固氮生化遗传学研究进展Ⅰ.

人类需要蛋白质食物。蛋白质可来自植物,也可来自动物,但最终还是来自植物。蛋白质由氨基酸组成。植物吸收土壤中氮化物同化成氨基酸,然后合成蛋白质。在耕作区为植物利用的氮有限,必须施加大量人工合成氮肥。近年来,世界能源危机,用当前高温高压方法合成氮肥受到很大限制。其实,地球上氮肥主要来源于生物。有些微生物可将空气中不能为植物直接利用的氮气转化为氨,称为生物固氮。固氮生物有自生固氮的克氏肺炎杆菌(K.pneumoniae)     

固氮生化遗传学研究进展Ⅱ(续)

二、共生固氮的生化遗传学共生固氮是固氮生物和宿主植物两者相互作用和协调的结果。前者将固定的氮供宿主植物合成氨基酸和蛋白质,后者将光合作用部分产物输送到根瘤,为细菌进行固氮提供能量。共生固氮的生化遗传学更为复杂。涉及到细菌和植物各自的遗传学和它们之间的相互作用,其研究比较困难。但由于分子     

联合固氮研究进展

联合固氮研究进展李久蒂安千里（中国科学院植物研究所,北京１０００９３）ＡＤＶＡＮＣＥＳＩＮＡＳＳＯＣＩＡＴＥＤＮＩＴＲＯＧＥＮＦＩＸＡＴＩＯＮＲＥＳＥＡＲＣＨＬｉＪｉｕ－ｄｉＡｎＱｉａｎ－ｌｉ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＢｏｔａｎｙ,ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃ...     

海洋生物固氮研究进展

海洋生物固氮因可以支持初级生产所需的氮而在全球碳氮循环中具有重要作用。从二十世纪九十年代分子生物学和15N2同位素示踪法应用于固氮研究领域以来, 逐渐发现了单细胞固氮蓝藻和异养固氮细菌的重要性, 是近年来海洋固氮研究领域的最大进展之一, 表明以前基于束毛藻为主要固氮生物估算的固氮量可能低估了生物固氮在全球海洋生物地球化学循环中的地位。另一方面, 传统的海洋生物固氮研究仅局限于热带亚热带的寡营养盐区域, 对高营养盐区域如上升流、河口等高营养盐区域较少关注, 因此有必要对这些区域的生物固氮进行重新评估和再认识。综述了国际固氮研究的最近进展, 主要包括固氮生物多样性及分布特征、生物固氮的限制性因素、研究方法以及存在的问题。同时综述了南海生物固氮方面的最新进展和问题。     

固氮螺菌的固氮分子调控研究进展

本文对巴西固氮螺菌周氨基因的结构和调控进行综述。其固氮基因的调控可分为两种水平：通过DRAT-DRAG系统的翻译后水平和通过NifA蛋白的转录水平。通过NifA活性进行调控的机理目前尚不明了。     

联合固氮的研究进展

1975年,Dbereiner实验发现与禾本科植物联合共生的固氮菌并提出根际联合固氮的概念。近年来,随着一些新的研究手段包括化学分析、遗传工程、分子生物学、免疫学等方法的运用,推进了联合固氮领域的研究深度。综述了近年来发现的联合固氮菌的种类;联合固氮体系的形成过程（趋化、结合和侵入）;影响联合固氮的主要因素：自然条件、土著微生物的竞争、植物基因型差异和环境条件的变化、结合态氮（氨、亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐等）和氧。并从固氮联合作用测定方法、联合固氮菌的资源筛选、联合固氮工程菌的研究、联合固氮分子生态学研究方法4个方面,论述了联合固氮的研究现状。     

人类生化遗传学和疾病

人类生化遗传学是一门边缘学科,它研究人类遗 传物质的生化性质及其对人体蛋白质合成和代谢的调 节控制,从而揭示人类遗传性状的发育和遗传疾病的 生化本质。     

根瘤菌共生固氮的遗传学研究(一)

根瘤菌是一种重要的固氮微生物,由于它和植物形成独特的共生关系,所以可固定较大量的氮,据估计每年出于根瘤菌共生所固定的氮量可达139×10~6吨之多,约占地球上正个固氮总量的四分之一。在农业上根瘤菌共生固氮也是一个重要的氮素来源。     

Nitrogen Turnover in Marine and Brackish Habitats: I. Nitrogen Fixation

Potential nitrogen-fixing genera were found to be abundant intwo natural populations of blue-green algae, one from a rockycoast and the other from a sand-dune slack. ¹⁵N studies confirmedthat these populations fixed nitrogen in the laboratory andin the field. Preliminary quantitative data on Fixation in thefield suggest that the algae contribute appreciable quantitiesof fixed nitrogen to the environments in which they occur.     

Growth and Nitrogen Fixation of Phaseolus vulgaris L. at Two Irradiances II. Nitrogen Fixation

Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Glamis plants grown at 7 and 28 W m^–228 W m^–2 in controlled environment cabinets showed copiousnodulation and high levels of acetylene reducing activity. Earlydifferences in nodulation were apparent before differences inphotosynthesis and were attributed to an effect of far-red lighton nodule development. Total plant nitrogen content was greater at 28 W m^–2 thanat 7 W ^–2 but nitrogen content as a percentage of d. wtwas greater at the lower irradiance level. Total acetylene reducing activity (nmol. min^–1 root^–1)was greater at 28 W m^–2 than at 7 W ^–2, but therewas no irradiance effect on specific activity (nmol. min^–1g d. wt of pink nodules^–1 or nmol. min^–1 pink nodule^–1). Transfer of 40-day-old plants from 7 W m^–2 to 28 W m^–2resulted in increased nodulesize(due toincreased size of infectedcells), accompanied by increased total, but not specific, acetylenereducing activity. Transfer of plants from 28 W m^–2 to 7 W m^–2 resultedin a fall of total acetylene reducing activity within 24 h,and senescence of large nodules. Specific acetylene reducingactivity was unaffected The results are interpreted as an effect of light on the productionof nitrogen fixing tissue, rather than on nitrogenase activity.     

Nitrogen Fixation in Seawater

S ummary . The acetylene reduction technique was used for a 3-year period to monitor potential nitrogen fixation by aerobic heterotrophic bacteria in the sea 2 miles offshore in Cardigan Bay. Samples from depths down to 15 m were membrane-filtered and the residues incubated aerobically or anaerobically in acetylene-containing gas mixtures in sealed Millipore Field Monitors. Pure cultures of aerobic heterotrophs isolated from spread-plates or monitor membranes supplied with 'nitrogen-free'media, were tested for ability to reduce acetylene. Glucose was the best of 14 substrates tested to support both growth and acetylene reduction by marine bacteria. The results suggested the presence of a few aerobic or facultatively anaerobic nitrogen fixers among much more numerous and efficient 'fixed-nitrogen-scavengers'. The acetylene-reducing capacity of pure cultures was inexplicably variable, even under closely-standardized conditions: this is discussed. The more consistent acetylene reducers included various-sized rods (Gram positive and negative), coccobacilli and yeasts, which latter may have had non-culturable bacteria associated with them. No recognizable Azotobacter sp. was isolated, despite the strongly-selective conditions imposed. Similar results were obtained for seawater samples from the Irish Sea and an Iceland fjord.     

nifH Sequences and Nitrogen Fixation in Type I and Type II Methanotrophs

Some methane-oxidizing bacteria (methanotrophs) are known to be capable of expressing nitrogenase and utilizing N₂ as a nitrogen source. However, no sequences are available for nif genes in these strains, and the known nitrogen-fixing methanotrophs are confined mainly to a few genera. The purpose of this work was to assess the nitrogen-fixing capabilities of a variety of methanotroph strains. nifH gene fragments from four type I methanotrophs and seven type II methanotrophs were PCR amplified and sequenced. Nitrogenase activity was confirmed in selected type I and type II strains by acetylene reduction. Activities ranged from 0.4 to 3.3 nmol/min/mg of protein. Sequence analysis shows that the nifH sequences from the type I and type II strains cluster with nifH sequences from other gamma proteobacteria and alpha proteobacteria, respectively. The translated nifH sequences from three Methylomonas strains show high identity (95 to 99%) to several published translated environmental nifH sequences PCR amplified from rice roots and a freshwater lake. The translated nifH sequences from the type II strains show high identity (94 to 99%) to published translated nifH sequences from a variety of environments, including rice roots, a freshwater lake, an oligotrophic ocean, and forest soil. These results provide evidence for nitrogen fixation in a broad range of methanotrophs and suggest that nitrogen-fixing methanotrophs may be widespread and important in the nitrogen cycling of many environments.     

Nitrogen Fixation in Wild Legumes

Isolations of the rhizobia from nodules of field plants of Ulexeuropaeus and Medicago lupulina have been examined for effectivenessin fixation of nitrogen by inoculating them into host plantsgrowing in a medium free of combined nitrogen. The results indicatethat vigorous fixation may be presumed to occur in associationwith field plants of the Ulex species, but that fixation inMedicago is probably decreased by the presence of ineffectiverhizobia in some nodules. The general importance of fixationin wild legumes is discussed, and it is pointed out that dueattention must be paid to non-legume genera with root nodules.These genera are locally abundant, and in former periods werestill more prominent in some regions of the world.     

植物内生固氮菌及其固氮机理研究进展

氮素是植物生长必不可少的元素,植物内生固氮菌不仅能够在植物体内产生氮素以供植物利用,而且在自然界氮素循环过程中发挥积极作用,对农业可持续发展具有重要意义。近年来,植物内生固氮菌逐渐成为研究热点。由植物内生固氮菌的发现、作物共生、侵入途径、固氮机理、促生作用机制等方面系统地综述了植物内生固氮菌的研究进展,探讨了植物内生固氮菌新的研究思路以及一些尚未解决的问题,以期为植物内生固氮菌及生物固氮研究提供参考。