舒芬太尼对老年患者再手术后罗哌卡因硬膜外镇痛效果的影响

目的:观察舒芬太尼对老年患者再手术后罗哌卡因硬膜外自控镇痛效果的影响.方法:选择65岁以上再次经硬膜外麻醉下行下腹部或全髋关节置换术的老年患者50例,随机均分为S、C两组,手术结束后行硬膜外自拉镇痛.S组镇痛液为0.12%罗哌卡因100 mL+舒芬太尼50μg,C组为0.12%罗哌卡因100 mL+生理盐水1 mL,两组均加托烷司琼2mg.负荷量4 mL,输注速度2 mL/h,自控0.5 mL/次,锁定时间15 min.记录术后4、8、12、24和48 h Bs-11及Ramsay评分,PcA按压总次数和有效次数,罗哌卡因用量和不良反应.结果:S组术后4、8、12、24和48 h BS-11评分、PCA按压总次数和有效次数及48 h内罗哌卡因用量均少于C组(P<0.05或P<0.01),两组不良反应的差异无统计学意义.结论:舒芬太尼复合0.12%罗哌卡因用于老年患者再次经硬膜外麻醉后行PCEA可增强罗哌卡因镇痛效果,减少罗哌卡因用量.舒芬太尼推荐剂量为0.5μg/mL.     

红细胞包蔽舒芬太尼对臂丛神经阻滞的影响

目的 观察罗哌卡因复合红细胞包蔽舒芬太尼在臂丛神经阻滞术后的镇痛效果。方法 选取90例择期行肱骨或锁骨切开复位内固定术患者为研究对象,将其随机分为对照组(C组)、罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼组(S组)和罗哌卡因复合红细胞包蔽舒芬太尼组(R组),每组30例。每组超声下行臂丛神经阻滞。C组使用0.375%罗哌卡因20 mL, S组使用0.375%罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼0.5μg/mL的混合液20 mL, R组使用0.375%罗哌卡因复合红细胞包蔽同等剂量舒芬太尼的混合液20 mL。3组术后均连接静脉自控镇痛泵。观察术后镇痛效果,并记录感觉、运动阻滞的起效时间和镇痛泵的使用情况及不良反应。结果 3组患者感觉和运动阻滞起效时间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与C组比较,S组和R组术后12 h的静态及动态视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评分降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);与S组比较,R组术后24 h的静态VAS评分降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);与S组比较,R组术后12 h和24 h的动态VAS评分均降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与C组比较,S组和R组镇痛...     

甲磺酸罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼用于剖宫产术后镇痛浓度的临床研究

目的观察舒芬太尼复合不同浓度的甲磺酸罗哌卡因用于剖宫产术后硬膜外自控镇痛术(PCEA)的效果及甲磺酸罗哌卡因的最佳有效浓度。方法 90例产妇在硬-腰联合麻醉(CSEA)下行剖宫产手术的患者,手术后行PCEA术后镇痛,在同样的阿片类药物剂量(30μg舒芬太尼)的背景下,依照给予不同浓度的甲磺酸罗哌卡因,随机分为3组;A组(n=30),0.2℅甲磺酸罗哌卡因100 ml;B组(n=30),0.15℅甲磺酸罗哌卡因100 ml;C组(n=30),0.1℅甲磺酸罗哌卡因100 ml。观察指标:术后4 h、12 h、48 h患者VAS疼痛评分,改良Bromage评分,恶心、呕吐、瘙痒、尿潴留、排气时间延长、延迟性呼吸抑制等副作用。结果①不同浓度的罗哌卡因各时间点VAS无统计学差异(P>0.05)。②下肢肌力恢复情况:术后4 h结果显示,3组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。手术后12 h和48 h显示,C组与A、B两组相比,对下肢肌力影响最小,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。③在副作用项目中,C组在尿潴留、排气时间延长上与其它两组比较发生率明显减低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 0.1℅甲磺酸罗哌卡因复合枸橼酸舒芬太尼用于剖宫产术后镇痛效果良好,副作用少,且运动阻滞程度最小,因此更适合应用于剖宫产术后PCEA术后镇痛。     

布比卡因、罗哌卡因与左布比卡因复合舒芬太尼自控镇痛的比较

目的:比较妇科手术后0.1875%布比卡因、0.1875%罗哌卡因或0.1875%左布比卡因与舒芬太尼配伍自控硬膜外镇痛效果。方法:60例择期妇科下腹部手术患者,随机分为三组对照观察,B组(n=20):镇痛药为0.1875%布比卡因 0.5μg/mL舒芬太尼;R组(n=20):镇痛药为0.1875%罗哌卡因 0.5μg/mL舒芬太尼;L组(n=20):镇痛药0.1875%左布比卡因 0.5μg/mL舒芬太尼;自控硬膜外镇痛给药方式相同。观察各组术后48 h镇痛效果、运动神经阻滞程度及不良反应。结果:三组患者术后视觉模拟评分、改良Bromage评分差异无统计学意义,不良反应发生率相似。结论:0.1875%布比卡因、0.1875%罗哌卡因及0.1875%左布比卡因均复合0.5μg/mL舒芬太尼用于妇科术后硬膜外镇痛均可获得满意的镇痛效果,对运动神经阻滞影响较小且无明显不良反应。     

舒芬太尼复合罗哌卡因用于开胸术后硬膜外镇痛的疗效

【目的】观察舒芬太尼或芬太尼复合罗哌卡因用于开胸手术后硬膜外自控镇痛（PCEA）的临床镇痛效果和安全性。【方法】ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,全麻复合连续硬膜外阻滞麻醉行开胸手术病人70例,随机分为两组（n=35）,使用0．75μg／ml舒芬太尼（S组）或3μg／ml芬太尼（F组）复合0．125％罗哌卡因,术后行PCEA。镇痛泵设定持续背景剂量2mL／h、PCA每次0．5mL,锁定时间15min。观察病人术后镇痛效果,记录术后4h、8h、12h、24h、48h各时间点的疼痛评分（VAS）、镇静评分、PCA使用次数、不良反应和病人满意度。【结果】S组术后8h、24h和48hVAS评分明显低于F组（P〈0．05）;S组各时间点镇静评分均明显大于F组（P〈0．05）;S组PCA按压次数显著低于F组（P〈0．05）;S组病人对PCA的满意度明显高于F组（P〈0．05）。两组恶心、呕吐发生率低,呼吸抑制相比无明显差异。【结论】舒芬太尼复合罗哌卡因用于开胸手术后PCEA,镇痛安全有效,镇痛镇静效果优于芬太尼,不良反应程度较轻。     

舒芬太尼或曲马多复合罗哌卡因在剖宫产术后硬膜外镇痛中的比较观察

【目的】比较观察舒芬太尼或曲马多分别复合罗哌卡因用于剖宫产术后硬膜外自控镇痛（PECA）的效果及对催乳素的影响。【方法】选择120例择期行剖宫产的孕妇,随机分为舒芬太尼组（S组）和曲马多组（T组）,术毕行PCEA48h,S组用0．15％罗哌卡因＋0．4μg／mL舒芬太尼,T组用0．15％罗哌卡因＋4mg／mL曲马多。观察记录两组孕妇的总用药量、追加（Bonus）次数、各时段[1h（T1）,6h（T2）,12h（T3）,24h（T4）,48h（T5）]视觉模拟评分法（VAS）评分、改良运动阻滞评分（Ramsay）评分、改良Bromage评分、不良反应发生情况及血清催乳素（PRL）浓度变化。【结果】S组总用药量及Bonus次数均小于T组（P〈0．05）,T2～T5时点S组VAS评分低于T组（P〈0．05）,两组Ramsay评分多在2～3分左右,T3～T5时点S组Ram—say评分高于T组（P〈0．05）,两组Bromage评分无统计学差异（P〉0．05）,两组均无严重并发症发生,T组恶心、呕吐发生率高于S组（P〈0．05）,S组皮肤瘙痒发生率高于T组（P〈0．05）,两组术后24h及48h血清催乳素浓度均高于术前（P〈0．05）,S组升高更为显著（P〈0．05）。【结论】舒芬太尼或曲马多分别复合罗哌卡因用于剖宫产术后PCEA均安全有效,且不良反应较少,舒芬太尼复合罗哌卡因的镇痛效果优于曲马多,且镇静程度较曲马多深,但皮肤瘙痒发生率较高,而恶心、呕吐发生率较低。     

舒芬太尼复合罗哌卡因用于产科硬膜外术后镇痛的临床观察

目的:观察舒芬太尼复合罗哌卡因用于产科术后硬膜外镇痛的效果及不良反应。方法:选择同期剖宫产手术患者40例,随机分为观察组(舒芬太尼)20例,对照组(芬太尼)20例。镇痛泵配方观察组为舒芬太尼0.05mg+罗哌卡因238mg,对照组为芬太尼0.25mg+罗哌卡因238mg。观察并记录术后4、8、20、24、48h患者的心率、呼吸频率、血氧饱和度、VAS、Ramsay镇静评分、Bromage分级评估下肢运动及恶心呕吐、瘙痒和呼吸抑制等不良反应。结果:观察组术后VAS评分、呼吸频率、不良反应与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),2组患者的心率、血氧饱和度、Ramsay镇静评分及Bromage分级评分比较差异无统计学意义。结论:舒芬太尼复合罗哌卡因用于产科术后硬膜外镇痛,镇痛效果确切,呼吸抑制程度轻,术后恶心呕吐等不良反应发生率低。     

不同剂量舒芬太尼用于剖宫产术后硬膜外自控镇痛的效果比较

目的观察不同剂量的舒芬太尼用于剖宫产术后硬膜外自控镇痛的效果比较。方法将2009年4-11月60例硬膜外麻醉下行剖宫产手术术后的患者随机分为三组,术后镇痛液A组采用0.125%罗哌卡因复合0.3μg/mL舒芬太尼;B组为0.125%罗哌卡因复合0.4μg/mL舒芬太尼;C组0.125%罗哌卡因复合0.5μg/mL舒芬太尼,观察三组患者的术后镇痛效果（视觉模拟法评分,即VAS评分）及不良反应。结果 A组VAS评分高于B组和C组,B组VAS评分高于C组（P〈0.05）。三组患者术后恶心呕吐、运动阻滞、嗜睡及肠蠕动抑制等并发症无统计学差异（P〉0.05）。结论 0.125%罗哌卡因复合0.5μg/mL舒芬太尼以4mL/h持续输注用于剖宫产术后患者自控硬膜外镇痛术后疼痛VAS评分最小,患者镇痛满意度最高。     

不同剂量氢吗啡酮用于老年患者术后硬膜外镇痛的临床研究

目的探讨不同剂量氢吗啡酮用于老年患者术后硬膜外自控镇痛(PCEA)的安全性和有效性。方法选择在腰硬联合麻醉下行全髋关节置换术的老年患者60例,采用随机数字表法将其分为3组(每组各20例):H1组、H2组及S组。手术在腰硬联合麻醉下进行,术毕进行PCEA,镇痛泵配方:H1组氢吗啡酮25μg/kg,H2组氢吗啡酮50μg/kg,S组舒芬太尼1μg/kg,3组均加入1%罗哌卡因20mL及托烷司琼0.1mg/kg,用生理盐水稀释至100mL。背景输注速度2 mL/h,自控0.5 mL/次,锁定时间15 min。观察并记录术毕(T0)、术后4h(T1)、12h(T2)、24h(T3)患者的收缩压(SP)、舒张压(DP)、心率(HR)、氧饱和度(SPO2),镇痛、镇静评分(BS-11及Ramsay评分),以及24hPCEA泵自动进药量(V)、PCA按压次数(P1)和有效次数(P2),记录患者嗜睡、恶心呕吐、皮肤瘙痒及呼吸抑制等不良反应的发生情况。结果 3组患者在T0~T4各时点SP、DP、HR、SPO2、BS-11及Ramsay评分差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),术后24h H1组和H2组V、P1和P2均低于S组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),H2组患者恶心呕吐次数多于H1组及S组(P0.05)。结论氢吗啡酮联合低浓度罗哌卡因用于老年患者术后PCEA是安全有效的,氢吗啡酮推荐使用剂量为25μg/kg。     

舒芬太尼及芬太尼与吗啡用于子宫切除术后硬膜外镇痛的比较

目的：比较舒芬太尼、芬太尼与吗啡用于子宫切除术后持续硬膜外镇痛的临床镇痛效果和不良反应。方法：选择ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,在连续硬膜外麻醉下行子宫切除术,术后行硬膜外镇痛的患者120例,随机分为4组,S1组（舒芬太尼0．5μg／mL复合甲磺酸罗哌卡因0．237mg／mL）、S2组（舒芬太尼0．75μg／mL复合甲磺酸罗哌卡因0．237mg／mL）、F组（芬太尼5μg／mL复合甲磺酸罗哌卡因0．237mg／mL）、M组（吗啡0．06mg／mL复合甲磺酸罗哌卡因0．237mg／mL）;负荷剂量5mL,速度2mL／h,单次给药0．5mL,锁定时间15min。观察患者术后疼痛视觉模拟评分（VAS）、不良反应以及Ramsay评分。结果：4组患者术后4hVAS评分差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,S2,M组术后8h,16h评分低于S1组（P〈0．05）,S2,M组镇痛满意率更高（P〈0．05）。M组恶心、呕吐、瘙痒发生率高（P〈0．05）。结论：舒芬太尼0．75μg／mL复合甲磺酸罗哌卡因0．237mg／kg用于子宫切除术后镇痛效果满意,不良反应发生率低。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.