恶性梗阻性黄疸的介入治疗 (附23例报告)

目的 探讨经皮肝穿胆道内支架置入术和介入动脉灌注化疗或化疗栓塞对恶性梗阻性黄疸的临床效果并进行分析。方法 23例恶性梗阻性黄疸患，共植入胆道内支架24枚，其中：原发性肝癌3例，胰腺癌2例，胆管癌14例(肝门胆管癌10例，胆管癌4例)，胆囊癌肝门转移2例，转移癌2例。23例患支架植入术后全部行介入动脉灌注化疗或化疗栓塞。结果 23例采用经皮肝穿胆道内支架置入术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸均获得成功，技术成功率为100％，其中20例一次性植入内支架，另3例胆汁外引流后，再放置金属内支架，全部患黄疸消退均较满意(100％)，全组病例1个月、3个月、6个月生存率分别为100％(23／23)，91．30％(21／23)，60．87％(14／23)，术后早期无严重并发症。结论 恶性梗阻性黄疸内支架置入术和介入动脉灌注化疗或化疗栓塞，方法简单，疗效确切，能提高患生存质量，延长生存期。     

恶性胆道梗阻塑料支架植入后阻塞的介入治疗

【摘要】 目的 探讨DSA下恶性胆道梗阻塑料支架植入后阻塞取出、联合经皮经肝途径胆道金属支架植入的安全性、可行性及临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析2016年11月至2020年3月收治的经消化内镜置入胆道塑料支架治疗恶性胆道梗阻后支架阻塞的13例患者的临床资料,包括DSA下取出阻塞胆道塑料支架技术成功率、胆道金属支架植入技术成功率、临床治疗成功率（对比分析术前术后白细胞计数、肝功能指标及术后临床症状改善情况）、术后并发症及胆道金属支架通畅率。结果 所有患者DSA下取出阻塞的胆道塑料支架与经皮肝穿途径胆道金属裸支架植入手术顺利,技术成功率及临床治疗均获成功。术后所有患者的梗阻性黄疸临床症状明显改善,合并严重感染的患者白细胞计数逐渐恢复正常范围,未发生严重并发症。术后所有患者的转氨酶、胆红素等肝功能指标较术前下降,差异有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。整个随访期间,术后1、3、6、12个月时患者胆道裸金属支架通畅分别有13例、12例、11例和9例,胆道金属支架保持通畅的中位时间为（8.4±3.2）个月。结论 对于内镜下置入胆道塑料支架治疗恶性胆道梗阻后发生支架阻塞,DSA下取出阻塞的胆道塑料支架联合经皮经肝穿刺植入胆道金属支架的介入治疗是一种可行、安全、有效的微创手术,值得临床探讨和应用。     

射频消融导管联合支架介入治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的临床研究

目的探讨经皮肝穿刺胆道腔内射频消融（RFA）联合支架介入治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的效果及安全性。 方法纳入无法行手术切除的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者共13例,均接受经皮肝穿刺胆道腔内RFA联合支架植入术,观察手术并发症、黄疸缓解情况并密切随访术后1、3、6个月的支架畅通情况及生存时间。 结果所有患者均成功接受手术治疗,术后无胆道穿孔、胆漏、胆汁性腹膜炎等严重并发症发生,术后1周,患者血清总胆红素水平较术前显著降低[（95.4±83.0）μmol/L vs. （196.4±148.4）μmol/L, t=5.156,P<0.01],黄疸缓解率为61.5%。随访术后1个月、3个月支架通畅率均为100%,6个月支架通畅率为80%（8/10）。1个月存活率为100%（13/13）,3个月存活率为92%（12/13）,6个月存活率为77%（10/13）,其中2例分别于65 d、132 d后死于晚期肿瘤严重消耗,1例97 d后死于弥散性血管内凝血。2例患者在术后4~5个月内黄疸复发,再次行RFA并重新放入金属支架。 结论联合支架植入治疗在短期内能有效且安全地延长恶性梗阻性黄疸患者胆道支架通畅时间及无症状生存时间,其远期疗效尚需进一步探讨。     

经皮经肝内支架植入治疗恶性胆道梗阻(附35例报告)

目的:探讨国产金属胆道内支架治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的疗效和安全性。材料和方法:恶性梗阻性黄疸病人35例,均采用经皮经肝途径植入胆道支架,其中16例采用两步法植入,19例采用一步法植入,5例同时施行了左肝管的球囊扩张术。结果:支架植入后即刻造影显示支架开通良好,内引流作用显著。血清胆红素水平降至正常者21例(60%),下降超过50%但未降到正常者7例,下降未过50%者3例,无改善者3例。3例病人术后一月内死亡,16例无黄疸生存6个月以上,半年生存率53.2%,3例生存12个月以上。8例病人半年内出现支架梗阻,占23.8%。一步法和二步法两种方法植入支架的病人住院天数和总的治疗费用统计学无显著性差异。结论:国产金属胆道内支架植入疗效显著,使用安全。     

国产金属内支架植入治疗下腔静脉良恶性节段性阻塞

目的　探讨植入国产金属支架介入治疗节段性良、恶性下腔静脉阻塞的临床价值。方法　 4 8例患者中良性阻塞 30例 ,完全性 8例 ,不完全性 2 2例 ;恶性阻塞 18例 ,完全性和不完全性各 9例。采用经皮股静脉途径植入国产下腔静脉支架。结果　 4 8例患者 ,平均病变长度 (5 .3± 2 .8)cm ,均一次手术成功 ,阻塞下方下腔静脉压由术前 (2 1.4± 5 .1)mmHg降为 (8.4± 3.3)mmHg(P <0 .0 1)。随访 3～36个月 ,术后下腔静脉通畅率为 83.3% ,无严重并发症 ;38例下腔静脉阻塞相关临床症状和体征完全消失 ,10例明显改善。结论　国产下腔静脉支架植入是治疗节段性良恶性下腔静脉阻塞的重要手段。     

恶性梗阻性黄疸双介入疗法姑息性治疗

目的：探讨梗阻性黄疸的介入治疗方法．对经皮肝穿刺植入胆道支架及动脉灌注或栓塞化疗的临床效果给予讨论。方法：采用金属支架植入并与动脉灌注或栓塞化疗相结合的双介入治疗方法。结果：在30例患者中(男18例，女12例)，30例均成功植入胆道内支架，所有病例定期行肿瘤供血动脉插管灌注化疗或栓塞化疗。CR2例，PR16例，无变化10例，肿瘤增大2例，全组病例生存时间3—21．5个月，平均9．5个月。结论：双介入疗法治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸是比较理想的姑息性治疗方法．能明显的提高生活质量，延长患者的生存期。     

国产镍钛支架治疗恶性胆道梗阻的临床分析

目的:探讨经皮肝穿胆道植入国产镍钛支架治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的价值和临床效果。方法:在X线监视下,22例恶性梗阻性黄疸患者经皮肝穿植入国产镍钛合金自膨式裸支架24枚,恶性梗阻的原因分别为胆管细胞癌8例,胰头癌6例,肝癌3例,壶腹癌2例,肝门转移性病变3例。结果:22例患者共24枚支架全部成功植入,术后21例患者症状缓解,总胆红素明显降低。1例患者术后1天出血死亡,30天生存率为95.5%.4个月和7个月后分别有3枚支架堵塞,通过支架内支架和钢丝疏导解除。结论:国产镍钛合金自膨式裸支架性能良好,临床疗效满意。     

125I粒子支架治疗恶性胆管梗阻的临床疗效

目的探讨DSA透视下行经皮经肝125I粒子支架植入治疗恶性胆管梗阻的临床疗效。方法26例恶性胆管梗阻患者,11例接受125I粒子支架治疗,15例接受普通金属支架植入治疗(对照组),统计、比较2组患者术前、术后生化指标变化、支架通畅率及生存期。结果手术成功率100%,术后1个月患者血清胆红素、丙氨酸转氨酶及碱性磷酸酶均明显降低(P<0.05)。术后6个月、1年125I粒子支架通畅率明显优于普通支架(P<0.05)。普通支架组患者中位生存期3.8个月,平均生存期4.3个月,粒子支架组中位生存期7.1个月,平均生存期9.1个月,粒子支架组优于普通支架组(P<0.05)。2组均无严重并发症发生。结论 125I粒子支架植入治疗恶性胆管梗阻能明显提高支架通畅率,延长患者生存期。     

胆道、十二指肠联合支架植入治疗恶性梗阻的临床价值

目的 评价胆道支架及十二指肠支架置人联合治疗胆道及十二指肠恶性梗阻的临床价值.方法 对22例恶性胆道及十二指肠梗阻患者先后行胆道支架及十二指肠支架植入.20例行双支架植入,2例行胆道外引流的同时行十二指肠支架植入.结果 所有患者均成功行十二指肠支架植入,20例成功行胆道支架植入.未出现并发症及不良反应,术后胆道及消化道梗阻情况解除,术后随访6个月,支架均保持通畅.结论 胆道及十二指肠支架同时植入治疗胆道及十二指肠恶性梗阻安全有效.     

经皮胆道内支架置入术姑息性治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸（附51例报告）

目的：研究经皮胆道内支架置入术姑息性治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的临床价值。材料与方法：５１例恶性梗阻性黄疸患者，在经皮胆道造影后进行了胆道内支架置入。其中置入塑料内支架者９例，自展式金属内支架者４２例，共使用胆道内支架５６枚。结果：全组治疗前、后血清总胆红素相差的均数±标准误为１６７±５２μｍｏｌ／Ｌ，Ｐ＜０．００５。５１例中，总胆红素恢复正常或接近正常者３６例，总胆红素下降百分比＞５０％者８例，下降百分比为２５％～５０％者４例，下降百分比＜２５％者３例。全组３０天病死率５．９％（３／５１），早期并发症１９．６％（１０／５１）。２６例有完整随访的患者（平均５．６个月），死亡１１例（４２．３％），内支架阻塞４例（１５．４％），其中３例进行了再次介入治疗。结论：经皮胆道内支架置入术是姑息性治疗手术不能切除的恶性梗阻性黄疸的有效方法。     

Metallic stents for treatment of benign biliary obstruction: a long-term study comparing different stents

PURPOSE: To investigate the role of metallic stents in the treatment of benign biliary strictures and analyze the differences in primary patency associated with the various types of stents deployed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1990 and 1997, 21 patients with benign obstructive jaundice were treated with transhepatic placement of metallic stents (11 Wallstents in 10 patients, nine Palmaz stents in seven patients, and four tantalum Strecker stents in four patients). Nineteen patients presented with strictures not responding to balloon angioplasty (postsurgical, n = 13; cholangitis, n = 5; unknown, n = 1). Estimates for cumulative patency, patency rate in the different stent groups, and survival were calculated with use of life-table analysis; the log-rank test was used to compare the different stent groups. The prognostic relevance of the selected variables-stent type, stent length, etiology, and location-were modeled with respect to patency according to Weibull distribution. RESULTS: The median follow-up time was 80.5 months (range, 2-116 months). The median survival time was 91 months. One patient was lost to follow-up after 3 months. Repeat intervention for recurrent obstructive jaundice was necessary in 11 patients (55%), and the median patency rate was 26 months (range, 2-96 months). The Palmaz stent was the most effective in achieving long-term patency, with a median patency duration of 36 months (range, 22-96 months), versus 9 months (range, 3-67 months) for the Wallstent and 6 months (range, 2-15 months) for the tantalum Strecker stent. The cumulative patency rate with the Palmaz stent was significantly higher than for the tantalum Strecker stent (log-rank test, P = .017) and nonsignificantly higher compared with the Wallstent (log-rank test, P = .07). Multivariate analysis showed that the type of stent (Wald test, P = .003) and stent length (Wald test, P < .0001) influenced the patency rate. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the type of stent and the stent length have a significant influence on the patency rate. In this series, the Palmaz stent was most effective in achieving long-term patency in benign biliary strictures.     

Metallic stents in benign biliary strictures: Three-year follow-up

Eighteen patients with recurrent benign biliary strictures (BBS) were selected for metallic stents placement because they failed to respond to percutaneous balloon dilatation. None were candidates for surgical corrections. We used “Z” single or double stents in 17 cases and a Wallstent in 1 case. After more than 3 years of follow-up (average period 37 months, range 30–41 months), 10 patients (55.5%) were asymptomatic without signs of bile statis; 5 patients (27.7%) had recurrence of symptoms and were eventually retreated; and 3 patients (16.6%) died, 2 of obstructive jaundice and liver failure and 1 of metastatic gastric cancer. Recurrence was due to stent occlusion by tissue ingrowth in 3 cases, stent migration in 1 case, and an inflammatory lesion of the papilla of Vater in another case, with patency of the metallic stent. The overall patency rate, at 3-year follow-up was 68.7%. In our series, the main factor determining long-term patency of metallic stents has been reactive tissue ingrowth. Nevertheless, long-term results obtained with metallic stents in recurrent benign biliary strictures should be considered satisfactory. In selected patients, metallic stents may represent the only long-term treatment available for maintaining bile flow.     

Clinical Experience with Covered Wallstents for Biliary Malignancies: 23-Month Follow-Up

Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of partially covered metallic Wallstents to prevent tumoral ingrowth in patients with neoplastic obstruction of the biliary tract. Methods: Twenty-one patients with malignant obstructive jaundice have been treated with Wallstents partially covered with a polyurethane polymer. In total, 36 covered stents (8 and 10 mm in diameter, 70 and 90 mm long) were deployed. All the stents were free from covering at both ends. Results: Jaundice was successfully treated in 100% of cases. There were no problems related to the releasing system during stent positioning, no major complications, and no incompatibility reactions to the materials composing the endoprostheses. At 23-month follow-up, 6 patients are still alive and 15 are dead; of these 15 patients, 11 died in the first 6 months and the last 4 died between 6 and 23 months. Seven patients had an obstructed stent; in four of these, cholangioscopy showed the presence of tumoral ingrowth and in one it showed necrotic tissue with biliary pigments and inflammatory cells. No biopsy specimen was obtained in the remaining two patients with stent obstruction. The follow-up, ranging from 7 to 23 months, showed a primary patency of 46.8% and 24.6% and an assisted patency of 66.3% and 59% at 6 months and 23 months, respectively. Conclusions: Covered metallic stents are effective and may produce improved survival in patients with malignant biliary obstruction (27.8% at 23 months). Stent patency, however, is similar to that of uncovered stents. Modifications in the design of the covering membrane may reduce stent obstruction resulting from disruption of the plastic covering. Received: 0/00/00/Accepted: 0/00/00     

Efficacy of biliary endoprostheses using expandable metallic stents in obstructive jaundice--long-term results of three different types of stent]

Three types of expandable metallic stents were used to relieve obstructive jaundice in 59 patients. They consisted of 3 cases with benign stricture, and 56 with malignant obstruction including 28 of cholangiocarcinoma, 17 of pancreatic carcinoma, 9 of lymph node metastases, and 2 of gall bladder carcinoma. The median age of patients was 68.9 years. Of 56 cases with malignant obstruction, 51 cases were able to remove external drainage catheter. In these 51 cases, 35 patients died, and 16 are still alive. No significant difference was noted in the incidence of stent destruction or migration in three types of stents. The average survival period was 189.9 days in 35 patients who died after withdrawal of external drainage. Twenty-three of 35 patients had no recurrence of obstructive jaundice. Sixteen patients with malignant obstruction are still alive and have been observed for 22 to 764 days. The 30 day mortality rate was 6.8%. Three cases of acute cholecystitis were noted after procedure. It is warranted to say that endoprostheses using expandable metallic stents will be the major treatment of choice for biliary obstruction because of long term patency and low complication rate.     

Venous recanalization by metallic stents after failure of balloon angioplasty or surgery: Four-year experience

Purpose: This retrospective study describes our updated experience in treating venous stenoses and occlusions with metallic endovascular stents. Methods: Gianturco, Palmaz, and Wallstent stents were placed in 55 patients over a 4-year period. Stent sites included the subclavian veins (9), innominate veins (3), superior vena cava (4), inferior vena cava (3), iliac veins (29), femoral veins (5), and portal veins (6). The most common indications for stent placement were malignant stenoses and chronic pelvic venous occlusions. Venoplasty and/or urokinase were used as ancillary therapy. Patients were anticoagulated for 3–6 months. Follow-up included clinical assessment and duplex ultrasound. Results: Lifetable analysis shows 59%, 63%, and 72% primary, primary assisted, and secondary 1-year patency rates, respectively. The 4-year primary patency rates were the same. Duration of patency depended on the venous site. Death was a complication of stent placement in 2 patients and 12 patients died within 6 months after stent placement from primary disease progression. Although early failures were more common in stents placed across occlusions than stenoses, 1-year secondary patency rates were comparable. Primary patency rates were only slightly lower in patients with malignant obstruction than in patients with benign disease. Conclusion: Endovascular stent placement provides a nonsurgical alternative for reestablishment of venous flow and symptomatic relief in patients with benign as well as malignant venous obstruction. Received: 0/00/00/Accepted: 0/00/00     

Malignant biliary obstruction: percutaneous use of self-expandable stents

A total of 83 self-expandable metallic stents were placed percutaneously in 69 patients for palliation of malignant biliary obstruction. Stent diameter was 1 cm; length, 3.5-10.5 cm. Of the 41 patients with common bile duct obstruction, 27 died 0.2-12 months (median, 3.2 months) after stent insertion. Two patients developed recurrent jaundice and cholangitis after 6 and 12 months, respectively. One patient underwent reintervention. Fourteen patients were alive without jaundice 1-8 months (median, 6.3 months) after stent placement. Of the 28 patients with hilar lesions, 13 died 0.7-7.6 months (median, 4.3 months) after stent placement. Fifteen were alive 1-15.5 months (median, 8.1 months) afterward. Recurrent jaundice and cholangitis were seen in eight of the 28 patients (28%) after 1-6 months (median, 3.6 months). The cause of malfunction of the stent(s) was tumor ingrowth in one patient, tumor overgrowth at the proximal end in five patients, and overgrowth at the distal end in two patients. Reintervention was performed in five patients (18%). Stent-related complications were seen in four patients.     

Malignant biliary obstruction: treatment with self-expandable metallic stents

In a 3-year period, 57 self-expandable metallic biliary stents (Wallstent) were successfully placed in 49 patients with malignant biliary obstruction. Thirty-three of our patients have died. In this group follow-up was 1–12 months with a mean of 4.5 months and stent patency was 1–12 months with a mean of 4.3 months. Sixteen patients are still alive. In this group, follow-up was 2–26 months with a mean of 8.4 months and stent patency was 1–18 months with a mean of 6.8 months. In 4 patients a secondary stent was used due to malpositioning during deployment. In 1 patient bilateral drainage was achieved with two stents. Four patients required 5 reinterventions due to reocclusion, with a reocclusion rate of 9.4 %; 3 of them were treated with secondary metallic stents, 1 with a conventional stent and the remaining 1 with balloon dilatation. Thirty-day mortality rate was 8.1 % and procedure-related mortality was 2 %. Major and minor complication rates were 10 % and 22 %, respectively. Self-expandable metallic stents provide good palliation in patients with malignant biliary obstruction. Correspondence to: M. N. Özmen     

Biliary obstruction: treatment with self-expanding metal prostheses.

The authors percutaneously and endoscopically inserted 58 Wallstent endoprostheses in 42 consecutive patients with benign and malignant obstructive biliary stenoses. The three patients with benign obstructive jaundice were followed up for 48 months. Two of the stents occluded due to sludge formation, prompting percutaneous reentry. The 39 patients with malignant disease were followed up for 18 months. Twenty-six of these patients died 3 days to 1.5 years (mean, 133 days) after the procedure. Thirteen are alive after 2-12 months (mean, 242 days). Recurrent jaundice occurred in 11 patients (28%): in four patients due to tumor growth over the proximal end of the stent, in one patient due to excessive gallbladder hydrops, and in six patients due to liver failure. Although autopsy investigations revealed the possibility of tumor growth onto the inner surface of the stent through the stainless steel mesh of the endoprosthesis, stent occlusion by tumor ingrowth into the lumen was not encountered.     

Expandable metallic biliary endoprostheses: preliminary clinical evaluation

A biliary endoprosthesis constructed of self-expanding metallic "Z" stents was placed in 23 patients with obstructive jaundice. The biliary obstruction was due to a malignant neoplasm in 21 patients and a postoperative biliary stricture in two patients. The lesions affected the intrahepatic biliary ducts in 13 patients. Twelve patients had undergone radiation therapy before stent placement. The endoprostheses consisted of 196 expandable metallic biliary stents placed singly (n = 10) or in tandem (n = 186). As many as 18 stents were used to relieve an obstruction in one patient. A transhepatic approach was employed in all patients except one in whom stents were placed through a T-tube tract. Within 1 week after placement, all stents expanded to at least 90% of their original diameter. Three misplaced, two deformed, and two dislodged stents caused no obvious clinical problems. At follow-up, which ranged from 2 to 59 weeks, five patients experienced recurrent jaundice. Two patients with recurrent jaundice due to obstruction of the bile duct containing the stent were treated with external catheter drainage. The expandable biliary endoprosthesis is suggested as an effective treatment for benign and malignant biliary obstruction.     

Percutaneous self-expandable uncovered metallic stents in malignant biliary obstruction. Complications,follow-up and reintervention in 154 patients

Purpose:
Evaluation of technique, complications and the long-term follow-up data of 154 patients with inoperable malignant biliary obstruction who underwent percutaneous placement of metallic stents. Material and Methods:
During a 6-year period, 224 self-expanding metallic stents (150 biliary Wallstents and 74 Memotherm nitinol stents) were inserted in 154 patients with inoperable malignant biliary obstruction. 100 patients had obstructions at the proximal (supracystic) level, and 54 at the distal (infracystic) level. The causes of obstructions were hilar cholangiocarcinoma (n = 64), pancreatic carcinoma (n = 34), gallbladder carcinoma (n = 24), metastatic carcinoma (n = 21), common bile duct carcinoma (n = 8), and hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 3). A complete follow-up was available for all patients. Results:
The 30-day mortality was 9%, with no procedure-related deaths. The clinical success rate within the first 30 days was 88%. The total rate of early, procedure-related complications was 28%, and half of them were due to the percutaneous transhepatic catheter drainage procedure. Recurrent jaundice occurred in 28 (18%) patients and in 23 (82%) of these, reinterventions were made in order to relieve reobstructions. The mean length of survival for the entire patient group was 4 months, while the mean period of patency for all stents was 6 months. We found no statistically significant difference in patient survival or stent patency periods in regard to the level and cause of obstruction. Conclusion:
Percutaneous metallic stent placement maintains equal palliation in patients with proximal and distal malignant biliary obstructions caused by any tumor type. Most of the early complications were due to procedures performed before stent insertion and could be decreased by direct stent insertions. The most common late complication, reobstruction, is inevitable but can be easily treated in the majority of patients.