星载太赫兹双频云雷达对冰云探测能力研究

针对星载云雷达对冰云探测可行性分析的需求,分析了非球形冰晶对340 GHz电磁波的单散射特性,基于不同的体积散射模型,研究了非球形冰晶云的回波特性以及94\340 GHz云雷达双波长比,假定冰云垂直分布的情况下,探讨了星载94\340 GHz云雷达双波长比随高度的变化以及可以穿透的冰云厚度。相较于94 GHz及220 GHz,冰晶粒子对340 GHz电磁波的散射能力增强,但是同时云对其的衰减也大大增加,340 GHz的衰减系数约是94 GHz的5～130倍;340 GHz云雷达可以探测浅薄的含水量较小的冰云,基本可以探测云厚2 km、冰水含量在 0.000 1-0.2 g/m³的冰云。含水量较多的厚云由于衰减,造成电磁波穿透能力大大降低,在假定的冰水含量垂直分布下,当最大冰水含量为1 g/m³时,可探测厚约5 km内云厚的40%以上;衰减也造成不同高度上相同滴谱的云有不同的双波长比,冰水含量的大小及垂直分布影响了双波长比的大小及电磁波探测云的厚度。衰减随着冰水含量增大而增大,高频云雷达电磁波衰减大,使得双波长比变大,从而使双波长比和谱的数浓度N₀有关,因此利用双波长比反演时,衰减订正非常重要。     

220 GHz卷云非球形冰晶粒子雷达反射率因子与冰水含量关系研究

针对220 GHz太赫兹雷达处理数据的实际需要,应用离散偶极子近似法,计算不同形状非球形冰晶粒子的后向散射截面,并基于最新细化的冰云模型,得到了220 GHz太赫兹波雷达探测的冰水含量I与雷达反射率因子Z_m,建立了Z_m-I关系表达式。计算结果表明,非球形冰晶粒子及冰云模型均对Z_m-I关系有一定的影响。本研究对中纬度卷云的太赫兹波雷达探测的云参数反演有应用价值,并对太赫兹波测云雷达的研制具有借鉴作用。     

粒子取向以及空气含量对卷云雷达反射率因子的影响分析

为研究卷云的非球形粒子对毫米波雷达的散射特性,利用矩量法计算了卷云六种非球形冰晶粒子最大尺寸与散射截面之间的双指数函数关系.利用三种假设模型:Ⅰ.B-H混合模型、Ⅱ.等效椭球模型、Ⅲ.等效球模型分别验证NASA在2007年7月31日一次卫星与飞机同步测云试验数据,对比后发现模型Ⅰ(B-H模型)模拟4个位置处实测的结果最好,模型Ⅱ的结果其次,模型Ⅲ的结果最差,但是B-H模型模拟1号,2号,3号位置处的雷达反射率因子与实测值相比偏低,分析原因认为粒子谱探测仪器忽略了滴晶粒子贡献.加入滴晶粒子后统一拟合1号,2号,3号以及4号的普适性粒子谱,拟合其满足B-H模型时冰水含量与雷达反射率因子之间的关系式,将CVI仪器实测的冰水含量值代入上面的关系式得到反演的雷达反射率因子,对比CRS毫米波雷达实测的雷达反射率因子可知:当云中冰水含量小于0.1342 g/m3,冰晶中的空气含量对雷达反射率因子的影响要远大于粒子的取向问题;当云中冰水含量介于0.134 2~0.199 4 g/m3,冰晶中的空气含量可以忽略不计而仅考虑粒子的取向问题;当云中冰水含量大于0.199 4 g/m3,B-H模型将不再适用.因此为了利用毫米波雷达反射率因子精确地反演云中冰晶粒子,应以冰水含量为前提考虑B-H模型中冰晶粒子的取向以及空气含量.     

基于非球形冰晶的星载94/220GHz双频云雷达云微物理参数反演研究

利用94/220GHz双频云雷达的探测优势,结合短柱、三瓣子弹花和星状雪花三种非球形冰晶粒子的散射特性,对双频云雷达云微物理参数反演算法进行了研究。通过建立双频比和中值直径的关系,再通过后向迭代的双频反演算法计算出谱参数的最优解,进而反演云微物理参数并分析反演误差。最后,通过数值试验,对考虑系统噪声和随机噪声后的反演误差进行了比较分析,并提出了仪器信噪比的指标需求。结果表明:双频联合可以较好地反演非球形冰晶的云微物理参数,为了保证0.2 g/m~3以下冰水含量的反演误差小于30%,仪器的信噪比不能低于11.39dB,为国内开展星载云雷达指标设计和云微物理参数反演研究提供参考。     

卷云短波光学特性

卷云一般分布在对流层上部到平流层下部,它主要由分布在大气高层的各种形状的冰晶粒子组成.冰晶粒子的散射特性在气候模式、辐射传输和遥感领域都具有非常重要的意义.利用Yang等计算的几种冰晶粒子的散射特性数据库,假定卷云粒子谱分布符合Γ分布,得到了卷云的平均单次散射特性,包括实心与中空六棱柱、六角平板、子弹花、聚合物以及星形枝状六种非球形冰晶粒子在短波0.2～5.0μm波段的消光效率因子、吸收效率因子、散射相函数等.展示了卷云短波散射性质随波长、卷云有效尺度和卷云中冰晶粒子形状的变化关系,并分析了其变化的可能原因.     

亚毫米波冰云成像仪通道选择

依据冰云参数的多极化多散射大气亚毫米波辐射传输模型,分析了100 GHz~1 000 GHz频段内大气卷云吸收的特性,通过通道频率和带宽的不同设置,确定亚毫米波冰云成像探测仪包含15个通道,频率覆盖范围为118 GHz~900 GHz,建立其与遥感器通道灵敏度、定标精确度、不同地理位置和海拔高度上对流层卷云中冰水总量、冰晶粒子尺寸、形状、方向性等反演参数的约束模型,为设计和研制用于测量冰云参数的星载亚毫米波成像仪提供理论分析和仿真验证。     

1.315 μm波长冰晶粒子辐射特性的模拟研究

利用逐线积分法(LBL)计算得到了大气分子红外吸收信息,结合不同形状冰晶粒子的单次散射特性,通过离散纵标法(DISORT),模拟计算了由实心六棱柱状冰晶粒子组成的卷云在波长为1.315μm时的散射特性和辐射特性,定性分析了激光在卷云中传输时的衰减和散射规律与入射光的位置、卷云光学厚度、冰晶粒子有效尺度等参数的关系。与晴天大气相比较,卷云的散射明显改变了光辐射的空间分布,被其他传感器探测到的可能性增大,其结果对于激光测距、激光探测等有关工程设计方面有非常重要的参考价值。     

准球面模式下三种激光波长冰云大气反射率特性

冰云由冰晶粒子组成,是大气的重要组成部分,研究冰云条件下大气辐射传输特性有助于理解冰云对大气探测、地空链路激光通信等方面的作用。采用最新的C语言版本离散纵标法(CDISORT),比较了太阳天顶角不同时平面平行模式和准球面模式下冰云大气激光传输的反射率差异;数值计算准球面模式下三种激光波长(065μm,106μm,155μm)入射时冰云大气反射率随冰水含量、有效半径、光学厚度、云底高度、相对方位角等因素的变化情况。结果表明:当太阳天顶角小于70°时,两种模式下冰云大气激光传输的反射率相对误差很小;当太阳天顶角大于70°时,两种模式下冰云大气激光传输的反射率相对误差明显增大。冰云大气激光传输的反射率随有效半径的增大而减小,随光学厚度或冰水含量的增大而增大。三种不同的激光波长入射时,冰云大气的平均反照率差异较大,但均值大于08。本文结果为星地激光通信、卫星遥感等工程应用提供理论支撑。     

基于多重多元回归的高空冰晶冰水含量估计方法

高空冰晶是影响航空运行安全的危害性天气现象之一，机载气象雷达是飞机探测危险气象保障飞机安全运行的重要监视设备，但其尚不具备冰晶危险等级划分及区域告警功能。依据高空冰晶的冰水含量分布对其进行检测及危险评估具有重要的现实意义，冰晶冰水含量估计是整个检测流程的基础。该文提出了一种基于多重多元回归的高空冰晶冰水含量估计方法，分析验证了将回归算法引入高空冰晶冰水含量估计的可行性。该方法将冰晶冰水含量单一的目标值估计问题转化为多重多元回归的冰水含量标记向量预测问题，利用训练好的回归模型最终实现高空冰晶的冰水含量估计。针对典型深对流区域仿真数据进行实验分析表明，该方法可有效地估计高空冰晶的冰水含量，相比于仅利用雷达反射率因子的经验公式方法，结果更为准确。     

团聚形核壳结构冰晶粒子的激光散射特性

地空链路无线光通信链路上,云层是影响激光传输散射特性的主要因素之一,主要是由水滴、冰水或者具有其他混合的核壳结构冰晶粒子等组成。建立了考虑晶核以及中间混合层结构的2、8和39个球形核壳结构团聚冰晶粒子模型,分析了晶核尺寸对于理想团聚形核壳结构冰晶粒子消光、吸收和散射系数的影响;且通过对均匀混合层折射率的计算,对比了纯冰晶、理想核壳和考虑中间混合层的核壳三种多球团聚形冰晶粒子散射强度随散射角度的变化情况。数值结果表明:理想核壳结构和中间混合层的核壳结构对冰晶粒子的散射特性影响较大;相同条件下,三种不同团聚形核壳结构冰晶粒子消光、吸收和散射系数存在显著差异。该研究结果对冰晶粒子的散射特性研究结果更为精确,为开展无线光信号在随机分布冰云中的传输分析奠定理论基础。     

Millimeter wave radar scattering from model ice crystaldistributions

Dual-polarization radar observables of cloud ice crystals are simulated at 94 and 220 GHz frequencies. Three crystal shapes are considered: hexagonal columns, hexagonal plates, and stellar crystals. A gamma model size distribution and a three dimensional (3D) canting distribution are used. The radar observables are displayed as a function of radar elevation angle. The linear depolarization ratios LDR_h and LDR_v, the circular depolarization ratio CDR, and the magnitude of the copolarized cross correlation coefficient ρ_hv are found to be useful for differentiating columns from plates and stellar crystals. These radar observables have different trends as a function of elevation angle for the model columns and planar crystals (plates and stellar crystals). Furthermore, at vertical incidence they exhibit significantly different values for the two crystal types     

Scattering of radiowaves by a melting layer of precipitation inbackward and forward directions

A melting layer of precipitation is composed of melting snowflakes (snow particles); the assumption of spherical particles along with mass conservation is used. The melting layer is studied by deriving the size distribution of the melting snow particles, the thickness of a melting layer, the density of a dry snow particle, and the average dielectric constant of a melting snow particle. Vertical profiles of radar reflectivity and specific attenuation are computed at 1-100 GHz by using the Mie theory for five raindrop size distributions at rain rates below 12.5 mm/h. The radar bright band is explained with computed radar reflectivities at 3-10 GHz. It is shown that the radar bright band can be absent in the melting layer at frequencies above 20 GHz. This agrees with radar observations at 35 and 94 GHz. The specific attenuation, as well as the average specific attenuation of the melting layer, is divided into absorption part and scattering part. The latter is increasingly significant with the increase of frequency. The total zenith attenuation due to stratiform rain is divided into the rain zenith attenuation and the additional zenith attenuation, which is the difference between zenith attenuation, due to the melting layer, and attenuation, due to the same path length of the resulting rain. The additional zenith attenuation increases with the increase of rain rate even at frequencies above 20 GHz. This should be taken into account in radar remote sensing and satellite-Earth communications     

Dual polarization radar observations of anomalous wintertimethunderclouds in Japan

Dual-polarization radar observations of wintertime thunderclouds for the Sea of Japan are presented. The range-height-indicator (RHI) and plan-position-indicator (PPI) scans, respectively, reveal the height and horizontal distributions of ice particles, such as graupel and ice crystals. The overall shape of these ice particles is also confirmed on the ground. The ice crystals are, in general, found at high altitude near the cloud top, whereas the graupel is primarily seen near the center of clouds. The PPI display indicates a bandlike horizontal structure, and the lightning tends to occur around the bandlike gap where the ice crystals are, in advance, accumulated on the windward side of the preceding cloud. Simultaneous field mill observations indicate electric charge separation between these ice particles precipitating from the thunderclouds     

Millimeter-wave attenuation and delay rates due to frog/cloudconditions

Propagation properties of suspended water and ice particles which make up atmospheric haze, fog, and clouds were examined for microwave and millimeter-wave frequencies. Rates of attenuation α (dB/km) and delay τ (ps/km) are derived from a complex refractivity based on the Rayleigh absorption approximation of Mie's scattering theory. Key variables are particle mass content and permittivity, which depends on frequency and temperature both for liquid and ice states. Water droplet attenuation can be estimated within a restricted (10±10°C) temperature range using a simple two-coefficient approximation. Experimental data on signal loss and phase delay caused by fog at four frequencies (50, 82, 141, and 246 GHz) over a 0.81-km line-of-sight path were found to be consistent with the model     

毫米波雷达和激光雷达探测云边界的对比分析

为了探测云边界,采用毫米波雷达(MMCR)和微脉冲激光雷达(MPL)联合观测的方法,观测了层积云、高层云、高积云和卷积云个例,并对比分析了两部雷达探测到的云边界的差异。结果表明,通常MPL探测的云底高度高于MMCR;其中在高层云个例中,二者相差最大,其它个例中,差别较小;云粒子对毫米波电磁波和激光光束的散射机制的不同以及两个设备判定云边界方法的不同是差异产生的主要原因。对于云顶的小粒子和云内的小冰晶,MPL的探测能力强于MMCR;但对于发展深、厚的云层,MPL会因衰减的影响探测不到真实的云顶,而MMCR可以探测到完整的云层。     

On the possibility of high power gyrotrons for super range resolution radar and atmospheric sensing

High power gyrotrons have been developed recently; this makes a number of high power millimeter wave oscillators available. Currently their main application is the heating of fusion plasmas. This examines other potential applications for these RF sources. If used in multipulse radar mode, the pulses may be somewhat different from each other and this must be considered. A variant of coherent-on-receive data processing can be used. With this, the entire pulse, not only the phase, is renormalized to a reference pulse. The data are analysed off line. Possible applications of the quasi-optical gyrotron in a radar mode include exploiting its wide tuning range to achieve super range resolution and also remotely sensing the distribution of the size of ice crystals in cirrus clouds. Possible applications of a fixed frequency (94 GHz) gyrotron in the radar mode include studying the structure of clouds. In a forward scatter mode, these high power sources could provide the capability to remotely sense the structure of clear air turbulence. The tunability of the quasi-optical gyrotron could also be exploited to perform rapid path average measurements of relative humidity on the ground and in clouds, and to perform two way earth-to-space measurements of upper atmosphere trace element concentrations.     

Classification of particles in stratiform clouds using the 33 and95 GHz polarimetric cloud profiling radar system (CPRS)

This paper describes the identification of regions of ice, cloud droplets, rain, mixed-phase hydrometers, and insects in stratiform clouds using 33 and 95 GHz radar measurements of reflectivity, linear-depolarization ratio (LDR), dual-wavelength ratio, and velocity from a single-antenna radar system. First, the radar system, experiment, and data products are described. Then, regions are classified using a rule-based classifier derived primarily from LDR, velocity, and altitude. Next, a region-dependent attenuation-correction algorithm is developed to remove attenuation biases in the reflectivity estimate, and histograms of the corrected data are presented for each data product and class. The labeled regions and attenuation-corrected data are then used to train a neural net and maximum likelihood classifier. These agree with the rule-based classifier 96% and 94% of the time, respectively. Finally, the paper evaluates the importance of measuring dual-frequency parameters, velocity, and depolarization ratio     

Propagation Considerations for Satellite Broadcasting at Frequencies Above 10 GHz

At frequencies above 10 GHz, tropospheric propagation effects can significantly alter signal transmission performance. Important phenomena on earth-satellite (slant) paths include attenuation and sky noise increases resulting from atmospheric gases, clouds, and precipitation, depolarization by raindrops and ice crystals, and refractive effects, particularly at low path elevation angles. Various practical aspects of propagation phenomena for satellite broadcasting at frequencies above 10 GHz are reviewed in this paper, with emphasis on the near-term implementation Of services atKu-band.     

基于Ka波段毫米波云雷达多普勒谱的降雪微物理过程的分析

云中过冷水滴的识别对于预警飞机积冰及云-降水物理研究具有重要意义。本文利用美国ARM-AMF2在芬兰的35GHz测云雷达多普勒谱数据,建立了谱峰识别算法,对全局谱进行了谱分离,识别出了过冷水滴然后,经过谱矩计算得到不同类型粒子的反射率因子、多普勒速度、谱宽,最后根据经验关系反演云中液态水含量,并与微波辐射计探测结果进行对比。结果表明：(1)混合云中,雪花主导了毫米波雷达总回波强度,因此根据总雷达反射率因子反演液态水含量会造成低估;(2)冰雪晶粒子在过冷水层(SWL)中多普勒速度随反射率因子的变化梯度比在冰雪层(ISL)中大;(3)多普勒谱反演得到过冷水的液态水路径(LWP)与微波辐射计反演结果一致性较好,说明毫米波雷达能够有效估量云中液态水路径。