低熔点亲铜元素(LMCE)熔体超常富集贵金属的机制及其识别标志

低熔点亲铜元素(LMCE) As、Sb、Bi、Hg、Pb、Se、Te、Tl、Sn等,均具有亲铜性、低熔点、半金属的特性,在成矿过程中可以形成LMCE熔体,并对Au、Ag、PGE等贵金属的高效富集沉淀起到一种重要的桥梁作用。作者对前人研究资料与LMCE热力学相图进行了分析,并结合浅成低温热液型、造山型、卡林-类卡林型、碱性-偏碱性侵入岩型金矿床的研究成果,探讨了LMCE熔体形成、类型及其对Au、Ag、PGE等贵金属富集成矿的机理,并提出了LMCE熔体参与成矿的矿物组合与结构特征标志。LMCE熔体可以在岩浆过程、(岩浆)热液过程及变质过程中形成,是贵金属矿床重要的成矿机制之一。LMCE熔体中存在大量原子团簇,团簇间的聚集生长会使熔体难以达到相平衡,形成许多非平衡矿物组合,如包含LMCE的自然元素、金属互化物及含LMCE的多相矿物。Au在LMCE熔体中也可以团簇存在,金团簇聚集形成球状或片状,并形成巨富的金矿体。LMCE熔体形成的矿物常以浑圆状、近浑圆状、不规则状的单个或群体组合的乳滴、珠滴、气泡的微粒包体产在硫化物、硒化物、碲化物、氧化物和硅酸盐矿物内或沿矿物裂隙线形排列,这些LMCE微粒包体是熔体扰动导致熔-熔或熔-液间发生乳化所致,流体沸腾是引起熔体扰动的主要机制。LMCE熔体不能快速淬火结晶,通常在低温下缓慢冷却达到相平衡,形成复杂的矿物组合,该特点即使在微米到纳米级的矿物微粒中也显著存在。熔体-流体包裹体是LMCE熔体参与成矿作用最为直接的证据。固溶体分解结构、熔体退火结构、矿物-熔体二面角结构、溶解-再沉淀结构等也是LMCE熔体参与成矿的标志性结构。     

The Behavior of Fe—Ni Metal during Thermal Metamorphism of the Jilin Chondrite

Conclusions 1. Under heat influence, the mobility of Fe-Ni metal was relatively high as compared with silicates. During thermal metamorphism of the Jilin meteorite (T ⩽ 800 °C), fine Fe-Ni metal particles in silicate condrules and matrix aggregated into coarse metal grains, which are as large as 5–10 mm in size,in situ or after a short-distance migration and concentration, and some even aggregated into metal nodules as large as 20–30mm in size, but their chemical composition still remains unchanged. 2. High-temperature and high pressure, as well as shock-loading experiments on Jilin meteorite samples provide further evidence that temperature plays an important role in metal /silicate redistribution and differentiation. The variation of temperature exerts great influence on the mode of metal-silicate redistribution. At about 1000 °C or less, metal particles moved and aggregated into rather coarse grains by thermal diffusion, or through the formation of eutectic melts together with FeS. When the temperature reaches about 1300 °C, full melting take place in the meteorite specimens, and at this time metals and metal sulfides play an important role in the immiscibility and gravitational differentiation of metal-silicate melts, thus leading to the rapid separation of metals or metal-sulfides from silicates, followed by the sinking of pure metals and metal-sulfides to the bottom of the experimental products and the formation of silicate melts almostly with no metals and sulfides in the upper parts.     

富锂氟含稀有矿化花岗质岩石的对比和成因思考

Li-F花岗质岩石以超酸性、过铝、富含H2O、F、B、P等挥发性组分和富含Li、Rb、Cs、Be、Ta、Nb、Sn、W等亲石稀有金属元素为主要特征，以黄玉－锂云母－钠长石花岗岩为典型代表。从该类岩石地质产状的多样性和可对比性、空间分布的规律性、矿物岩石的结构构造、硅酸盐－熔体包裹体特征以及实验岩石学的研究成果等方面，综合论证该类岩石主要是从经过分异演化而形成的残余熔浆中直接结晶而在的；充分的分离结晶作用，是产生这种残余熔浆的主要机制；岩体的空间分带特征和各带之间的渐变过渡关系，为分离结晶作用的途径和演化方向提供了重要信息；熔体中挥发性组分的大量存在，是分离结晶作用能充分进行的关键因素；亲石稀有金属元素在流／熔配分中倾向于进入熔体相，是残余熔体中逐步富集这些稀有金属元素的主要原因；岩浆－热液过渡阶段出溶的流体相与已晶出的共存固相之间的相互作用，造成了广泛的交代蚀变现象；残余熔浆在不同地质和物理化学环境中的侵位、结晶和演化，造成了Li-F花岗质岩石在产状、结构构造和矿物组合等方面的多样性。     

高镁安山岩及其地球动力学意义

高镁安山岩是当前国际地质研究的一个热点之一。本文重点介绍了高镁安山岩的分类、成因、成矿和地球动力学意义。高镁安山岩主要包括高镁埃达克岩、巴哈岩、赞岐岩和玻安岩等四类。高镁安山岩的成分复杂,可以包含地幔源区组分,以及俯冲大洋板片(玄武质洋壳或洋壳沉积物)或俯冲陆壳沉积物熔体或流体组分,有时也可能包含拆沉下地壳熔体组分。高镁安山岩可以通过地幔橄榄岩的直接熔融形成,也可通过熔体与地幔的相互作用形成。高镁安山岩的形成环境特殊：除青藏高原中部的一些新生代高镁安山岩外,几乎所有其它新生代的高镁安山岩都形成在会聚板块边界,且大都与年轻的、热的洋壳或洋脊的俯冲有关。高镁安山岩对揭示大陆地壳的形成以及金属矿化方面都有非常重要的意义。最后,对当前高镁安山岩的研究中存在的问题进行了探讨。     

新疆阿尔泰造山带中伟晶岩型稀有金属矿床成矿 规律、找矿模型及其找矿方向

文章对阿尔泰造山带中的主要伟晶岩类型、时空分布特征、形成物源以及稀有金属矿化类型、形成条件(包括温度、压力、侵位深度)、可能控制因素等进行了归纳和总结,进而提出了阿尔泰伟晶岩成因模式、稀有金属矿化机制、伟晶岩型稀有金属矿床找矿模型及其找矿方向。阿尔泰稀有金属伟晶岩显示2个期次(同造山和后造山)和4个阶段(泥盆纪—早石炭世、二叠纪、三叠纪、早侏罗世)的成岩成矿特征。其中,以后造山阶段的三叠纪伟晶岩成岩及其Be、Li成矿作用最为显著。不同期次和阶段的伟晶岩显示规律的时空分布特征,稀有金属伟晶岩的成岩成矿明显受"构造-变质-物源-岩浆"的控制,而伟晶岩与周边花岗岩存在时代或物源上的解耦,表明阿尔泰伟晶岩不是由花岗质岩浆分异演化晚期的残余岩浆固结形成,由此提出阿尔泰不同时代伟晶岩的成因模式,即造山过程中加厚的不成熟地壳物质在伸展减压背景下发生小比例部分熔融(深熔)形成独立伟晶岩。通过对形成伟晶岩初始岩浆中磷含量、伟晶岩分异演化程度的评价以及基于围岩蚀变过程中全岩及蚀变矿物电气石中稀有金属Li、Rb、Cs含量特征,建立了阿尔泰伟晶岩型稀有金属矿床找矿模型、地质-地球化学找矿指标体系,并提出不同尺度的找矿方向。     

Cluster type of silicate vaporization: Newly obtained experimental data

Impact cratering is usually associated with the partial or complete vaporization of the high-temperature impact melts. According to its chemical characteristics, the vaporization of major oxides, silicate minerals, and rock melts can be classified into the following four types: (1) congruent vaporization without decomposition of the compound in the vapor phase, (2) congruent vaporization with the decomposition of the compound in the vapor phase, (3) incongruent vaporization, and (4) cluster vaporization. The latter type of vaporization pertains to the transfer of material into vapor phase in the form of complicated atomicmolecular groups (clusters) of certain stoichiometry. Cluster vaporization takes place at superhigh temperatures typical of impact processes. The clusters can comprise compounds of different individual volatility, and this often results in the enrichment of the vapor phase in elements traditionally thought to be refractory. Examples of cluster vaporization are offered by lately obtained experimental results on laser-pulse vaporization of larnite, merwinite, and wollastonite. Condensed vapor generated at the vaporization of orthosilicates (larnite and merwinite) was proved to be dominated by chain bonds of Si-O tetrahedrons and to contain molecular groups of wollastonite and pseudowollastonite stoichiometry.     

Melt composition control of Zr/Hf fractionation in magmatic processes

Zircon (ZrSiO₄) and hafnon (HfSiO₄) solubilities in water-saturated granitic melts have been determined as a function of melt composition at 800° and 1035°C at 200 MPa. The solubilities of zircon and hafnon in metaluminous or peraluminous melts are orders of magnitude lower than in strongly peralkaline melt. Moreover, the molar ratio of zircon and hafnon solubility is a function of melt composition. Although the solubilities are nearly identical in peralkaline melts, zircon on a molar basis is up to five times more soluble than hafnon in peraluminous melts. Accordingly, calculated partition coefficients of Zr and Hf between zircon and melt are nearly equal for the peralkaline melts, whereas for metaluminous and peraluminous melts D_Hf/D_Zr for zircon is 0.5 to 0.2. Consequently, zircon fractionation will strongly decrease Zr/Hf in some granites, whereas it has little effect on the Zr/Hf ratio in alkaline melts or similar depolymerized melt compositions.The ratio of the molar solubilities of zircon and hafnon for a given melt composition, temperature, and pressure is proportional to the Hf/Zr activity coefficient ratio in the melt. The data imply that this ratio is nearly constant and probably close to unity for a wide range of peralkaline and similar depolymerized melts. However, it changes by a factor of two to five over a relatively small interval of melt compositions when a nearly fully polymerized melt structure is approached. For most ferromagnesian minerals in equilibrium with a depolymerized melt, D_Hf > D_Zr. Typical values of D_Hf/D_Zr range from 1.5 to 2.5 for clinopyroxene, amphibole, and titanite. Because of the change in the Hf/Zr activity ratio in the melt, the relative fractionation of Zr and Hf by these minerals will disappear or even be reversed when the melt composition approaches that of a metaluminous or peraluminous granite. It is thus not surprising that fractional crystallization of such granitic magmas leads to a decrease in Zr/Hf, whereas fractional crystallization of depolymerized melts tends to increase Zr/Hf. There is no need to invoke fluid metasomatism to explain these effects. Results demonstrate that for ions with identical charge and nearly identical radius, crystal chemistry does not alone determine relative compatibilities. Rather, the effect of changing activity coefficients in the melt may be comparable to or even larger than elastic strain effects in the crystal lattice.     

滇西北衙金矿床富水岩浆对成矿的制约

成矿岩浆富水(4%)是形成斑岩型矿床的关键。滇西北衙金矿床是金沙江-哀牢山新生代富碱斑岩成矿带中规模最大的金多金属矿床,目前探明金资源储量超过320吨,伴生的铅锌、银、铜、铁、硫也达到大-中型规模。本文以北衙成矿的二长花岗斑岩中角闪石斑晶和锆石为研究对象,开展岩相学和地球化学研究,厘定成矿岩浆的特征,并探讨富水岩浆对成矿的制约。研究表明,北衙二长花岗斑岩角闪石斑晶发育、轻稀土富集而重稀土亏损、具有高Sr(300×10~(-6))、低Y(10×10~(-6))和高(La/Yb)N(6.19~26.8)的地球化学特征,暗示在岩浆结晶早期有角闪石斑晶的晶出。角闪石晶出的条件是岩浆中水含量大于4.5%,因此北衙金矿床成矿岩浆演化早期角闪石的晶出显示成矿岩浆相对富水。角闪石矿物组分计算表明岩浆熔体中水含量在3.8%~4.1%之间,进一步证实北衙金矿床成矿岩浆相对富水。北衙金矿床这种具有高水含量的岩浆在源区岩石部分熔融的过程中,水的加入可以降低其熔点,促进源区含Cu、Au硫化物重熔,或萃取岩石中Cu、Au成矿元素,或聚集岩浆中分散分布的金属元素,形成富金属、富水的岩浆。含矿岩浆就位后,其通过压力的降低(岩浆房脆性破裂或岩浆向上侵位)来降低水的溶解度,或通过岩浆持续的结晶(在等压条件下晶出无水矿物)逐渐提高岩浆水含量,促使熔体中水含量大于水在熔体中溶解度,从而导致岩浆水达到饱和状态,流体开始出溶。总体而言,北衙金矿床富水岩浆不仅能促进北衙矿床成矿流体的形成与演化,也对成矿流体中Cu、Au等成矿元素的富集具有重要的作用。     

Activities and volatilities of trace components in silicate melts: a novel use of metal–silicate partitioning data

Ian Carmichael spent 45 years thinking about and working on the activities of components in silicate melts and their use to estimate physicochemical conditions at eruption and in the source regions of igneous rocks. These interests, principally in major components such as SiO₂, led us to think about possible ways of determining the complementary activity coefficients of trace components in silicate melts. While investigating the conditions of accretion and differentiation of the Earth, a number of authors have determined the partitioning of trace elements such as Co, Ni, Mo and W between liquid Fe metal and liquid silicate. These data have the potential to provide activity information for a large number of trace components in silicate melts. In order to turn the partitioning measurements into activities, however, we need to know the activity coefficient of FeO, γ_FeO in the silicate. We obtained γ_FeO as a function of melt composition by fitting a simple model to 83 experimental data for which the authors had measured the FeO content of the silicate melt in equilibrium with metal (Fe-bearing alloy) at known f_O2. The compositional dependence of γ_FeO is weak, but, when calculated in the system Diopside–Anorthite–Forsterite, it decreases towards the Forsterite apex. A similar approach for Ni, for which twice as many data are available, leads to similar composition dependence of activity coefficient and confirms the suggestion that γ_NiO/γ_FeO is almost constant over a wide range of silicate melt composition. The activity coefficients for FeO were used in conjunction with measured Mo and W partitioning between Fe-rich metal and silicate melt to estimate activity coefficients for trace MoO₂ and WO₃ dissolved in silicate melt. When combined with data on Mo- and W-saturated silicate melts a strong dependence of activity coefficient is observed. Calculated in the system Diopside–Anorthite–Forsterite, both MoO₂ and WO₃ exhibit similar behaviour to FeO and NiO in that activity coefficients decrease as Forsterite content increases. The effect is much larger for Mo and W, however, γ_MoO2 and γ_WO3 varying by factors of 20 and nearly 100, respectively, in this system. In order to illustrate the potential applications of the metal–silicate partitioning approach to determine the activity coefficients of volatile elements, we used it to determine activity coefficients of PbO, CuO_0.5 and InO_1.5 in a silica-saturated melt at 1,650 °C. We find values of 0.22, 3.5 and 0.02, respectively, indicating a strong dependence on cation charge. The value for CuO_0.5 is in excellent agreement with experimental data of Holzheid and Lodders (Geochim Cosmochim Acta 65:1933–1951, 2001), which shows that the method is viable. When combined with thermodynamic data on the gas species, we find that Pb is the most volatile of the 3 elements under ‘normal’ terrestrial conditions of oxygen fugacity but that In should become the most volatile under strongly reducing conditions such as those of the solar nebula. The oxygen fugacity dependence of volatility has implications for the high relative abundance of In in silicate Earth. We conclude that metal–silicate partitioning experiments are a viable means for determining activities of trace components in silicate melts and are particularly useful if the metal of the element is unstable or volatile at igneous temperatures.     

Morphological Features of Diamond Crystals Dissolved in Fe<Subscript>0.7</Subscript>S<Subscript>0.3</Subscript> Melt at 4 GPa and 1400°C

An experimental study of the dissolution of natural and synthetic diamonds in a sulfur-bearing iron melt (Fe_0.7S_0.3) with high P–T parameters (4 GPa, 1400°С) was performed. The results demonstrated that under these conditions, octahedral crystals with flat faces and rounded tetrahexahedral diamond crystals are transformed into rounded octahedroids, which have morphological characteristics similar to those of natural diamonds from kimberlite. It was suggested that, taking into account the complex history of individual natural diamond crystals, including the dissolution stages, sulfur-bearing metal melts up to sulfide melts were not only diamond-forming media during the early evolution of the Earth, but also natural solvents of diamond in the mantle environment before the formation of kimberlitic melts.     

埃达克质岩的金属成矿作用

介绍了“埃达克质岩”的术语、与成矿有关的埃达克质岩的分布、成矿背景,讨论了埃达克质岩有利于成矿的控制因素。“埃达克质岩”是指那些具有与俯冲洋壳熔融形成的“埃达克岩”类似地球化学特征,如SiO2≥56%,Al2O3≥15%,亏损Y（≤18×10-6）和重稀土元素（如Yb≤1.9×10-6）,高Sr（很少样品的Sr含量低于400×10-6）,无-正Eu,Sr异常,贫高场强元素等,但可以形成于不同构造背景并可有不同成因的岩浆岩。埃达克质岩具有重要的金属成矿意义,其有利成矿背景主要包括岛弧、大陆板内伸展和大陆活动碰撞造山带环境。世界上许多（包括三个最大的）斑岩铜矿都与埃达克质斑岩密切共生,因此埃达克质岩的成矿潜力巨大。在岛弧和大陆板内伸展环境中,来自俯冲玄武质洋壳或洋壳沉积物或拆沉的大陆地壳产生的熔体或释放的超临界流体与地幔的相互作用,一方面可能导致熔体被地幔橄榄岩混染,另一方面可能导致高Fe2O3含量的熔体或超临界流体对地幔的交代作用,地幔氧逸度升高,地幔金属硫化物被氧化分解,有利于铜、金等的矿化。     

富F熔体-溶液体系流体地球化学及其成矿效应--研究现状及存在问题

高度演化花岗岩类多为富F的熔体溶液体系 ,具有鲜明的、不同于其他体系的地球化学行为。富F岩浆固相线和液相线的降低和岩浆寿命的延长 ,使残余熔体与热水热液的性状差异减小 ,模糊了岩浆与热液之间的界线。最近对于富F、B和P伟晶岩中熔融包裹体的研究获得了新的进展。在约 70 0～ 5 0 0℃的温度和 1 0 0 0× 1 0 5Pa的压力下 ,在伟晶岩石英中发现两种不同类型的熔体包裹体 ,一种是富硅酸盐、贫水的熔体包裹体 ,另一种是贫硅酸盐、富水的熔体包裹体。两种熔体在硅酸盐 (+F +B +P) 水体系的溶离线边界上同时被圈闭。这表明 ,在地壳浅部侵位的侵入体 ,当温度≥ 70 0℃时 ,水在富F、B和P的熔体中可以无限混溶 ;而一旦温度降低 ,就会分离为两种共存的熔体并伴随强烈的元素分异作用。在溶离线的富水一侧形成与正常硅酸盐熔体有很大不同的高度富挥发份的熔体 ,这种致密、高粘度、高扩散性以及高活动性的超富水 (hyper aqueousmelt)熔体 ,可以与水溶液流体相类比。这为岩浆热液过渡性流体的假说提供了新的有利的证据。此外 ,在这种具有超富水和熔体特征的过渡性流体中 ,微迹元素可能具有特殊的地球化学行为 ,如在许多晚期花岗岩包括淡色花岗岩和伟晶岩中稀土元素配分模式所显示的四分组效应等。富F熔体溶液体?     

矿床形成深度与深部成矿预测

阐述了不同类型内生矿床的成矿深度和金属沉淀的垂直范围。热液成矿作用的深度下限可以下降到10000～12000m。不同类型矿床的成矿深度范围与成矿时的具体地质构造特征有关,且有很大的变化空间。金属矿床的形成深度受成矿母岩岩浆侵位深度的约束,而岩浆侵位的深度又与岩浆中挥发组分的数量、流体释放的时间、成矿元素的矿物/熔体和溶液/熔体分配系数等因素有关。据此可以解释斑岩铜-(钼)、斑岩钼-(铜)和斑岩钨矿床形成深度的差异。地温梯度和多孔岩石的渗透率也与成矿深度有关。CO2等挥发组分的溶解度对压力非常敏感,因此流体包裹体地质压力计对于成矿深度的确定有重要的应用价值。在开展深部成矿预测和找矿时,探寻隐伏岩体顶上带或岩钟是寻找深部与花岗岩有关的多金属矿床的捷径之一。     

Chemical composition of melts of the Early Eocene volcanic center at Cape Khairyuzova,western Kamchatka: Evidence from inclusions in minerals

Original authors’ data on the mineralogy and composition of melt inclusions in two samples show that the Early Eocene magmatic rocks at Cape Khairyuzova were formed by mixing melts of mafic, intermediate, and acid composition, which were derived from different sources. The mafic melt was rich in MgO, and its temperature was 1100–1150°C. The temperature of the acid melt varied from 1070 to 1130°C. The melts are also different in concentrations of trace elements and in their ratios. All three melt types are enriched in LILE and LREE and depleted in HFSE and were likely derived in suprasubductional environments. The mafic and intermediate magmas were formed by melting a mantle wedge and subsequent fractionation of the melts. The acid melts could be formed by melting crustal rocks when they were overheated in the newly formed orogen of significant thickness. When ascending, the mantle melts could mix in variable proportions with acid melts in crustal chambers.     

矿床形成深度与深部成矿预测

摘要：阐述了不同类型内生矿床的成矿深度和金属沉淀的垂直范围。热液成矿作用的深度下限可以下降到10000～12000m。不同类型矿床的成矿深度范围与成矿时的具体地质构造特征有关,且有很大的变化空间。金属矿床的形成深度受成矿母岩岩浆侵位深度的约束,而岩浆侵位的深度又与岩浆中挥发组分的数量、流体释放的时间、成矿元素的矿物/熔体和溶液/熔体分配系数等因素有关。据此可以解释斑岩铜－（钼）、斑岩钼-(铜)和斑岩钨矿床形成深度的差异。地温梯度和多孔岩石的渗透率也与成矿深度有关。CO2等挥发组分的溶解度对压力非常敏感,因此流体包裹体地质压力计对于成矿深度的确定有重要的应用价值。在开展深部成矿预测和找矿时,探寻隐伏岩体顶上带或岩钟是寻找深部与花岗岩有关的多金属矿床的捷径之一。     

Diamond formation in sulfide pyrrhotite-carbon melts: Experiments at 6.0–7.1 GPa and application to natural conditions

Experiments at 6.0–7.1 GPa and 1500–1700°C were carried out to explore the boundary conditions of diamond nucleation and growth in pyrrhotite-carbon melt-solutions. Pyrrhotite is one of the main sulfide minerals of the pyrrhotite-pentlandite-chalcopyrite assemblage of mantle rocks and primary inclusions in diamond. Solutions of carbon in sulfide melts oversaturated with respect to diamond at the expense of the dissolution of starting graphite (thermodynamically unstable phase) are formed owing to the difference between the solubilities of graphite and diamond, which increases under the influence of temperature gradients in experimental samples. We determined the fields of carbon solutions in pyrrhotite melt showing labile and metastable oversaturation with respect to diamond, which correspond to the spontaneous nucleation of the diamond phase and diamond growth on seeds, respectively. The linear growth rate of diamond in sulfide-carbon melts is rather high (on average, 10 μ/min during the first 1–2 min from the onset of spontaneous crystallization). The nucleation density is estimated as 180 grains per cubic centimeter. Diamonds crystallized from sulfide melts show octahedral and spinel twin shapes. Diamond polycrystals were synthesized for the first time from a sulfide medium as intergrowths of skeletal (edge) or “cryptocrystalline” microdiamonds, from 1 to 100 μm in size, their spinel twins and, occasionally, polysynthetic (star-shaped) twins. During diamond growth from sulfidecarbon melts on smooth faces of cuboctahedral diamond seeds synthesized in metal systems, smooth-faced layer-by-layer step-like growth was observed on their octahedral (111) faces, whereas growth on the (100) cubic faces produced rough-surfaced layers of intergrown micropyramids, whose axes were oriented normal to the (100) face. The obtained experimental results were applied to the problem of diamond genesis under the conditions of the Earth’s mantle in the framework of the model of carbonate-silicate parental melts with blebs of immiscible sulfide melts.     

岩浆熔体中的挥发性组分及其岩石学意义

文章论述了挥发性组分在岩浆熔体中的溶解行为及其在岩浆熔体中溶解的限制条件，在此基础上讨论了挥发性组分对岩浆演化及岩石学成因方面的意义：溶解在岩浆中的水可明显地改变矿物从岩浆中结晶出的顺序，改变岩浆熔体的演化轨迹。含水玄武岩浆在其早期结晶出铁的氧化物并与Ｓｉ和富碱质组分分异从而使其成为Ｆｅ亏损的钙－碱性系列的岩浆，而无水玄武岩浆演化的早期不能结晶出磁铁矿，因而演化成富Ｆｅ且具中等Ｓｉ含量的拉斑玄武岩系列。溶解于岩浆中Ｈ２Ｏ的离解将产生高ｆＯ２环境，从而导致Ｆｅ的氧化物在岩浆演化早期沉淀。     

Aluminosilicate melts: structure, composition and temperature

The anionic structure of aluminosilicate melts of intermediate degree of polymerization (NBO/T = 0.5) and with along the composition join (LS4-LA4) has been examined in-situ to ˜1480 °C, and compared with recent data for melts along the analog composition join and with less polymerized melts along the join and O_{_5}. With , the anionic equilibrium, (1) , adequately describes the structure. With , a second expression, (2) , is required because an additional structural unit, Q¹, is stabilized in the melts. The enthalpy, , of reaction (1) increases from − 36 ±4 kJ/mol in the absence of aluminum to 34± 5 kJ/mol at and 64 ± 4 kJ/mol at Al/(Al + Si) = 0.45. Similar trends are reported for other alkali aluminosilicate melts. Least-squares fitting of abundance of structural units as a function of temperature and bulk composition has been conducted. The unit abundance is dominantly a function of temperature, Al/(Al +Si), and bulk melt polymerization. Configurational entropy and heat capacity of mixing of melts above their glass transition temperatures have been calculated with the aid of the least-squares fitted equations. The values of these parameters indicate that as the ionization potential of the metal cations increases, configurational heat capacity of alkali aluminosilicate melts becomes temperature dependent. As a result, transport properties (viscosity, diffusivity, and conductivity) of such melts will not show Arrhenian behavior even in the high-temperature range. Further, discontinuous changes in entropy and heat capacity of mixing results from temperature-induced changes in types of structural units in the melts. Such discontinuous changes would also be reflected in discontinuous changes of temperature-dependent transport properties. Received: 26 September 1996 / Accepted: 18 October 1996     

吉林辉南“反应”成因方辉橄榄岩包体及其深部动力学意义

同正常的残余方辉橄榄岩相比,辉南方辉橄榄岩具有异常高的HREE组成和特殊的二次重结晶结构,因此,它们不是上地幔经大程度部分熔融后的残余,而是熔体－岩石反应的结果。倒U型REE分配模式暗示这些样品经历了与玄武质熔体相互作用的历史,并达到了平衡,大量熔（流）体的存在有利于地幔岩石矿物颗粒的增长,从而形成特征的二次重结晶结构。这种“反应”型方辉橄榄岩的形成可能与上涌软流图对岩石圈地幔的热－化学浸蚀有关。“反应型”方辉橄榄岩形成之后,又受到了类似于碳酸岩或富挥发份小体积熔体的交代,因此辉南地区上地幔经历了多期地幔交代作用。     

Fractionation of platinum, palladium, nickel, and copper in sulfide–arsenide systems at magmatic temperature

Experimentally derived phase relations of arsenide in sulfide melt are presented to quantify the fractionation paths of As-bearing sulfide melts. When a natural sulfide melt reaches arsenide saturation, a separate Ni–PGE-rich arsenide melt exsolves. The arsenic saturation concentration in an Fe–Ni–Cu sulfide melt is between 0.5 and 1.5 wt%. The affinities of the chalcophile metals for an immiscible arsenide melt follow the order Pt > Pd > Ni ? Fe ≈ Cu. In natural systems, arsenide exsolution will be triggered by the activity of the nickel arsenide components dissolved in sulfide melt, Ni being the most common base metal with strong affinity to the As^n? anionic species. Arsenic may have a major effect on the fractionation paths of sulfide melts even if no separate arsenide phase forms. Arsenic, and probably many other chalcogens and metalloids in magmatic melts, may undergo associations with Pt and Pd well before discrete PGE minerals become stable phases.