Properties of copper phthalocyanine blue encapsulated with a copolymer of styrene and maleic acid

Copper phthalocyanine blue was encapsulated with a copolymer of styrene and maleic acid (PSMA) via a phase‐separation technique, and a PSMA‐encapsulated pigment dispersion was prepared. The effects of the additive on the stability of the dispersion were studied. Scanning electron microscopy photographs revealed that the particles in the PSMA‐encapsulated pigment dispersion were more uniform than those in a PSMA‐dispersed pigment dispersion. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy provided evidence that the PSMA‐encapsulated pigment acquired abundant carboxylic groups that could improve its wettability to water. Moreover, the results also indicated that the PSMA‐encapsulated pigment dispersion had improved color strength, its stability could be greatly influenced by the pH value and ion strength, and its apparent viscosity changed little with an increase in the shear rate. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Preparation of nanoscale azo pigment yellow 13/poly(styrene–maleic acid) composite dispersions via free‐radical precipitation polymerization

Nanoscale azo pigment yellow 13 (PY13) was coated by poly(styrene–maleic acid) (PSMA) with a free‐radical precipitation polymerization, followed by the preparation of the dispersion. The effects of the PSMA structure on the particle size and centrifugal stability were investigated. The experimental results revealed that the particle size was large, and the stability of the PY13/PSMA dispersions was high when the molar ratio of the feeding maleic acid to styrene, the weight ratio of the feeding initiator to monomer, and the weight ratio of the feeding monomer to pigment were about 1.0, 0.6, and 20%, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy indicated that PY13 was coated by PSMA. The PY13/PSMA dispersion was stable in the pH range 5.6–10.5. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

St-MA-AA酯化改性高分子分散剂的合成与应用

以苯乙烯（St）、马来酸酐（MA）、丙烯酸（AA）为单体,采用溶液聚合法合成三元共聚物,并用正丁醇作酯化剂,对其进行部分酯化,制备出高分子分散剂St-MA-AA部分酯化物。将此分散剂应用于酞菁蓝颜料表面改性处理上,讨论了单体摩尔配比、分子量分布等因素对颜料平均粒径、Zeta电位、分散性（DE）和相对着色力（Kr）的影响。结果表明,St、MA、AA单体最佳摩尔比为1∶1∶0.5时,自制分散剂St-MA-AA部分酯化物与市售分散剂SMA1440相比,颜料的平均粒径降低了15%,Zeta电位上升了13%,离心稳定性升高了77%,着色力增加了9%,分散效果明显更好。     

Effects of alkali on properties of nanoscale 2,9 dimethyl quinacridone/poly(styrene‐maleic acid) composite dispersion

Nanoscale 2,9 dimethyl quinacridone (P.R.122) encapsulated by copolymer of styrene and maleic acid (PSMA) was prepared via phase separation technique followed by the preparation of composite dispersions. Experimental results showed that sodium hydroxide provided the dispersion the smallest particle size and the highest stability when compared with other additives, regardless of it being taken as dispersant or the other neutralization reagent. An optimal process was attained by using sodium hydroxide with a dosage of 0.60 times of molar amount of ? COOH groups in PSMA when P.R.122/PSMA composite dispersion was treated at 45°C for 30 min. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

乳液聚合法包覆酞菁蓝的制备及性能研究

在超细可聚合分散剂/酞菁蓝分散体中添加共聚单体和引发剂,采用乳液聚合法对酞菁蓝进行包覆。考察了共聚单体结构及用量、引发剂用量、反应温度和时间对包覆酞菁蓝性能的影响。结果表明,与甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)和丙烯酸丁酯(BA)相比,苯乙烯(St)是较佳的包覆共聚单体,当St质量为颜料质量的20%,过硫酸铵(APS)质量为St与烯丙氧基壬基苯氧基丙醇聚氧乙烯磺酸铵(ANPS)总质量的1.0%,于70～80℃反应2 h时,所制备包覆酞菁蓝的粒径较小,稳定性较高。与未聚合分散体相比,包覆酞菁蓝的耐热稳定性、耐酸碱稳定性和离心稳定性均有明显提高,FTIR和TEM照片表明,酞菁蓝表面包覆了聚合物,且包覆酞菁蓝粒度分布更均匀。     

Preparation of cationic pigment dispersions by surface grafting of polystyrene‐maleic anhydride with glycidyltriethylammonium chloride

Novel cationic pigment dispersions, which have potential uses in inkjet inks and coloration of textile and paper, were prepared by grafting quarternary ammonium groups onto the surface of polystyrene‐maleic anhydride encapsulated C. I. pigment yellow 14 (PY 14) powder. It is shown that the Zeta potentials greatly rely on the reaction time and temperature. And also, when the weight ratio of glycidyltriethylammonium chloride (GTA) to encapsulated PY 14 powder was 3 : 1, the Zeta potential of modified pigment dispersion reached to + 35.05 mV. Just due to the high Zeta potential of the prepared cationic pigment dispersions, the prepared cationic pigment dispersion shows good dispersion stability and a narrow size distribution with the average particle size of 202.9 nm. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

Encapsulation of disperse dye by phase separation technique using poly(styrene‐maleic acid)

C.I. disperse dye blue 60 was encapsulated by poly(styrene‐maleic acid) using phase separation technique, followed by the preparation of the encapsulated disperse dye dispersion. The effects of process conditions on particle size of the dispersion were investigated. The results showed that the particle size of the encapsulated disperse dye dispersion was small, and the stability was excellent when mass ratio of poly(styrene‐maleic acid) to disperse dye (R_p/d), dropping speed of phase separation agent (D_s), disperse dye content in dispersion (C_d), and dispersing time (D_t) were about 20%, 7 mL/min, 5–7.5%, and 1.5 h, respectively. Transmission electron microscope (TEM), zeta potentials, and contact angle indicated that C.I. disperse dye blue 60 was successfully encapsulated by poly(styrene‐maleic acid). © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

微悬浮法制备有机颜料微胶囊中的粒径调控

为调控有机颜料微胶囊的粒径及其分布,在分析微悬浮聚合过程粒径变化的基础上,系统研究了微悬浮聚合工艺(均质化剪切速率、搅拌速率)和配方(有机颜料、分散剂含量)对颜料微胶囊粒径的影响。发现当搅拌速率为250 r·min^-1时,单体液滴的融合和乳胶粒的粘并现象均较少,聚合体系可较稳定地保持均质化单体液滴的尺寸。分散剂磷酸三钙TCP用量对体系稳定性影响明显,但其粒径调控能力有限。均质化强度对微胶囊粒径影响明显,具有较好的调控能力,而颜料含量对微胶囊粒径的影响较少。因而通过聚合工艺和配方的综合调节,可制得一系列颜料含量高、粒径分布窄、粒径可调范围较大的"石榴状"有机颜料微胶囊。     

The particle size effect of MALPB-DEA dispersions on their anticorrosion performances as waterborne coatings on galvanized sheet

Maleic anhydride-g-liquid polybutadiene (MALPB) dispersions were prepared by chemical modification with diethanolamine (DEA) during direct polymer emulsification, and their anticorrosion performances on galvanized sheet were found to be strongly dependent on their particle size and distribution with the variation of DEA. The dispersion containing DEA to maleic anhydride at molar ratio of 2:1 exhibited much smaller particle size and narrower size distribution than that containing DEA to maleic anhydride at molar ratio of 1:1, as measured by a laser diffraction particle size analyzer. A more compact organic layer was supposed to be formed by the dispersion composed of smaller size and narrower size distribution particles on the galvanized sheet, which exhibited better anticorrosive properties. This compact layer slowed down the electrolyte penetration onto the metal surface such that the life span of the metal could be prolonged, which was reflected in the increase in corrosion potential as measured by DC polarization, higher impedance during immersion in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution as measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and improved durability in harsh environment as observed by images after salt spray tests.     

Colloidal properties of copolymer‐encapsulated and surface‐modified pigment dispersion and its application in inkjet printing inks

A styrene–maleic acid copolymer (PSMA)‐encapsulated 2‐[(2‐methoxy‐4‐nitrophenyl) azo]‐N‐(2‐methoxyphenyl)‐3‐oxobutyramide (PY74) dispersion was prepared by the phase‐separation technique. A surface‐modified PY74 dispersion was prepared with PSMA sodium as a dispersant by the milling method. Furthermore, the two dispersions were applied to formulate pigment inks. The colloidal properties of these two dispersions were compared. The printing and color performance of the prepared inks were also investigated. The results show that the PSMA‐encapsulated PY74 dispersion with a small particle size had higher stabilities of NaCl concentration, pH value, and temperature than the surface‐modified PY74 dispersion. The apparent viscosity of the PSMA‐encapsulated PY74 dispersion changed little, while it changed greatly in the surface‐modified PY74 dispersion with an increase of the shear rate from 10 to 100 s⁻¹. The ink printing and color performance of printed Fabrics indicated that the PSMA‐encapsulated PY74 dispersion was more suitable for the preparation of inkjet printing ink than the surface‐modified PY74 dispersion. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Preparation and properties of Styrene-Butyl Acrylate resin co-encapsulated Pigment Red 48:2 and Oxidized Polyethylene wax composite nanoparticles

In this study, the Pigment Red 48:2 (PR48:2) and oxidized polyethylene (OPE) wax were evenly dispersed in the aqueous phase by ball-milling method, and then the composite nanoparticles of styrene-butyl acrylate (P(St/BA)) resin co-encapsulated PR48:2 and OPE wax were prepared via in-situ emulsion polymerization. The morphology, size distribution, composition, thermal properties, colorimetric performance, acid–alkaline resistance, and anti UV-aging ability of the encapsulated nanoparticles were characterized by different analytical techniques. When the sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) concentration was 0.01 mol/L, the average size of encapsulated nanoparticles was about 120 nm, the particle dispersion index (PDI) was 0.132, and composite nanoparticles owned narrow size distribution and clear core–shell structure. Compared with original pigment, the encapsulated nanoparticles have better anti UV-aging property and acid–alkaline resistance. When the PR48:2 content was 0.5 g, the color changes of the encapsulated nanoparticles after soaking in alkaline solution for 30 days and UV light exposure for 60 days were only 1.70 and 6.59, respectively, indicating that the encapsulated nanoparticles have excellent color stability.     

苯乙烯共聚物包覆颜料及其超细化

通过添加吸附促进剂的方法,采用苯乙烯-丙烯酸丁酯-丙烯酸共聚物(PSAA)对有机颜料进行表面包覆改性,并制备了稳定性良好的分散体系,探讨了制备工艺对改性后颜料粒径、Zeta电位和分散体系性能的影响。结果表明,体系粒径和Zeta电位的绝对值随着PSAA用量的增加而逐渐增加,当PSAA用量增长到颜料总重的30%后,粒径增幅明显变大,Zeta电位的绝对值基本不再变化,离心稳定性达到最高;吸附促进剂滴加速度为1.5g/分钟,研磨转速为2000转/分钟时,所制备的改性颜料粒径较小。     

Stability and properties of waterborne polyurethane/clay nanocomposite dispersions

Factors that can affect the stability of waterborne polyurethane (WBPU)/clay nanocomposite dispersions are reported. It is suggested that the dispersion stability depends on the carboxyl acid salt content, clay content, sonication (mechanical forces), and clay surface structure. It was observed that the dispersion stability increased with increasing carboxyl acid salt content after applying sonication (mechanical forces) in clay with OH groups (Cloisite 30B) up to 23.58 mol% DMPA. Encapsulated (WBPU20-30B4-M and WBPU23-30B5-M) clay in PU particles was formed using the above combination. The dispersion with clay encapsulated in PU particles had the longest storage time of all of the dispersions. The zeta potential, particle size, particle size distribution, and viscosity of the dispersions also depend on carboxyl acid salt content, clay content, sonication (mechanical forces), and clay surface structure.     

Preparation of monodisperse PMMA particles by dispersion polymerization of MMA using poly(styrene-co-methacrylic acid) copolymer as a steric stabilizer

Dispersion polymerization of MMA was conducted using poly(styrene-co-methacrylic acid) copolymer as a steric stabilizer in an aqueous methanol medium. Various composition copolymers were easily prepared with a conventional radical polymerization by changing the monomer ratios of styrene to methacrylic acid, and were employed as a steric stabilizer for dispersion polymerization. The copolymers prepared with monomer ratios of 1.25–1.50 were found to be suitable steric stabilizers for dispersion polymerization. A very small amount of copolymer (0.6 wt% based on MMA) could act as a steric stabilizer effectively to obtain monodisperse PMMA particles. The particle size decreased with increasing the solvent polarity from 4 to 0.14 μm.     

超细涂料色浆的制备及其稳定性研究

涂料色浆的着色强度和色牢度等性能除了与颜料分子的化学结构、分散性密切相关外,还与涂料色浆微观颗粒的大小与分布有关。颜料粒径越小,其着色强度、光泽和遮盖力越好,因此,超细涂料色浆的制备得到了人们越来越多的关注。本课题研究了超细涂料色浆的制备方法,讨论了分散剂结构及用量、超声波处理时间、超声波处理功率对颜料分散效果的影响,分析表征了所制备涂料色浆的稳定性。研究结果表明分散剂FPE对颜料的分散效果较好,其较佳工艺为:颜料含量15%,分散剂用量占颜料用量的20%,超声波处理时间30 min,处理功率800 W,所制备的超细涂料色浆的粒径可达到150.9 nm,其离心稳定性达93.27%。稳定性实验表明所制备的涂料色浆具有良好的对温度、pH和电解质的稳定性。     

乳化条件对自乳化聚乙烯蜡乳液性能的影响

通过对马来酸酐接枝聚乙烯蜡（PEW-g-MAH）接枝共聚物进行皂化改性制备自乳化聚乙烯蜡,探讨了固含量和乳化条件对自乳化聚乙烯蜡的自乳化性及聚乙烯蜡乳液外观、分散性、稳定性、粒径及其分布的影响。结果表明,固含量是影响自乳化聚乙烯蜡乳化性的主要因素,只有当聚乙烯蜡乳液的固含量大于30 %时,自乳化聚乙烯蜡自乳化后方能得到分散良好、长期稳定且粒径分布均一的聚乙烯蜡乳液;乳化温度、乳化时间及剪切速率等乳化条件对乳液的性能均有影响,但乳化温度对自乳化聚乙烯蜡乳液的性能影响较大,乳化温度过高或者过低均对乳液分散和稳定不利,最佳的乳化温度为130 ℃。     

Polyaniline encapsulated microporous polymer beads and their vapor and gas adsorption behavior

Styrene‐maleic acid copolymer beads and styrene‐divinylbenzene beads were encapsulated with polyaniline by insitu oxidative polymerization of aniline. These beads both in unmodified and encapsulated forms were studied for their organic vapor and hydrogen adsorption behavior at 30°C and reduced pressure. Enhanced adsorption of hydrogen to the extent of 4.9 mass % was observed for encapsulated styrene‐maleic acid copolymer beads. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 297–303, 2007     

Synthesis and characterization of alkali‐modified styrene‐maleic anhydride copolymer for dispersion of TiO2

A copolymer of styrene and maleic anhydride was synthesized by free radical polymerization at 80°C using N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) as solvent and benzoylperoxide as initiator. The monomer feed ratio of styrene to maleic anhydride was varied in the range of 1 : 1 : to 3 : 1. The polymer yield was found to decrease with increase in styrene in the feed. The molecular weight of copolymers which were formed by taking styrene to maleic anhydride ratio of 1 : 1, 2 : 1, and 3 : 1, as determined by Ostwald Viscometery were about 1862, 2015, and 2276 respectively. The acid values of abovementioned three copolymers were found to be 480, 357, and 295, respectively. The typical viscosity values of 20% solids in ammonical solution of copolymers formed by taking feed ratios of Sty : MAn as 1 : 1 and 2 : 1 were 26 and 136 cp, respectively. For the feed ratio 3 : 1, a gel was formed. The synthesized copolymers were hydrolyzed by alkalis, namely, NaOH, KOH, and NH₄OH. The dispersing ability of hydrolyzed styrene‐maleic anhydride (SMA) copolymers for dispersion of titanium dioxide was studied. The modified SMA copolymers were found to be effective dispersants for TiO₂. Among the three alkalis studied, the Sodium salts of SMA were found to give better dispersion. The copolymer having a 1 : 1 feed ratio showed the best dispersing ability for TiO₂ particles among the three ratios studied. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3194–3205, 2007     

Preparation of nanoscale carbon black dispersion using hyper-branched poly(styrene-alt-maleic anhydride)

Hyper-branched poly(styrene-alt-maleic anhydride) (BPSMA) was used as a dispersant to disperse carbon black (CB) in aqueous media. The dispersing ability of BPSMA for CB was estimated by measuring the particle size, zeta potential, stability to temperature and centrifugal stability of BPSMA-dispersed CB dispersions. The experimental results showed that BPSMA prepared with a molar ratio of 4-vinylphenyl methanethiol (VPMT), St and MA at 6:47:47 and a mass ratio of BPO and (VPMT + St + MA) at 1:50 exhibited optimal dispersing ability when the CB dispersion was at pH 8, and a mass ratio of BPSMA and CB was about 1:5. Compared to linear poly(styrene-alt-maleic anhydride) (LPSMA), BPSMA prepared CB pigment dispersion with a smaller particle size, a more narrow particle size distribution and higher stabilities.     

Host–guest phenomena in polystyrene networks

A correlation between the extent of crosslinking and the amount of organic substrates encapsulated within organized macromolecular assemblies was established. The encapsulation of benzoic acid in the cavities of styrene‐based copolymers and their controlled release in the presence of different solvents were studied. Polystyrene networks with encapsulated benzoic acid were prepared with divinyl benzene (DVB) and hexane diol dimethacrylate (HDDMA) as the crosslinking agents. The amount of benzoic acid released followed the order of 5% > 10% > 20% > 15% in chloroform and toluene for both DVB‐ and HDDMA‐crosslinked polystyrene. However, in methanol and water, the release was in the order of 5% > 10% > 15% > 20% for both systems. As the percentage of the crosslinking agent was increased, the pore size decreased (mesopores), and hence the amount of benzoic acid encapsulated also decreased up to 15%. Beyond 15%, the number, rigidity, and stability of the micropores increased, and more benzoic acid was encapsulated with 20% than 15%. The quantitative interpretation of the experimental results was made in terms of a Flory–Rehner analysis of the swelling measurements of the free polymer and the host–guest system. The theoretical results were in excellent agreement with the experimental results of release studies. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007