWDS.     

Redox processes in water remediation

Groundwater is the main source of drinking water and water for agricultural and industrial usage. Therefore, groundwater contamination is prevented and contaminated groundwater is remediated to protect public health and the environment. Methods to remediate groundwater contamination have been recently developed. The use of redox processes in water remediation technologies has not been properly reviewed. Numerous water remediation technologies, such as ultrasonication, bioremediation, electrokinetics and nanotechnology, are closely related to redox processes. Redox processes control the chemical speciation, bioavailability, toxicity, mobility and adsorption of water pollutants in environment. Here, we review (1) general introduction of redox processes, (2) applicability of redox processes in water remediation, and (3) catalytic enhancement of redox potentials to explore its wide applicability in environmental remediation.     

A red water occurrence in drinking water distribution systems caused by changes in water source in Beijing,China: mechanism analysis and control measures

A red water phenomenon occurred in several communities few days after the change of water source in Beijing, China in 2008. In this study, the origin of this problem, the mechanism of iron release and various control measures were investigated. The results indicated that a significant increase in sulphate concentration as a result of the new water source was the cause of the red water phenomenon. The mechanism of iron release was found that the high-concentration sulphate in the new water source disrupted the stable shell of scale on the inner pipe and led to the release of iron compounds. Experiments showed that the iron release rate in the new source water within pipe section was over 11-fold higher than that occurring within the local source water. The recovery of tap water quality lasted several months despite ameliora- tive measures being implemented, including adding phosphate, reducing the overall proportion of the new water source, elevating the pH and alkalinity, and utilizing free chlorine as a disinfectant instead of chloramine. Adding phosphate was more effective and more practical than the other measures. The iron release rate was decreased after the addition of 1.5 mg. L-1 orthophosphate- P, tripolyphosphate-P and hexametaphosphate-P by 68%, 83% and 87%, respectively. Elevating the pH and alkalinity also reduced the iron release rate by 50%. However, the iron release rate did not decreased after replacing chloramine by 0.5-0.8 mg. L-1 of free chlorine as disinfectant.     

The potential role of virtual water in solving water scarcity and food security problems in China

Water, as a source of food security, plays an essential role in ensuring sustainable food resources for a growing population. However, water scarcity has increasingly become a constraint to economic development, particularly food production. The water-food challenge is impending because of China's increasing population and water demand. The concept of virtual water is useful to analyze this problem. In this paper, the implications and policy relevance of virtual water are expounded. Based on imported food volumes, it is calculated that an annual average of 10.52 × 10⁹ m³ of virtual water embodied in imported wheat and maize in the period between 1990 and 2000 is equivalent to 23% of the annual average transfer water volume of the South-North Water Transfer (SNWT) project. Consequently, this 29.3 × 10⁶ ha of virtual land is equivalent to 19% of China's arable land in 2000. Using the grain import prediction and the agricultural production conditions of China, the virtual water equivalents of China in 2010 and 2020 are evaluated, and are about 88 × 10⁹ m³ in 2010 and 95 × 10⁹ m³ in 2020, respectively. Importing virtual water embedded in traded food can alleviate water stress and even achieve food security. Virtual water trade may compensate for water demands for not only the past but also the future. Meanwhile, water trade can store water in its virtual water form, enabling food storage to play a potential role in solving food problems, as well as promoting sustainability of water resources in China.     

磺胺嘧啶在水中的微生物降解研究

为了探明磺胺嘧啶在水中的环境行为,通过室内模拟降解实验分别研究了磺胺嘧啶在湖水和猪场废水中的好氧和厌氧微生物降解,考察了供氧方式和有机质含量对磺胺嘧啶微生物降解的影响。结果表明:磺胺嘧啶在猪场废水中厌氧微生物降解速率高于其好氧组,而磺胺嘧啶在湖水中厌氧微生物降解速率低于其好氧组。磺胺嘧啶在湖水和猪场废水中的好氧或厌氧微生物降解均较缓慢,这可能与其较强的抑菌性和微生物的营养状况有关。通过微生物培养还研究了好氧降解时磺胺嘧啶对湖水中微生物种群生长的影响,数据显示:磺胺嘧啶对湖水和猪场废水中细菌的生长具有一定的刺激作用,而对真菌和放线菌的生长影响不明显。