苗期干旱及复水条件下不同花生品种的光合特性

为探索不同花生(Arachis hypogaea)品种的旱后恢复能力, 研究花生品种耐旱性与光合特性的关系, 通过盆栽土壤水分控制实验, 测定了12个花生品种苗期对干旱胁迫与复水过程的光合响应特征, 并讨论了所测各性状参数与抗旱性强弱的关系, 包括对水分胁迫伤害的修复能力。结果表明, 根据苗期生物量抗旱系数, ‘山花11号’、‘如皋西洋生’、‘A596’、‘山花9号’、‘农大818’的抗旱性较强, 且复水后植株产生超补偿生长效应, 补偿生长能力与抗旱性呈极显著正相关。叶片净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)、最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、实际光化学效率(Φ_PSII)、光化学猝灭系数(q_P)随干旱进程逐渐降低, 复水后逐渐增加, 抗旱性强的花生品种变幅较小。干旱7天, 大多数花生品种的光合参数值未有显著性差异。干旱14天, 抗旱性越强的花生品种光合参数值越高, 不同抗旱性花生品种的光合参数值有显著差异。‘山花11号’、‘如皋西洋生’、‘A596’、‘山花9号’的P_n、G_s、Φ_PSII、F_v/F_m、q_P在复水5天时恢复至对照水平, 复水10天时超过对照, ‘79266’、‘ICG6848’、 ‘白沙1016’、‘花17’在复水10天时仍未达到对照水平, 复水过程中抗旱性强的品种的光合参数显著高于抗旱性弱的品种。相关分析表明, 干旱胁迫14天和复水5天后, 花生的P_n、Φ_PSII、F_v/F_m、q_P与品种抗旱性呈极显著正相关。因此, 可在苗期用40%土壤相对含水量胁迫14天及复水5天时花生的P_n、Φ_PSII、F_v/F_m、q_P鉴定品种的干旱伤害程度及修复能力, ‘山花11号’可作为强干旱适应性鉴定的标准品种。     

NaHCO3胁迫下硝酸镧对黑麦草幼苗光合机构的保护作用

研究了150 mmol·L^-1NaHCO₃胁迫下,不同浓度硝酸镧对黑麦草幼苗光合作用、叶绿素荧光参数、Mehler反应,以及叶黄素循环的影响.结果表明：低浓度硝酸镧(0.05 mmol·L^-1)叶面喷施处理能显著减小NaHCO₃胁迫下黑麦草叶片净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔限制值(L_s)的下降幅度和胞间CO₂浓度(C_i) 的上升幅度,有效缓解NaHCO₃胁迫对叶片PSⅡ光化学猝灭(q_P)、实际光化学效率(Φ_PSⅡ)、依赖光合碳同化电子传递(ETR_p)和依赖Mehler反应电子传递(ETR_m) 的抑制,增强黑麦草叶片中超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶的活性,提高非光化学能量耗散(NPQ)、叶黄素循环库(V+A+Z)和脱环氧化程度(A+Z)/(V+A+Z),从而减轻NaHCO₃胁迫对光合机构的伤害;但高浓度硝酸镧(0.5 mmol·L^-1)对NaHCO₃胁迫伤害的缓解效果不明显.表明适宜浓度的硝酸镧能够缓解NaHCO₃胁迫下非气孔因素引起的黑麦草叶片光合速率下降以及对光化学效率的抑制,并通过促进Mehler反应直接耗散过剩激发能和激活依赖叶黄素循环的热耗散,保护NaHCO₃胁迫引起的过剩光能对光合机构造成的伤害,而Mehler反应加强所产生的活性氧可被抗氧化酶活性的提高所清除.     

NaHCO3胁迫下硝酸镧对黑麦草幼苗光合机构的保护作用

研究了150 mmol·L^-1NaHCO₃胁迫下,不同浓度硝酸镧对黑麦草幼苗光合作用、叶绿素荧光参数、Mehler反应,以及叶黄素循环的影响.结果表明：低浓度硝酸镧(0.05 mmol·L^-1)叶面喷施处理能显著减小NaHCO₃胁迫下黑麦草叶片净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔限制值(L_s)的下降幅度和胞间CO₂浓度(C_i) 的上升幅度,有效缓解NaHCO₃胁迫对叶片PSⅡ光化学猝灭(q_P)、实际光化学效率(Φ_PSⅡ)、依赖光合碳同化电子传递(ETR_p)和依赖Mehler反应电子传递(ETR_m) 的抑制,增强黑麦草叶片中超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶的活性,提高非光化学能量耗散(NPQ)、叶黄素循环库(V+A+Z)和脱环氧化程度(A+Z)/(V+A+Z),从而减轻NaHCO₃胁迫对光合机构的伤害;但高浓度硝酸镧(0.5 mmol·L^-1)对NaHCO₃胁迫伤害的缓解效果不明显.表明适宜浓度的硝酸镧能够缓解NaHCO₃胁迫下非气孔因素引起的黑麦草叶片光合速率下降以及对光化学效率的抑制,并通过促进Mehler反应直接耗散过剩激发能和激活依赖叶黄素循环的热耗散,保护NaHCO₃胁迫引起的过剩光能对光合机构造成的伤害,而Mehler反应加强所产生的活性氧可被抗氧化酶活性的提高所清除.     

棉花苞叶光呼吸和PSII热耗散对土壤水分的响应

在新疆气候生态条件下, 采用膜下滴灌植棉技术, 设置不同滴灌水分处理, 研究了不同滴灌量条件下棉花(Gossypium hirsutum)苞叶和叶片碳同化、光呼吸作用、光系统II (PSII)热耗散作用及其光破坏防御机制的差异, 以揭示滴灌节水条件下棉花苞叶缓解光抑制的机理及与棉花抗旱特性的关系。结果表明: 棉花开花后苞叶及叶片在高温强光下实际光化学效率(Φ_PSII)显著降低, 发生明显的光抑制现象, 但苞叶的光抑制程度较叶片轻; 与正常滴灌量处理相比, 节水滴灌条件下棉花水分亏缺, 叶片净光合速率(P_n)、Φ_PSII、光呼吸(P_r)、光化学猝灭系数(q_P)降低, 非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)升高, 叶片光抑制程度加重, 而苞叶P_n、Φ_PSII、P_r、q_P、NPQ变化不大, 与正常滴灌量处理相比, 光抑制程度无显著差异。苞叶光呼吸速率与光合速率的比值(P_r/P_n)显著高于叶片; 滴灌节水条件下棉花适度水分亏缺对苞叶光呼吸及P_r/P_n无显著影响。高温强光下, 棉花节水滴灌对叶片PSII量子产量的转化与分配影响显著, 但对苞叶的影响不显著; 苞叶非调节性能量耗散的量子产量(Y(NPQ))高于叶片, 因此能有效地将PSII的过剩光能以热的形式耗散。综上所述, 与叶片相比, 苞叶对轻度水分亏缺不敏感, 是棉花适应干旱逆境较强的器官, 苞叶光呼吸和热耗散作用对光破坏防御具有重要意义。     

田间条件下棉花幼叶光合特性及光保护机制

通过比较棉花(Gossypium hirsutum)幼叶和完全展开叶气体交换参数及叶绿素荧光特性的差异, 探讨高光强下幼叶的光抑制程度及明确光保护机制间的协调机理。在田间自然条件下, 以棉花刚展平的幼嫩叶片(幼叶)和面积已达到最大的完全展开叶片为研究对象, 通过测定不同发育阶段叶片气体交换参数及叶绿素a荧光参数的变化, 并运用Dual-PAM100对不同发育阶段的叶片进行快速光响应曲线的拟合。结果表明: 幼叶和完全展开叶片在光合、荧光特性方面表现出明显的差异。与完全展开叶相比, 较低的叶绿素(Chl)含量和气孔导度(G_s)是幼叶较低净光合速率(P_n)的限制因素, 从而直接导致其光系统II (PSII)实际光化学效率(Φ_PSII)和光化学猝灭系数(q_P)的降低。在1800 μmol·m^-2·s^-1光强以下, 完全展开叶具有较强的围绕PSI循环的电子流(CEF), 有利于合成ATP, 是其具有较高光合能力的原因之一。相同光强下, 幼叶较低的光饱和点(LSP)更易受光抑制, 但其PSII原初光化学效率(F_v/F_m)的日变化幅度显著小于完全展开叶, 说明强光下幼叶通过类胡萝卜素(Car)猝灭单线态氧、光呼吸(P_r)、热耗散(NPQ)以及PSI-CEF等光保护机制能有效地耗散过剩的光能, 从而避免其光合机构发生光抑制。     

UV-B对设施桃叶片光合功能及叶绿体超微结构的影响

对温室栽培的油桃中油5号(Prunus persica var. nectarina cv. ‘Zhongyou5’)适量补充UV-B, 分析其对桃叶片光合功能及叶绿体超微结构的影响。结果表明, UV-B处理下各色素含量均有不同程度的增加, 其中叶绿素b的含量和净光合速率(P_n)提升幅度较大。相较于未补充UV-B的桃树(对照), UV-B处理的F_v/F_m无显著变化, F_v'/F_m'比值、光化学猝灭系数(qP)、非光化学猝灭系数(qN)以及PSII实际光化学量子效率(Φ_PSII)均有显著或极显著升高。透射电镜结果显示, UV-B处理下叶绿体基质片层空隙小, 堆叠紧密, 叶绿体外膜边缘清晰。可见, 温室内适量补充UV-B可快速改善叶片叶绿体的超微结构, 提升叶绿素分子捕获光能及向PSII传递的能力, 增大PSII反应中心的开放程度, 提高实际光能转化效率和PSII电子传递量子效率, 提高叶片的光合功能。该研究为设施果树光合性能改善和UV-B合理利用提供了理论依据。     

减氮运筹对甘薯光合作用和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

光合性能是决定作物产量形成的关键,氮肥的合理施用是调控作物光合特性和产量形成的重要措施.于2016—2017年开展盆栽试验,研究了减氮和施肥方式对甘薯叶片光合作用和叶绿素荧光特性的影响.试验以常规习惯基施氮肥100 kg·hm^-2为对照(FP),在常规施氮量的基础上减氮20%,同时设置3种氮肥运筹方式:100%基施(JS)、100%移栽后35 d追施(KS)、50%基施+50%移栽后35 d追施(FS).结果表明:与常规基施氮肥100 kg·hm^-2相比,减氮条件下氮肥全部基施显著降低了全生育期甘薯光合性能,但追施处理显著提高了块根膨大期净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(g_s)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)和叶绿素(Chl a+b)含量.不同处理下,P_n、g_s、C_i和Chl a+b均以50%基施+50%追施处理最高.减氮分施处理甘薯块根膨大期的PSⅡ实际光化学效率(Φ_PSⅡ)、光化学淬灭系数(q_P)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)和PSⅡ潜在活性(F_v/F_o) 提高,而初始荧光(F_o)和非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)则降低.氮肥分施通过提高PSⅡ的光化学效率和电子传递速率,降低光能的热耗散,提高了甘薯块根膨大期功能叶的光合速率.2个品种不同年际间表现相同.表明氮肥一次性基施或追施均不利于提高甘薯叶片光合性能.减氮20%水平下,50%基施+50%追施可减缓叶片早衰,延长叶片功能期,提高甘薯的光合生产能力和生物量,有利于产量形成.     

不同天气类型下UV-B辐射对高山植物美丽风毛菊叶片PSII光化学效率的影响分析

以中国科学院海北高寒草甸试验站地区的美丽风毛菊(Saussurea superba)为材料, 通过短期滤除自然光谱中紫外线B (UV-B)辐射成分的途径, 研究了UV-B辐射对叶片光系统II (PSII)光化学效率的影响。不同天气的归纳分析表明, 随可见光辐射的降低, 暗适应3 min的PSII最大光化学量子效率(F_(v)/F_(m))显著升高; 与此同时PSII实际光化学量子效率(Φ_PSII)和光化学猝灭系数(q_P)也显著升高, 非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)则显著降低。滤除UV-B辐射后, 3种典型天气类型下的F_(v)/F_(m)均略有升高趋势; 且Φ_PSII和q_P增加, 而NPQ略有降低趋势。量子效率的相对限制(L_(PFD))和PSII反应中心开放程度(q_L)的进一步分析表明, UV-B辐射能显著影响辅酶A还原状态, 对高山植物美丽风毛菊的光合机构具有负影响。综上可知, 自然光中的可见光辐射是影响PSII激发能捕获效率的重要因素, PSII反应中心的光化学效率和非光化学能量耗散主要受光和有效辐射的影响; 滤除UV-B成分能减缓PSII反应中心的光抑制程度。     

控墒补灌对新疆春玉米产量和穗叶光合特性的影响

为探讨北疆绿洲区滴灌春玉米的高产栽培水分管理模式,以‘郑单958’(ZD958)和‘垦玉2号’(KY02)为试验材料,研究了控墒补灌对滴灌春玉米大喇叭口期(V12)至蜡熟期(R5)叶片SPAD值以及灌浆期(R3)穗叶色素、光合和荧光等参数的影响.结果表明: 土壤墒度过低或过高均会显著(P<0.05)降低V12-R3期叶片SPAD值,R5期宜保持在田间持水量的65%以上.灌浆期土壤墒度<75%时玉米叶绿素a、b及叶绿素总含量、类胡萝卜素、叶绿素a/b显著下降,但土壤墒度>85%时差异并不显著;土壤墒度<75%时玉米净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)及气孔导度(g_s)显著下降,胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)显著上升,但土壤墒度>85%时并未观察到g_s的降低.土壤墒度过高或过低均可显著降低最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、潜在活性(F_v/F_o)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(Φ_PSⅡ)、光化学淬灭(q_P)和光合电子传递速率(rETR)等荧光参数,热耗散量子比率(F_o/F_m)、非光化学淬灭(NPQ)显著升高;通径分析发现,P_n降低主要由F_v/F_o和rETR的下降导致,最终表现为产量的降低.这表明各生育时期土壤墒度保持在V6>60%、V12 >70%、R1 >75%、R3 >80%、R5 >65%是本地区滴灌春玉米获得高产的最佳水分管理模式.     

连作土壤中施加球毛壳ND35菌肥对杨树生理特性的影响

在山东农业大学林学实验站杨树连作土壤中施加不同剂量(0.17、0.33、0.67、1.00、1.33和1.67 g·kg^-1)的球毛壳ND35菌肥,测定不同处理下一年生杨树叶片的光响应过程、叶绿素荧光以及叶黄素循环等光合生理生化指标,研究球毛壳ND35菌肥对杨树根系和光合生理性能的影响.结果表明: 随连作土壤中菌肥含量的增加,杨树叶片的叶绿素含量(Chl)呈增加趋势,电子传递速率(ETR)、净光合速率(P_n)、量子效率(Φ)、硝酸还原酶(NR)活性以及根系活力等生理指标均呈先增加后降低的趋势,依赖于叶黄素循环的光合热耗散呈降低趋势,而非光化学淬灭(NPQ)呈先降低后增加的趋势.在土壤施加菌肥剂量0.67和1.00 g·kg^-1处理时,光合机构的过剩光能减少,向光化学反应方向分配的光能增多,光能利用效率提高.在连作土壤中施加适量(0.67～1.00 g·kg^-1)的球毛壳ND35菌肥,能在一定程度上提高杨树的根系生理活性,提高杨树叶片对光能的利用效率,有利于改善杨树叶片的光合机构运转状态,提高叶片的光合作用效率.     

田间条件下海岛棉和陆地棉花铃期叶片光保护的机制

研究海岛棉(Gossypium barbadense)和陆地棉(G. hirsutum)两个棉花栽培种的光合作用特性, 探讨两个栽培种光合机构的光抑制以及防御保护机制, 以期为新疆棉花高光效品种选育和高产高效栽培实践提供理论基础。在新疆生态气候条件下, 系统测定了海岛棉和陆地棉的叶片运动、叶片接受光量子通量密度(PFD)、叶片温度、叶绿素荧光参数、气体交换参数和光呼吸速率的日变化。研究结果表明: 陆地棉叶片的“横向日性”较强而海岛棉较弱, 导致海岛棉叶片接受PFD较低, 但其叶片温度较高。海岛棉叶片的光合速率和气孔导度均显著低于陆地棉。在8:00-10:00 (北京时间, 下同)海岛棉叶片的光呼吸速率略低于陆地棉, 其余时间段海岛棉和陆地棉叶片的光呼吸速率相似。不同栽培种间, 叶片的最大光化学效率和实际光化学效率的日变化均无明显差异。除14:00-16:00以外, 海岛棉叶片的表观电子传递速率和光化学猝灭系数均显著低于陆地棉。8:00以后, 海岛棉叶片的非光化学猝灭显著高于陆地棉。因此, 在新疆生态气候条件下, 海岛棉和陆地棉叶片“横向日性”运动能力和气孔导度的差异导致叶片所处的光温环境不同, 同时造成海岛棉叶片的碳同化能力较低。为阻止光合电子传递链的过度还原, 减轻光合机构的光抑制, 陆地棉叶片主要通过光合机构的电子流途径耗散激发能, 而海岛棉叶片通过热耗散途径和相对较高的光呼吸能力来耗散激发能。     

花粒期光照对夏玉米光合特性和叶绿体超微结构的影响

在大田条件下,以夏玉米品种‘登海605’为试验材料,研究花粒期不同光照强度(正常光照、开花至收获期遮阴和开花至收获期增光)对夏玉米叶片光合、荧光性能和叶绿体超微结构的影响.结果表明:与对照相比,花粒期遮阴影响叶绿体排布及内部结构发育,基粒个数和基粒片层数均有不同程度减少,叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、叶绿素含量下降,PSⅡ反应中心的实际光化学效率和最大光化学效率降低,非光化学淬灭系数数值增加,导致产量降低;增光后叶绿体结构良好,基粒片层排列紧致、清晰且数量增加,PSⅡ反应中心的实际光化学效率增加,净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、叶绿素含量上升,叶片光合性能增强,产量增加.即花粒期遮阴破坏了夏玉米叶片叶绿体超微结构,降低了叶片光合能力,产量下降;花粒期增光增加了叶肉细胞中叶绿体的基粒和基粒片层,导致基粒片层排列紧密有序,有利于增加作物产量潜力.     

Effects of shading on photosynthetic characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in leaves of Hydrangea macrophylla

Aims The objectives were to investigate the effects of different light intensities on photosynthetic characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, to clarify the physiological responses and photo-protective mechanisms of Hydrangea macrophylla to changes in light regimes in view of the distribution of energy absorbed and photosynthetic characteristics.Methods Three light regimes including natural and shade (shading rate 50% and 75% of natural light) were applied to plants for 60 days. After the treatment, the gas-exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence and photosynthesis-light curves were measured by a portable leaf gas exchange system (LI-6400).Important findings The results showed that the weak light intensity treatment reduced dark respiration rate, light compensation point and light saturation point of plant, but increased apparent quantum yield, suggesting that plants had the physiological strategy to utilize the weakening light by reducing respiration. The net photosynthetic rate, intercellular CO₂ concentration, transpiration rate and water use efficiency of plants grown below 50% of natural light showed significant difference compared with natural and shading rate 75% of natural light. There were significant difference between natural and shade treatments in the maximal quantum efficiency of PSII (F_v/F_m), as indicated that it was significantly less at full light than that at 50% of natural light. Initial fluorescence intensity (F_o) of plants was higher at full light than that at 50% of natural light, suggesting that photoinhibition occurred in natural light. The non-photochemical quenching (NQP) decreased with the aggravation of shade stress, indicating that shading decreased the efficiency of photochemical reaction by reducing the fraction of incident light in photochemical energy utilization and decreased thermal dissipation through regulating energy distribution in photosystem II (PSII) in the leaves of Hydrangea macrophylla. In general, the 70% of incident light in photochemical energy utilization was distributed to thermal dissipation, 20% was distributed to non-regulated energy dissipation and 4% was distributed to effective photochemical reaction. In conclusion, responses of plants to increased irradiance are governed by strategy: to utilize a high fraction of incident light in photochemistry and regulate energy dissipation in PSII and weaken the accumulation of excess excitation energy in PSII to protect the photosynthetic apparatus in the leaves of H. macrophylla under saturated radiation.     

定向种植对夏玉米群体内光环境及叶片光合性能的影响

为改善玉米群体内光环境,进一步提高玉米单株光合能力以获得高产,本研究以郑单958为试验材料,通过设置种子定向入土方式,研究了定向有序种植条件下群体内光分布特征,以及单株玉米穗位叶花后光合性能,并借助快速叶绿素荧光动力学曲线分析了与叶片光合性能有密切联系的光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的性能特征.结果表明:叶片不同朝向显著改变夏玉米群体内穗位叶处光合有效辐射截获量,朝南处理(S)平均比朝北处理(N)高271.8%.不同朝向的叶片对高光与弱光的利用能力差异显著,朝南处理饱和光强下净光合速率(Pn)显著升高,表明其高光强利用能力显著提升;而朝北处理(N)表观量子效率(α)则随生育期推进显著增加,有利于叶片适应长期弱光环境.生育前期朝南处理PSⅡ电子供体侧和受体侧性能显著提高,进而改善了PSⅡ反应中心性能(PIABS)和荧光光化学淬灭系数(ψo),电子在电子传递链中转移效率(φEo)的提高增强了电子由PSⅡ向光系统Ⅰ(PSⅠ)的传递性能.生育前期叶片性能呈现出朝南>朝东>朝西>朝北的趋势.但成熟末期朝南处理对强光的利用效率显著降低,朝北处理在生育后期表现出较强的弱光利用能力,表观量子效率显著升高,花后40dPn与PSⅡ性能均表现为朝北>朝西>朝东>朝南的趋势.总体上,朝南与朝东处理群体内光环境改善显著,群体穗位层截获光合有效辐射较多,光合能力和干物质生产能力增强,有利于夏玉米产量提高.     

Field assessment of sub-epidermal leaf anthocyanin, PSII photochemistry,and the xanthophyll-cycle as photoprotective mechanisms in two morphs of Agave striata

We tested the hypothesis that leaf epidermal pigments screen light of particular wavelengths from reaching the photosynthetic machinery, reducing dependence on the xanthophyll-cycle as an energy dissipation process. Under field conditions, photosynthesis and water relations were studied in two morphs of Agave striata that differ in leaf coloration (green vs. reddish-purple). Titratable acidity, chlorophyll fluorescence, and internal and surface leaf temperatures were measured under low irradiance by shading (30%) and full sunlight (100%) for six days. We also measured the reflectance ratio (R_RED: R_GREEN), an index of anthocyanin content and the change in photochemical reflectance index (ΔPRI), an index of xanthophyll-cycle de-epoxidation state (xanthophyll conversion). Our results showed that both morphs expressed typical CAM-activity with no significant differences under sun vs. shade. However, shading did reduce titratable acids in both morphs. Both morphs were well hydrated, with the relative water content (RWC) being greater than 93%. Leaf surface temperature was found to be significantly higher during the day in the green morph compared to the red morph under sun and shade. Dark level fluorescence (Fo), photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), and the quantum yield of PSII electron transport (Φ_PSII) were higher in the red morph under sun compared to the green morph. The value of qN (non-photochemical quenching) was significantly higher during the day for the green morph compared to the red morph and this higher qN value was associated with a greater xanthophyll conversion and surface leaf temperature. However, sunlight did not predispose either of the morphs to photoinhibition. It is clear that the sub-epidermal anthocyanins serve as a photoprotective mechanism in the red morph, screening light energy from reaching the photosynthetic machinery and reducing dependence on the xanthophyll-cycle. We concluded that under natural light conditions the leaves of two morphs tested utilized differential photoprotective mechanisms.     

Physiological responses and photo-protective mechanisms of two Rhododendron plants to natural sunlight after long term shading

AimsResponses of plants to increased irradiance are governed by two strategies: an increase in the utilization of absorbed light and photo-protective mechanisms. Varied physiological responses to increased irradiance were observed in plant species with differing adaptabilities to light regimes. This research aims to explore the physiological responses and photo-protective mechanisms of two Rhododendron plants to changes in light regimes. MethodsChlorophyll fluorescence parameters and rapid light curves were measured for leaves of R. hybrida (a shade-tolerant species) and R. simsii (a light-loving and shade-tolerant species) following exposure to sunlight for five days after growing in the shade for one year.Important findings Natural sunlight decreased the efficiency of photochemical reaction by reducing the fraction of incident light in photochemical energy utilization and decreased thermal dissipation through regulating energy dissipation in photosystem II (PSII) in the leaves of R. hybrida. As a result, natural sunlight induced the accumulation of excess excitation energy in PSII, and caused photo-inhibition and even photodamage in the leaves of R. hybrida, which was suddenly transferred from long-term shading to sun exposures. The acclimation capacity to changes of growth light regimes was stronger in R. simsii than in R. hybrida, due to a higher capability for photochemical reaction, thermal dissipation and cyclic electron flows around photosystem I in the leaves of R. simsii. Rhododendron simsii could utilize a high fraction of incident light in photochemistry and regulate energy dissipation in PSII to protect the photosynthetic apparatus under both shading and natural sunlight condition. Therefore, high light intensity under natural sunlight did not cause photo-inhibition in R. simsii.     

两种杜鹃花属植物对长期遮阴后全光照环境的生理响应及其光保护机制

植物通过提高光能利用能力和光保护途径以响应环境光强的增加, 但不同植物对环境光强增加的生理响应存在差异, 从而导致植物对光环境的适应性不一致。为探讨植物对光环境变化的生理响应及其适应机制, 该文以遮阴条件下培养1年的2种杜鹃属(Rhododendron)植物比利时杜鹃(R. hybrida)和杜鹃(R. simsii)为材料, 对其由遮阴后转入全光照下培养5天时的叶片叶绿素荧光参数及其快速光曲线变化进行了比较研究, 以期从叶片吸收光能分配和光保护机制的角度探讨这2种植物对光环境变化的适应机制。结果表明: 全光照降低了喜阴植物比利时杜鹃叶片的光化学反应和热耗散能力, 且其吸收光能分配于光化学反应和调节性能量耗散部分的比例减少, 导致光系统II反应中心过量激发能积累, 造成了叶片光抑制甚至光破坏。杜鹃作为耐阴喜光植物对光环境变化具有较强的适应性, 具有较高的光化学反应、热耗散和环式电子传递能力等内在生理特性; 在遮阴和全光照两种光环境下均能维持较高的吸收光能在光化学反应和调节性能量耗散部分的分配比例, 从而保护了光合机构的正常运行, 是其全光照强光未造成叶片光抑制的原因。     

Effects of moderate high-temperature stress on photosynthesis in three saplings of the constructive tree species of subtropical forest

During the exposition to moderate high-temperature stress, photosynthetic rates and fluorescence of chlorophyll a were measured with a photosynthetic measurement system (Li-Cor 6400) and leaf chamber fluorometer (Li-Cor6400 LCF), respectively, in leaves of saplings, sun-adapted species (Schima superba), shade-adapted species (Cryptocarya concinna), and in mesophytic plant (Castanopsis hystrix) (42°C). The results showed that moderate high-temperature stress led to a decrease in F_v/F_>m, namely the primary photochemical quantum efficiency, indicating that moderate high-temperature stress causes a partial inhibition of PSII. It also showed that such an effect was more severe in the shade-adapted plant C. concinna than in the sun-adapted species S. superba. However, except for the sun-grown leaves of C. concinna, the moderate high-temperature stress increased the photosynthetic rate of leaves at high light intensity. Simultaneously, less photoinhibition was found to occur under high-light intensity, suggesting that the capacity of resistant-photoinhibition was stimulated by moderate high-temperature stress. The quantum yield of PSII (?_PSII) decreased in the sun-grown leaves of S. superba and C. hystrix but did not show any significant change in leaves of the shade plant C. concinna and shade-grown leaves of sun plant S. superba or the mesophytic plant C. hystrix because they already had a very low ?_PSII under this condition. Moderate high-temperature stress led to a decrease in ?_PSII/?_CO2 ratios, an estimate of the quantum requirement for CO2 assimilation, in the sun plant S. superba and the mesophytic plant C. hystrix because they were associated with the dissipation of a lower fraction of excitation energy. However, no significant changes were found in shade plant C. concinna and in shade-grown leaves of the other examined plants. The effect of moderate high-temperature (42°C) on photosynthesis depends on species and leaf type (sun and shade leaves) in the saplings of subtropical broad-leaved trees.     

弱光胁迫对不同耐荫型玉米果穗发育及内源激素含量的影响

2010—2011年以耐荫性较弱的玉米杂交种豫玉22和耐荫性较强的玉米杂交种郑单958为材料,在抽雄前3 d开始进行弱光胁迫处理,吐丝后10 d恢复自然光照,研究弱光胁迫及光恢复对不同耐荫型玉米果穗生长发育及其内源激素含量的影响。结果表明:弱光胁迫下,玉米果穗生长发育明显减缓,穗长、穗粗和果穗干物质积累显著减小,秃尖度变大;穗行数、穗粒数和籽粒库容显著降低;吐丝期果穗顶部小穗子房发育停滞,已有败育迹象的籽粒在恢复自然光照后无明显改善;豫玉22果穗和籽粒性状在处理间的差异程度均大于郑单958。弱光胁迫下,两玉米杂交种果穗的ABA和ZR含量均升高,而GA含量和GA/ABA比值均降低;IAA含量和IAA/ABA比值在郑单958果穗中表现为升高,而豫玉22则表现为下降。