肝移植手术相关并发症的防治

目的总结和探讨原位肝移植手术相关并发症发生的原因、预防及治疗。方法对1993年4月至2004年12月所实行的647例次原位肝移植患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果肝移植手术后共发生并发症73例,发生率11．3％（73／647）,包括血管并发症39例（6．0％,39／647）,其中肝动脉23例（3．6％）,门静脉6例（0．9％）,腔静脉10例（1．5％）,其中腔静脉并发症均发生在非腔静脉整形患者;放置内支架治疗肝动脉狭窄2例,均成功;肝动脉血栓形成者行再次移植治疗,成功率为4／6,再血管化和气囊扩张成功率分别为3／7和2／7;放置内支架治疗门静脉吻合口狭窄和腔静脉狭窄的成功率为3／3和10／10。发生胆道并发症34例（5．3％）,其中放置T管患者发生胆道并发症27例,未放置T管患者7例,两组吻合口胆漏、胆道狭窄和感染的发生率比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论传统背驮式肝移植术能有效预防腔静脉并发症的发生;放置内支架技术治疗血管狭窄性病变效果好;早期肝动脉血栓形成应采取再次肝移植;确保供肝胆道系统的血供是减少胆道并发症的关键;不放置T管的胆管端端吻合术,是胆道重建的首选术式。     

肝移植术后肝动脉并发症的治疗

目的 探讨肝移植术后肝动脉并发症治疗方式与时机的选择.方法 总结2003年10月至2007年3月中山大学附属第三医院肝脏移植中心25例肝移植术后肝动脉并发症的临床资料,分析介入溶栓、经皮腔内血管成形(PTA)、支架植入和再次肝移植对肝动脉并发症预后的影响.结果 本组患者肝移植术后肝动脉血栓形成(hepatic artery thrombosis,HAT)5例,2例患者因肝功能衰竭行再移植治疗,术后均存活;3例接受介入溶栓治疗后,1例肝功能恢复正常,1例死亡,1例再次出现HAT,并再次移植术后因多器官功能衰竭死亡.术后1个月内出现肝动脉狭窄(hepatic arterystenosis,HAS)者12例,因肝功能衰竭行再移植2例;支架植入10例(治疗后因胆道缺血性改变行再移植4例);6例再移植患者存活4例,因颅内出血和感染死亡2例.术后1个月后出现HAS者8例,行肝动脉支架植入5例,肝功能好转.因胆道缺血性改变接受再移植1例.另外2例行保守治疗,情况稳定未作处理.结论 肝移植术后肝动脉并发症的治疗应根据并发症采用个体化的治疗方案.HAT的治疗以再次肝移植为主,HAS以介入治疗为主,一旦出现胆道缺血性改变,应及时行再次肝移植.     

再次肝移植手术技巧:附24例报告

目的探讨再次肝移植的手术技巧。方法总结近4年多来24例行再次肝移植术患者的临床资料。全部采用改良背驮式原位肝移植术。6例采用体外静脉转流，18例未转流。肝上下腔静脉吻合应用附加腔静脉成形一改良背驮式。门静脉重建均为端端吻合。肝动脉的重建：7例为肝动脉、腹主动脉搭桥术，余均为肝动脉端端吻合术。胆道的重建：6例为胆管、胆管端端吻合术，余均为胆管、空肠吻合术（Roux—en—Y或Warren术式）。对所有患者进行随访。结果住院期间病死率为41．6％（10／24）。死亡原因：脓毒症7例；手术出血性休克2例；脑血管意外1例。痊愈率为58．4％（14／24）。痊愈患者并发症发生率为21．4％（3／14），包括胆道并发症2例，伤口裂开1例。结论再次肝移植与初次肝移植手术时间及出血量无显著差异。针对患者进行个体化处理是手术成功的关键。手术难点在于下腔静脉的显露与游离。肝动脉搭桥及胆肠吻合机率高于初次肝移植。     

成人活体肝移植后再次肝移植六例

目的总结成人活体肝移植后再次肝移植的体会。方法6例曾经接受活体肝移植者因胆道并发症（2例）、血管并发症（2例）、慢性排斥反应（1例）和肝炎复发（1例）而接受再次肝移植，再次肝移植均采用改良背驮式原位肝移植术。除1例将供肝动脉改为与受者腹主动脉吻合外，其余均为同名血管的端端吻合。结果1例术后因原发性移植肝无功能死亡；1例肝动脉吻合口狭窄，经介入治疗放置支架后缓解。随访至今，5例已分别存活12、9、6、4和3个月，目前肝功能良好。结论腹腔内粘连是成人活体肝移植后再次肝移植的手术难点。     

肝移植中门静脉-内脏曲张静脉吻合在门静脉机化血栓患者的应用

目的:探讨门静脉-内脏曲张静脉吻合在门静脉机化血栓患者肝移植中的应用。方法:对门静脉和肠系膜上静脉均完全被机化血栓阻塞的7例患者实施肝移植,其中3例供体门静脉-曲张冠状静脉吻合;2例髂静脉搭桥供体门静脉和脾门旁曲张的静脉吻合;1例采用供体门静脉-胆总管前曲张静脉吻合;1例供体门静脉—曲张的胃网膜右静脉吻合。结果:7例手术全部成功。1例术后7d死于多脏器功能衰竭,但是门静脉血流一直通畅。1例术后6个月发现吻合口狭窄,术后9个月采用经皮肝穿刺门静脉支架置入治愈;其余患者分别随访12～22个月,门静脉血流均通畅,无狭窄或血栓形成,肝、肾功能正常。结论:肝移植中对门静脉和肠系膜上静脉均完全被机化血栓阻塞的患者,行供体门静脉-曲张内脏静脉吻合可取得良好疗效。     

原位肝移植术中动脉重建及术后并发症的防治

目的探讨原位肝移植肝动脉重建技术及其并发症的影响因素和防治。方法回顾性分析31例原位肝移植的临床资料,分析肝动脉重建及其并发症的影响因素,以及肝动脉并发症的防治。结果31例受体肝动脉均无变异。活体肝移植中供体肝动脉2例存在变异,其中1例副肝左动脉来源于胃左动脉,移植前肝左动脉、副肝左动脉成形后取供体的大隐静脉搭桥,与肝固有动脉与胃十二指肠动脉汇合处吻合;1例副肝右动脉来源于胃十二指肠动脉,行双动脉吻合。1例活体双供体肝移植行双动脉吻合;1例再次肝移植行腹主动脉搭桥;受体肝动脉直径<3mm6例,3～5mm17例,≥5mm8例。肝动脉吻合时间为23～70min,平均(31.46±9.07)min。术后32d发生肝动脉狭窄1例,行狭窄处球囊扩张后放置动脉支架,术后随访4个月肝功能及肝动脉血流良好,其余术后观察2～7个月均无肝动脉血栓形成及其他动脉并发症。结论重视引起肝动脉并发症的诸多因素,应用显微外科技术进行精细的肝动脉吻合,适当使用抗凝药物,能有效降低肝移植术后的肝动脉并发症;及时有效地处理肝动脉并发症能明显提高肝移植患者的生存率。     

同种原位肝移植肝脉重建技巧

目的：探讨和总结同种原位肝移植术中肝动脉重建技术。方法：回顾性分析我院近一年来所施行18例原位肝移植术中肝动脉重建方式和技巧。结果15例行供受体肝固有动脉端端吻合,2例供体肝总动脉与受体肝固有动脉吻合,1例供体总动脉与受体脾动脉吻合。术后彩色色普勒超声监测显示肝动脉血流通畅,均未发现有血栓菜成或肝动脉狭窄,全部病例未发生胆道并发症。结论：成功的肝动脉重建技术防止肝移植术后肝动脉血栓形成或肝动脉狭窄的关键。     

应用供者髂动脉行腹主动脉搭桥重建移植肝动脉的临床分析

目的探讨应用供者髂动脉行腹主动脉搭桥重建移植肝动脉对肝移植受者预后的影响。 方法回顾性分析中国医科大学附属第一医院2006年1月至2018年4月应用供者髂动脉行腹主动脉搭桥重建肝动脉的肝移植受者临床资料,观察其术后肝功能恢复情况及肝动脉血栓等并发症的发生情况,分析采用搭桥方式进行移植肝动脉重建的原因。 结果共纳入8例受者,其中1例存在脾动脉盗血综合征导致肝总动脉供血不足,3例肝总动脉纤细,4例肝总动脉壁薄弱或分层。重建后肝动脉平均血流为(315±178)mL/min。术后2例受者分别因肝脏流出道和胆管吻合口狭窄导致黄疸,其余受者移植肝功能恢复良好。1例受者术后2个月出现肝动脉血栓形成,继发肝脓肿,半年后因多脏器功能衰竭死亡。其余7例受者随访至2018年11月均存活,肝动脉均通畅,无狭窄或血栓形成。 结论当供、受者常规肝动脉端端吻合无法实施时,应用供者髂动脉行腹主动脉搭桥重建移植肝动脉是一种可行的肝动脉重建方法。     

肝动脉-腹主动脉搭桥在原位肝移植术中的应用

目的探讨供肝动脉与受体肾动脉下的腹主动脉之间用同一供体的骼动脉进行搭桥的方法及其相关并发症的影响因素。方法回顾性分析8例使用同一供体的髂动脉进行肾动脉平面以下肝动脉-腹主动脉搭桥的肝移植术临床资料。结果8例患者术中肝动脉-腹主动脉搭桥用时53～126min，术后发生胆瘘1例，胆道感染并肝内胆汁瘤形成1例，其余6例患者恢复顺利，肝功能1周左右恢复正常；无肝动脉并发症发生。结论使用供体髂血管进行肝动脉-腹主动脉搭桥，对于无法行常规肝动脉吻合的受体是一种安全、有效的方法。     

活体肝移植的几点关键外科技术

目的：探讨活体肝移植的几点关键外科技术。方法：2001年1月至2002年3月底,实施活体肝移植11例,其中左半肝8例,左外叶1例,成人右半肝2例;根据术前CT、血管造影和术中B超确定肝切除线,超声电刀离断肝实质,经门静脉灌注原位获取。受体手术采用保留腔静脉的全肝切除。移植肝原位植入,肝静脉重建采用扩大成型吻合技术,显微技术吻合肝动脉,胆道重建采用端端吻合,置“T“管引流。结果：11例供体术后顺利康复出院,未发生严重并发症。11例受体中,1例发生肝动脉血栓形成需再次肝移植,1例因不可逆转的严重排斥反应,于术后72d死亡。10例受体康复出院,肝功能、铜氧化酶恢复正常。结论：活体肝移植对供体是相对安全的。管道重建技术是活体肝移植的重要环节。术前、术中了解供体的解剖变异并正确处理,可降低并发症发生率。     

Complex vascular reconstruction using donor's vessel grafts in orthotopic liver transplantation

The vascular abnormalities of recipients are associated with reconstructive difficulties with an increased risk of postoperative complications. We performed an orthotopic liver transplantation that required a complex vascular reconstruction using donor vascular grafts. A patient with hepatitis B virus cirrhosis received a liver from a brain-dead donor. Dynamic computed tomography revealed complete obstruction of the portal vein due to thrombosis as well as narrowing of the hepatic arteries. We employed orthotopic liver transplantation using the piggy-back technique with complex reconstruction of the portal vein and the hepatic arteries. For portal vein reconstruction, we used the donor's iliac vein as an interpositional conduit from the recipient's gastric coronary vein to graft the portal vein. The hepatic arteries of the graft were reconstructed at the back-table before anastomosis to the side of superior mesenteric artery using an interpositional conduit of the donor's external iliac artery. All postoperative studies revealed good graft function with an excellent blood flow through all vascular anastomoses during the first year postoperatively.     

亲属活体单段供肝移植治疗极低体重婴儿胆道闭锁一例

目的 总结亲属活体单段供肝移植治疗极低体重婴儿胆道闭锁的临床经验.方法 受者为出生仅145 d的男婴,身高66 crn,体量3.08 kg,被确诊为胆道闭锁伴肝硬化.供者为患儿母亲,年龄36岁,身高145 cm,体重47 kg.采用改良背驮式原位肝移植术,切取供者Ⅱ段肝组织作为供肝,移植肝体积与受者标准肝体积比值为92.5%,GRWR为5.19%,供肝动脉与受者肝右动脉用供者左侧股外侧浅隐静脉搭桥行端端吻合,受者三支肝静脉经整合后与供肝静脉行端端吻合,供肝胆管与受者空肠行Roux-en-Y吻合.术后监测供、受者生命体征、肝肾功能及出血和凝血状况等,常规抗感染治疗.受者术后采用环孢素A、吗替麦考酚酯及甲泼尼龙的方案预防排斥反应.结果 供肝切取手术历时370 min,术中供者出血150 ml均回输,切取供肝重量为160 g.肝移植手术历时451min,术中受者失血230 ml,输注全血200 ml和红细胞悬液50 m1,无肝期时间为71 min,供肝冷缺血时间为132 min.供者恢复顺利,术后8 d拆线出院.受者术后5 d肝功能基本恢复正常,术后7 d各项化验指标均正常.但术后7和15 d时,受者分别发生肠道吻合口漏各1次,经修补后痊愈.受者于术后35 d出院,出院时体重增加0.3 kg,各方面与同龄婴儿相当.结论 亲属活体单段供肝移植是治疗极低体重患儿终未期肝病的一种可供选择的治疗方法,经充分的术前评估、精细的手术操作及良好的围手术期管理后,手术能取得良好效果.     

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目的：分析10例活体肝移植术中的血管变异，总结其外科处理经验，进一步提高手术成功率，减少并发症。方法：2001年1月至12月，行活体肝移植10例，其中左半肝8例，左外叶1例，右半肝1例，供肝者均为其母，经术中B超及胆管造影以确定肝切线。供体单支肝动脉分支与受体肝动脉吻合，两支肝动脉分别与受体肝左、右动脉吻合。门静脉分支与受体门静脉主干吻合。供体肝静脉与受体下腔静脉行端侧吻合。胆管重建均采用肝管分支与受体胆总管端端吻合，置T管引流。结果：10例活体肝移植，1例因肝动脉血栓形成，术后5天需次肝移植；1例发生排斥；其余8例均康复出院，5例已上学。结论：活体肝移植术中血管重建技术是其重要环节，术前和术中了解供受体解剖变异并正确处理，可减少术后血管和胆道的并发症。     

Vascular complications after orthotopic liver transplantation

Over a 57-month period, we performed 430 orthotopic liver transplants in 372 patients. A total of 38 vascular complications were identified including hepatic artery thrombosis (n = 24), portal vein thrombosis (n = 6), combined hepatic artery thrombosis/portal vein thrombosis (n = 3), and hepatic artery rupture (n = 5). A number of potential risk factors for the development of vascular thrombosis were evaluated with only children, weight less than 10 kg, and cold ischemia time found to be significant. The clinical presentation included fulminant hepatic failure, allograft dysfunction, biliary sepsis, and screening ultrasound. Duplex ultrasonography was diagnostic in nearly all cases. Therapeutic modalities included revascularization, revascularization followed by retransplantation, retransplantation alone, and observation. Five cases of hepatic artery rupture occurred in four patients. Infectious arteritis was present in four patients. The 6-month actuarial survival in patients with vascular complications was 70%. Early diagnosis is critical for graft salvage, with surgical intervention the mainstay of therapy.     

Hepatic allograft rescue following arterial thrombosis. Role of urgent revascularization

Hepatic artery thrombosis is a continuing source of morbidity and mortality following orthotopic liver transplantation. The cornerstone of therapy has been urgent retransplantation that is limited by organ availability. For this reason we developed a policy of urgent revascularization for allograft rescue. Hepatic artery thrombosis developed following 15 transplants of which 11 underwent urgent rearterialization. The diagnosis was made a mean of 4.8 days (range 1-10) following transplantation. Duplex ultrasonography was diagnostic in all patients and confirmed by angiography in 4 (36%). Three patients with hepatic artery thrombosis were identified following screening ultrasonography and were clinically unsuspected. Upon reexploration, a specific technical reason for hepatic artery was found in 4 patients (36%). Twelve arterial revascularization procedures were performed in 11 patients including: thrombectomy alone (n = 4); revision of anastomosis with thrombectomy (n = 5); and thrombectomy with placement of vascular conduit (n = 3). Following revascularization, 8 patients maintained hepatic artery patency. Three patients eventually required retransplantation secondary to biliary sepsis. Biliary tract complications developed in 6 patients, at a mean of 23 days following revascularization and included: breakdown of the biliary anastomosis (n = 4); stricture (n = 1); and sludge formation (n = 1). The overall graft and patient survival are 74% and 82% respectively, with a mean follow-up of 6.8 months. Hepatic allograft rescue with the use of urgent revascularization following hepatic artery thrombosis appears to be an effective means of either avoiding retransplantation or providing a bridge until a suitable donor becomes available.     

Dissection of an iliac artery conduit to liver allograft: treatment with an endovascular stent.

Hepatic artery thrombosis remains one of the most serious complications after orthotopic liver transplantation. Sepsis, biliary leakage and strictures, and retransplantation are often the result of this devastating complication. Because retransplantation or reoperation is sometimes not possible or advisable, other means of reestablishing hepatic artery continuity are desirable. We describe a liver transplant recipient who developed a dissection of an iliac artery conduit after retransplantation that was treated with fibrinolytic therapy followed by successful placement of an endovascular stent.     

Orthotopic hepatic transplantation in the dog.

Orthotopic hepatic transplantation has become a well-established treatment modality for end-stage liver disease, and research in this field is constantly evolving. Of the 34 canine liver transplants performed in this study, 17 (50%) survived more than 3 days (mean survival time 15 days). Causes of perioperative death included hemorrhage (4), anesthetic complications (3), systemic anaphylaxis (3), portal vein thrombosis (3), hepatic venous outflow block (2), and hepatic artery thrombosis (2). Gentle handling with minimal dissection of the donor liver in situ resulted in a decreased incidence of hepatic venous outflow block. The incidence of biliary leak was similar irrespective of the method of biliary reconstruction, although the incidence of acute cholangitis was 56% in the cholecystoduodenostomy group compared with 0% in the choledochocholedochostomy cohort. Using celiac to common hepatic end-to-side arterial anastomosis with preservation of the gastroduodenal artery, thrombosis of the hepatic artery was encountered in four instances, an incidence similar to previously reported studies where end-to-end hepaticohepatic arterial anastomosis or donor aortic conduit was utilized. The incidence of postoperative intestinal intussusception was reduced from 40 to 0% in those who underwent transmesenteric intestinal plication following implantation of the liver. Among short-term survivors, sepsis was the most frequent noted complication (10), followed by intestinal intussusception (6), rejection (6), and gastrointestinal bleeding (1). Among recipient dogs that survived more than 3 days, rejection was the most common cause of graft loss (5), followed by biliary leak (4) and hepatic artery thrombosis (2).     

Predisposing factors for biliary complications following liver transplantation

INTRODUCTION: Biliary complications remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients following liver transplantation. We sought to identify possible risk factors predisposing to biliary complications after OLT using duct-to-duct biliary reconstruction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 5 years of prospectively collected donor and recipient data between April 1999 and April 2004. We evaluated the presence of biliary complications, donor and recipient age, cold ischemia time, hepatic artery thrombosis, non-heart-beating donor (NHBD), and graft steatosis (>30%). The results were compared with a control group of OLT patients without biliary complications. RESULTS: Among 173 OLT recipients, biliary complications occurred in 28 patients (16.2%), of whom 12 were leaks, 15 strictures, and 1 a nonanastomotic intrahepatic stricture. The mortality following biliary complications was 11%, compared to 6% in the control group. CONCLUSION: Biliary complications remain a persistent problem in OLT. Analysis of risk factors identified hepatic artery thrombosis and steatosis as predisposing factors. With greater experience, NHBD livers may also prove to be at greater risk of biliary complications.     

Outcome of 28 split liver grafts

Our aim is to present our experience with split liver transplantation. From 1992-2002, 14 livers were split to obtain 28 grafts that were transplanted to 12 adults and 16 children. Ex situ splitting was performed in all cases. The left graft consisted of the left lateral segment (segments II-III) in 11 cases and the left lobe in three, depending on the size of the pediatric recipient. Pediatric recipients were of mean age 3, 4 years; mean weight 13 kg; six emergency cases for fulminant hepatic failure or urgent retransplantation and seven of 10 elective cases for biliary atresia. Postoperative mortality rate was 31% (five cases), including four of six emergency cases and one elective case (10%). The main cause was multiorgan failure. Technical complications were: one arterial thrombosis, one portal vein thrombosis, and four biliary complications. Eleven patients are alive and well. Adult recipients were of mean age 53 years. The indications were hepatocellular carcinoma in six cases, liver cirrhosis of various etiologies in five, and one recurrence of hepatitis C in a graft. Two patients died during the postoperative period from sepsis after retransplantation for primary nonfunction of the split graft and multiorgan failure with sepsis. One-year actuarial survival was 84%. CONCLUSIONS: The results of split liver transplantation in elective cases are similar to whole liver transplantation, whereas patient survival among emergency cases is low due to the critical condition of the patients.