Examination for Experimental Verification of Improvement of Power Quality in Distribution System by PCS

In the future, the power quality will decrease by the introduction of a lot of renewable energy sources. The topic of this research is a new method of operation of PCS （power conditioning systems） in the future distribution system. The purpose of this research is development of PCS with a function of improvement of the distribution system. Therefore, the authors propose a method of the power quality improvement of the distribution system by PCS. In addition, the authors construct the control logic to use in PCS The control logic suggests adding harmonic restraint function to conventional control. These were verified by simulation and an experiment. As the results, we confirmed that basic operation of PCS being carried out, harmonics were restrained, and power quality had improved.     

户用光伏接入对配电网电压影响及优化研究

户用光伏的随机性和波动性是制约网络消纳的关键因素,高比例的户用光伏并网将影响区域网络的静态电压稳定。文章通过户用光伏系统分析,研究了户用光伏接入对配电网电压波动的影响;并提出基于遗传算法的含户用光伏配电网无功优化方法;最后,利用IEEE33节点配电网模型,针对不同渗透率下户用光伏接入配电网进行仿真实验,验证了所提含户用光伏配电网无功优化方法的可行性与准确性,可有效解决配电网电压波动问题。     

Dynamic Voltage Restorer with Active Disturbance Rejection Control

Power quality is one of the major concerns among consumers and electric utility companies. CUPS （custom power systems） devices are used to improve the quality of power and enhance the reliability of the power supply in the distribution networks. The DVR （dynamic voltage restorer） is an important CUPS device used to mitigate voltage sag/swell and imbalances. Various control techniques have been implemented to control the DVR, among which the PID （proportional-integral-derivative） controller is dominant because of its model independent property and its error driven technique. In this paper, a new controller based on the ADRC （active disturbance rejection control） concept is developed, and its performance is compared to that of the PID controller. The model of the DVR and its ADRC and PID controllers were developed under the MATLAB （matrix laboratory）/Simulink environment. The simulation results demonstrated the effectiveness of the ADRC over the PID controller.     

Test Facility for Low Potential Pumped Storage Power Plants and Hydrokinetic Turbines

The electric energy which is generated by wind power plants depends on the wind speed and exceeds with strong permissible wind speed the electric energy requirements of the country. In order not to reduce this electrical energy, it must be stored. The sensible energy storage is currently the pumped storage power plants. As the mountain ranges for conventional pumped storage power plants with drop heights of H 〉 600 m are strictly limited, the development of low potential pumped storage power plants has begun. Increasing the capacity of pumped storage power plants with regard to the wind power plants is urgently needed. In this paper, it is shown using the example of an unneeded port facility, how a port facility can be used after low conversion as a test facility for low potential pumped storage power plants and at the same time for the testing of hydro-kinetic turbines. This type of pump storage power plants does not save the energy due to large drop heights, but primarily due to the large volume flow of water.     

光伏逆变器无功调节能力分析与控制策略研究

通过建立光伏逆变器接入配电网稳态分析模型,以接入点运行电压、最大运行电流和SPWM调制控制条件为约束,分析了不同工况下逆变器的无功调节能力。构建接入配电网运行时面向电网电压调整的无功功率控制策略,该策略以控制接入点电压为目标,逆变器通过补偿系统需求的无功对电压进行支撑。构建分布式光伏接入配电网应对配电网负荷变化和光伏注入功率变化引起的电压无功调整仿真实验,验证了该策略的有效性。     

Defect Detection in Raw Si Substrates Using Transmission Polarimetry

Inline characterization for fabrication of silicon wafer PV （photovoltaic） devices may be used to optimize device efficiencies, reduce their performance variance, and their cost of production. In this article, the frozen in strain from a variety of extended defects in silicon is shown to effect the polarization of light transmitted through a silicon substrate due to the photo-elastic effect. Transmission polarimetry on pre-fabricated silicon substrates may be used for identification of extended defects in the materials using a polarization analysis instrument. Instrumentation is proposed for detection of defects in raw silicon wafers for applications like raw silicon wafer sorting, scanning silicon bricks, and inline inspection prior to solar cell metallization. Such analysis may assist with gettering of silicon solar cells, may be implemented in the sorting and rejection procedures in PV device fabrication, and in general shows advantages for detection of defects in silicon wafer solar cell materials and devices.     

一种基于三端口能量路由的单级式光储并网系统及其高压穿越技术

该文提出一种具有高压穿越能力的基于三端口能量路由的单级式光储并网系统（PV-ESS）。光伏最大功率跟踪始终由三相变换器控制完成。多端口能量路由器可根据不同运行工况使储能灵活接入,平抑光伏输出,使得系统具有更高的效率。在电网高压故障下,通过储能装置抬升直流母线电压,从而使系统具有高压穿越的能力,可在电网高压状态下不脱网连续运行,直至故障恢复。     

Design and Implementation of High Power Factor LED Driver with Hot Swap,Smart Output Voltage Regulation and Dimming Control

In this paper, a high power factor LED driver with hot swap, smart output voltage regulation and dimming control is proposed. The dimming control is used to change LED brightness. During converter is working, the hot swap function supply users to remove and insert LED module. The smart output voltage can regulate quickly and rightly output voltage in different number of LED series connection. The system consists two stages, one is 50 W flyback converter which is used as power factor corrector, it is input source is 110-220 V, PF （power factor） is about 0,994. The other is Boost DC/DC converter, it can offer 35-60 V of output voltage. Finally, a prototype has been built and tested. The simulation and experimental results are shown to verify the feasibility of the proposed method.     

A Real-Time Power Controller for Grid-Connected Inverters in LV Smart Microgrids

This paper presents a real-time power flow controller for VSIs （voltage source inverters） interfaced to low voltage microgrids. The proposed controller is modular, flexible, intelligent, inexpensive, portable, adaptive and designed to positively contribute in low voltage microgrids in which the lines R/X ratio is greater than the transmission lines. Therefore, the proposed control strategy is developed for operation in distribution lines. The controller strategy is different from the conventional grid-connected inverters which are designed based on transmission line characteristics. This controller, using a Texas Instrument general purpose DSP （digital signal processor）, is programmed and tuned using MATLAB/SIMULINK in order to enhance self-healing, reliability and stability of the grid. This general purpose controller makes proper decisions using its local measurements as the primary source of data. The controller has the capability of communicating with the adjacent controllers and sharing the information if/when needed. The power flow output of the inverter is tested for both islanded and grid-connected modes of operation. The inverter positively contributes to active and reactive power supply while operating in grid-connected mode. The proposed control method has been implemented on a Texas Instrument DSC （digital signal controller） chip and tested on a hardware test bench at the Alternative Energy Laboratory at WVU1T （West Virginia University Institute of Technology）. The system＇s experimental results veri~ the validity and efficiency of the proposed controller.     

基于虚拟阻抗的并联VSG改进控制研究

低压微电网在孤岛并联运行时,往往存在功率耦合以及线路阻抗差异等问题,传统的虚拟同步发电机控制很难实现无功功率的精确分配且环流抑制能力较差。为了解决上述问题,本文首先设计了虚拟阻抗使系统等效输出阻抗呈感性,实现了有功和无功的解耦。其次,提出一种改进无功-电压环控制策略,在无功-电压环中引入公共耦合点电压反馈和积分环节,减小公共耦合点电压波动并提高了无功分配精度。考虑到引入虚拟阻抗虽能有效抑制环流,却造成输出电压幅值降落的问题,通过在无功电压环中增加虚拟阻抗压降补偿项,以抬高无功-电压环输出电压幅值,抵消引入阻抗所产生的电压降落。仿真实验结果验证了所提出控制策略的有效性和可行性。     

具有MPPT功能的智能户用光伏充电系统研究

光伏充电系统采用了恒流充电和du/dt恒压限流充电相结合的管理模式,在一定时间内以电压的变化量接近零,并使充电电流达到最小设定量作为判断蓄电池充电终止的条件,采用了电压自寻优算法实现了光伏电池的最大功率点跟踪.试验表明,系统除了具有智能化管理的特点外,光伏电池的最大功率点跟踪效果明显,且不用考虑日照强度和温度对光伏电池的影响,在一定程度上能够提高光伏电池的输出功率.     

Photovoltaic solar system connected to the electric power grid operating as active power generator and reactive power compensator

In the case of photovoltaic (PV) systems acting as distributed generation (DG) systems, the DC energy that is produced is fed to the grid through the power-conditioning unit (inverter). The majority of contemporary inverters used in DG systems are current source inverters (CSI) operating at unity power factor. If, however, we assume that voltage source inverters (VSI) can replace CSIs, we can generate reactive power proportionally to the remaining unused capacity at any given time. According to the theory of instantaneous power, the inverter reactive power can be regulated by changing the amplitude of its output voltage. In addition, the inverter active power can be adjusted by modifying the phase angle of its output voltage. Based on such theory, both the active power supply and the reactive power compensation (RPC) can be carried out simultaneously. When the insolation is weak or the PV modules are inoperative at night, the RPC feature of a PV system can still be used to improve the inverter utilisation factor. Some MATLAB simulation results are included here to show the feasibility of the method.     

风光并网对河南电网系统稳态影响

大规模风光发电并网是未来电网发展的必然趋势,然而,风光发电功率的强间歇性与随机性势必会对电网的稳定运行和优化控制带来影响。以河南电网冬季大运行方式下的规模风电、光伏电源联合接入电网为研究背景,利用连续潮流法,计算在新能源发电接入系统后的区域电网潮流分布;考虑区域电网未来发展趋势,逐步增加新能源的渗透率,对系统内多类型节点电压越界情况分析,判断区域内电压薄弱节点,并计算系统风电与光伏发电的最大消纳量;应用P-V曲线潮流分析方法测算出电压稳定极限及对应的有功功率,得到不同渗透率下系统所对应的静态电压稳定性;同时结合日负荷曲线,分析在目前状态下及所计算的最大渗透率下,系统任一时刻各中枢点电压水平。结果表明：在目前及新能源最大渗透率下,系统各节点电压值均处于正常范围。     

Flexible HVDC Transformer for Next Generation Renewable Energy Industry

The growing demand on non-fossil fuel energy has escalated the desire for mega-scale renewable energy power generation, which can no longer be satisfied solely by relying on onshore renewable energy power plants. Outcomes from a recent project funded by the Sixth European Union Framework Programme （FP6）, Project ＂Upwind＂ concluded that larger offshore wind turbines （i.e., 〉 10 MW） are feasible and cost effective. It will be beneficial for such future large scale renewable energy power generators （i.e., large offshore turbines） and plant （i.e., large offshore wind farms） to have a dedicated high efficiency, robust, flexible and low cost power collection, transmission and distribution technology. Proposed in this paper is a compact and effective hybrid HVDC （high voltage direct current） transformer that allows realisation of a highly robust and financially rewarding next generation multi-terminal HVDC system for future offshore renewable energy power plant. This concept, potentially, allows the elimination or minimisation of the need for a centralised local offshore HVDC platform or substation in each wind farm, solar farm, or tidal farm. This paper discusses the study outcome of the proposed hybrid HVDC transformer and the application of a multi-terminal HVDC system in the renewable energy industry, compared to the existing HVAC and VSC （voltage source converters） type HVDC systems.     

基于风电机组无功裕度预测的风电场无功分层控制策略

针对风电电压波动的问题,文章基于风电机组无功裕度预测,提出了一种风电场无功分层控制策略。该策略首先以并网点电压偏差和线路有功损耗最小为目标,使用二次规划算法在线实时求解最优并网电压,进而求解风电场无功参考值;其次,采用EWT-LSSVM预测算法进行风电功率预测,并提出预测功率校正方法实时修正预测功率,精确求解风电机组的无功裕度预测值;最后,以风电机组的出口电压波动最小和预测无功裕度最大为无功分配依据,实现风电场的无功电压闭环控制。仿真结果表明,所提控制策略能够提高风电功率预测的精确性和时效性,降低了风电机组出口电压波动性,同时为风电场预留出充足的无功裕度。     

Economic assessment of voltage and reactive power control provision by wind farms

The aim of this paper is to quantify the cost of the provision of voltage control by wind power generation. A methodology for evaluating the economic impact of providing different types of voltage control is proposed. This evaluation examines the increase in costs caused by the change in active power losses due to the provision of wind farms voltage control. These losses are computed for different controllers: (a) wind farms are operated at a fixed power factor, (b) wind farms provide proportional voltage control, and (c) wind farms provide reactive power to minimize power losses. Furthermore, these three possibilities are compared with the option of adding flexible alternating current transmission system devices, which are another alternative for supporting the grid by controlling voltage. The methodology outlined is applied to a real and representative Spanish wind harvesting network. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

太阳能发电低电压穿越技术综述

近几年来伴随着光伏设备装机容量的扩大,太阳能发电供电比重越来越大,当电网发生故障或电压暂降时,光伏阵列可能解列给电网带来不稳定,甚至造成电网的全面瘫痪,综述了3种光伏逆变器低电压穿越的解决方案和控制策略,重点分析了基于控制无功电流实现电压支撑的解决方案。     

运用虚拟同步机技术的新型兆瓦级光-储并网结构

提出一种新型的VSG光-储分布式发电系统结构,该方案在传统光-储并网发电系统的逆变器后端另外添置了一套储能电池。这样不但可提高光伏组件的工作效率,避免光伏出力变化对系统频率造成影响,而且还可根据电网负荷的异常波动情况及时有效地输出有功及无功功率,达到稳定电网频率、电压的作用。系统的动态分析及仿真结果证明了该新型光-储并网发电系统结构能够实现新能源并网的目标与要求。     

分布式光伏发电系统改进虚拟同步发电机控制

提出一种计及分布式光伏发电系统源端输出功率波动特征的改进虚拟同步发电机(IVSG)控制策略。对单台虚拟同步发电机功率平衡方程特征值进行分析,明确了光伏电源的基本运行特性,确定了光伏电源稳定运行区域。在传统虚拟同步发电机(VSG)的基础之上进一步采用了直流电压稳定控制技术,提出改进的虚拟同步发电机控制策略。当光伏电源输出功率低于负载需求时起到抑制直流母线电压跌落、维持直流电压稳定的作用,实现按照负荷或并网功率需求进行功率匹配的目的。仿真与实验结果验证了所提控制策略的可行性与有效性。     

Power quality investigation of a solar PV transformer-less grid-connected system fed DVR

This paper presents a single stage transformer-less grid-connected solar photovoltaic (PV) system with an active and reactive power control. In the absence of active input power, the grid-tied voltage source converter (VSC) is operated in a reactive power generation mode, which powers the control circuitry, and maintains a regulated DC voltage to the VSC. A data-based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control scheme which performs power quality control at a maximum power by reducing the total harmonic distortion (THD) in grid injected current as per IEEE-519/1547 standards is implemented. A proportional-integral (PI) controller based dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) control scheme is implemented which controls the grid side converter during single-phase to ground fault. The analysis includes the grid current THD along with the corresponding variation of the active and reactive power during the fault condition. The MPPT tracks the actual variable DC link voltage while deriving the maximum power from the solar PV array, and maintains the DC link voltage constant by changing the modulation index of the VSC. Simulation results using Matlab/Simulink are presented to demonstrate the feasibility and validations of the proposed novel MPPT and DVR control systems under different environmental conditions.