瓦屋山扁刺栲-中华木荷常绿阔叶次生林土壤有机碳组分特征

次生林在全球碳循环中占有重要地位,为了研究中国中亚热带次生林土壤有机碳组分特征,以四川瓦屋山中山段扁刺栲-中华木荷常绿阔叶次生林为对象,通过挖取土壤剖面分层(0—10、10—40、40—70 cm和70—100 cm)取样方式,研究土壤各有机碳组分特征。结果表明:土壤有机碳、微生物生物量碳、可浸提溶解性有机碳和易氧化碳含量均随土层深度增加而减小,0—10 cm土层有机碳含量为121.89 g/kg,高于已报道的亚热带其他常绿阔叶林和四川各类森林;0—10 cm层微生物生物量碳含量为1931.82 mg/kg,可浸提溶解性有机碳含量为697.42 mg/kg,易氧化碳含量为20.98 g/kg,高于已报道的许多相似天然林和人工林活性碳含量。土壤有机碳储量为154.87 t/hm2,在四川省各类森林中处于中等水平。研究表明瓦屋山扁刺栲-中华木荷常绿阔叶次生林活性碳含量较大,微生物活动和养分流动较为活跃,凋落物层转化为土壤碳的潜力较大,这类生态系统可能会在区域碳循环过程中扮演更为重要的角色。     

人工草地建植对三江源区退化高寒草甸土壤有机碳组分的影响

三江源区高寒草甸的退化正威胁着区域生态安全,如何恢复其土壤有机碳水平是治理该区域退化高寒草甸的关键。本研究以三江源区典型的退化高寒草甸及经其改建而来的人工草地(3年和7年)为对象,运用酸水解法将土壤有机碳库分为活性碳组分I、活性碳组分II和惰性碳组分,定量评估人工草地建植后土壤有机碳组分及其生物化学稳定性的变化特征。结果表明：各类样地土壤有机碳组分含量按照惰性碳组分、活性碳组分I和活性碳组分II的顺序依次递减,表明惰性碳组分是土壤有机碳库的主要构成部分;在建植人工草地3年后,0～30 cm土层的总有机碳、活性碳组分I和惰性碳组分含量均未发生显著变化,而活性碳组分II含量出现显著下降(P<0.05);相比之下,建植人工草地7年后,除土壤活性碳组分II含量未发生显著变化外,总有机碳和其他碳组分含量均呈现出增加的变化趋势;退化高寒草甸、建植3年和建植7年人工草地的土壤有机碳惰性指数分别为43.7%～48.4%、42.3%～48.9%和42.3%～53.4%,尽管建植7年人工草地的土壤有机碳惰性指数要高于其他两类样地,但仅在10～20 cm土层表现为显著差异(P<0.05)。综上表...     

广州城郊森林公园常绿阔叶林土壤有机碳及组分特征

为探讨森林公园土壤有机碳的分布特征,以广州城郊的石门国家森林公园和云髻山森林公园为研究对象,采用分层采样方法 (0—5、5—10、10—20、20—40和40—60 cm) 对天然常绿阔叶林的土壤总有机碳、惰性有机碳、易氧化有机碳、水溶性有机碳、微生物生物量碳含量进行了研究。结果表明：土壤惰性有机碳、活性有机碳及总有机碳含量随土层加深均表现下降趋势。不同组分的活性有机碳含量及其所占总有机碳比例在土壤剖面分布存在差异,均表现为易氧化有机碳>微生物生物量碳>水溶性有机碳。土壤惰性有机碳占总有机碳的比例显著高于活性有机碳,随土层加深呈先下降后增加趋势,深层土壤有利于维护有机碳的稳定性。土壤惰性有机碳、易氧化有机碳、水溶性有机碳及微生物生物量碳含量与总有机碳、微生物生物量氮含量均呈显著正相关,土壤各组分碳间转化依赖于总有机碳量的变化,同时受微生物生物量氮的支配。     

赤峰市敖汉旗土壤有机碳含量的垂直分布及其影响因素

选取内蒙古赤峰市敖汉旗为研究对象,运用广义相加模型—分析敖汉旗0—100 cm深度土壤有机碳含量的空间变异特征,分析影响土壤有机碳空间变异的主导因素。结果表明,0—100 cm深度土壤有机碳含量的变化范围为0.23—20.71 g/kg,且随着土壤深度的增加有机碳含量逐渐降低。广义相加模型可以较为准确地解释土壤有机碳含量与环境因素之间的关系。植被因素的变化是影响表层土壤有机碳含量最重要的因素;在深层土壤中,含水率的变化是影响有机碳含量的主要因素。影响土壤有机碳空间变异的主导因素随着土壤深度的变化也表现出较大的差异。     

赤峰市敖汉旗土壤有机碳含量的垂直分布及其影响因素

选取内蒙古赤峰市敖汉旗为研究对象,运用广义相加模型—分析敖汉旗0—100 cm深度土壤有机碳含量的空间变异特征,分析影响土壤有机碳空间变异的主导因素。结果表明,0—100 cm深度土壤有机碳含量的变化范围为0.23—20.71 g/kg,且随着土壤深度的增加有机碳含量逐渐降低。广义相加模型可以较为准确地解释土壤有机碳含量与环境因素之间的关系。植被因素的变化是影响表层土壤有机碳含量最重要的因素;在深层土壤中,含水率的变化是影响有机碳含量的主要因素。影响土壤有机碳空间变异的主导因素随着土壤深度的变化也表现出较大的差异。     

半干旱区县域尺度土壤有机碳的空间变异特征

选择赤峰市敖汉旗为研究对象,收集0~20、20~40、40~60、60~80、80~100 cm深度土壤样品,采用半变异函数及克里格插值方法,分析研究区土壤有机碳的空间变异及其垂直分布特征。结果表明,研究区0~100 cm土壤深度内,土壤有机碳含量在0.23~20.71g·kg-1,主要富集在0~40 cm深度的土壤中(47.80%)。呈现出随着土壤深度的增加,有机碳含量逐渐降低的趋势。表层(0~20 cm)土壤有机碳的空间相关度[C0/(C+C0)]为36.61%,具有中等强度的空间相关性。20~100 cm间4层土壤有机碳的C0/(C+C0)均小于25%,具有强烈的空间相关性。土壤类型是决定土壤有机碳空间分布的主导因素。防止土壤沙化、控制水土流失是提高研究区土壤有机碳含量的有效措施。     

北京市平原区土壤有机碳垂直分布特征

研究土壤有机碳垂直分布特征规律对精确测算土壤有机碳储量具有重要意义。本文通过野外调查实地挖取北京市平原区40个典型土壤剖面共169个样品数据,研究土壤有机碳垂直分布特征。结果表明:1)北京市平原区0—150 cm土壤平均有机碳含量为(5.98±2.62)g/kg,垂直分布上,随剖面深度增加土壤有机碳含量逐渐降低,且在浅层(≤60 cm)下降速度显著快于深层(60 cm);2)各发生层次不同土壤质地的有机碳含量差异整体上均表现为粉粒及黏粒含量比例越高,即质地越黏重,土壤有机碳含量越高;3)不同土体构型的平均土壤有机碳含量大小关系为通体砂通体壤上壤下黏夹黏,通体砂型土壤有机碳含量垂直变化相对平缓,上壤下黏型土壤有机碳含量在垂直方向呈“降—升—降”趋势,通体壤及夹黏型则均呈先快速下降后缓慢下降趋势;4)耕地和园地土壤平均有机碳含量高于荒草地,耕地在整个剖面中土壤有机碳含量均居于三种土地利用类型之首,耕地和园地的土壤有机碳含量在0—20 cm和40—60 cm之间下降速度高达40.10%和55.92%,剖面深度超过60 cm后下降速度显著放缓,受人类活动直接影响相对较少的荒草地在垂直方向上变化相对平缓。     

北京市平原区土壤有机碳垂直分布特征

研究土壤有机碳垂直分布特征规律对精确测算土壤有机碳储量具有重要意义。通过野外调查实地挖取北京市平原区40个典型土壤剖面共169个样品数据,研究土壤有机碳垂直分布特征。结果表明:1)北京市平原区0—150 cm土壤平均有机碳含量为(5.98±2.62) g/kg,垂直分布上,随剖面深度增加土壤有机碳含量逐渐降低,且在浅层(≤60 cm)下降速度显著快于深层(60 cm); 2)各发生层次不同土壤质地的有机碳含量差异整体上均表现为粉粒及黏粒含量比例越高,即质地越黏重,土壤有机碳含量越高; 3)不同土体构型的平均土壤有机碳含量大小关系为通体砂通体壤上壤下黏夹黏,通体砂型土壤有机碳含量垂直变化相对平缓,上壤下黏型土壤有机碳含量在垂直方向呈"降-升-降"趋势,通体壤及夹黏型则均呈先快速下降后缓慢下降趋势; 4)耕地和园地土壤平均有机碳含量高于荒草地,耕地在整个剖面中土壤有机碳含量均居于三种土地利用类型之首,耕地和园地的土壤有机碳含量在0—20 cm和40—60 cm之间下降速度高达40.10%和55.92%,剖面深度超过60 cm后下降速度显著放缓,受人类活动直接影响相对较少的荒草地在垂直方向上变化相对平缓。     

江西官山常绿阔叶林土壤有机碳组分沿海拔的变化

对江西官山国家级自然保护区不同海拔(400、600、800、1000、1200 m)常绿阔叶林土壤总有机碳、惰性有机碳和活性有机碳进行分析,研究土壤有机碳的海拔分布特征。结果表明: 土壤总有机碳、惰性有机碳及活性有机碳含量在土壤表层最高,随土层加深而逐渐下降。随海拔升高,土壤总有机碳、惰性有机碳、易氧化有机碳、微生物生物量碳及0～20 cm土层土壤颗粒有机碳含量均出现先增后降的趋势, 且在海拔1000 m达到峰值,而土壤水溶性有机碳及20～40 cm土层土壤颗粒有机碳含量无明显变化。在0～10 cm土层,土壤惰性有机碳占总有机碳的比例在海拔800和1200 m显著高于海拔400和1000 m,而土壤活性有机碳占总有机碳的比例在海拔400 m最高;土壤惰性有机碳和活性有机碳占总有机碳的比例在10～40 cm土层随海拔的增加均呈先增加后降低的趋势,峰值分别在1000和600 m处。各组分有机碳与土壤湿度、微生物生物量氮、可溶性有机氮均呈显著正相关,而且活性有机碳与铵态氮呈显著正相关。海拔显著影响常绿阔叶林土壤有机碳组分的分布,惰性有机碳、易氧化有机碳和微生物生物量碳对海拔变化的响应更敏感。高海拔土壤惰性有机碳和活性有机碳在水分和氮素充足条件下易发生分解与转化,降低土壤碳库的稳定性。在全球气温持续升高背景下,要加强高海拔地区森林土壤有机碳的动态变化研究。     

喀斯特峰丛洼地不同土地利用类型土壤有机碳和氮素分布特征

为探讨喀斯特峰丛洼地景观类型表层土壤和土壤剖面有机碳和氮素的分布特征,在广西壮族自治区环江毛南族自治县采集典型景观类型耕地、退耕还草地、退耕还林地和林地表层样品及耕地、退耕还草地、退耕还林地剖面样品,进行了系统的分析。结果表明:林地土壤土层浅薄,但其表层土壤有机碳和全氮含量平均高达46.14和4.87g·kg-1,耕地土壤有机碳和全氮含量为13.96和1.88g·kg-1,退耕还林地表层土壤有机碳和全氮含量比耕地明显提高,退耕还草地比耕地略高;耕地0～40cm和退耕还草地0～30cm土壤有机碳和全氮含量随剖面深度增加急剧下降,耕地40～100cm和退耕还草地30～100cm则缓慢下降,退耕还林地土壤厚度一般小于1m,土壤有机碳和全氮含量在整个剖面均随深度增加急剧下降;说明地形、人类活动和土层厚度等影响表层土壤有机碳和全氮含量,其中地形和人类活动是关键影响因子;植被类型影响土壤有机碳和全氮的剖面分布,退耕还林(草)使土壤有机碳和氮储量增加。     

天山中段北坡森林土壤有机碳库稳定性组分沿海拔的分异规律

在高纬度高海拔区域气温增幅更大的背景下,高山亚高山森林土壤有机碳稳定性组分分配比关系以及由于此差异导致对增温的反馈效应均有待深入阐释。天山森林是以雪岭云杉(Picea Schrenkiana)为单优树种的温带针叶林,在天山北坡中山带(海拔约1760—2800 m)呈垂直落差超过1000 m的带状斑块分布,便于排除混交树种的影响,而量化土壤有机碳库稳定性组分分配比关系沿海拔的分异规律,及其对气候变化的响应情况。沿海拔梯度设置森林样地并分层采集土样,研究各土层土壤总有机碳库(C_SOC)、活性碳库(C_a)、缓效性碳库(C_s)、惰性碳库(C_p)、微生物量碳(MBC)在海拔梯度上的变化特征,通过碳库活度(A)、碳库活度指数(AI)、碳库指数(CPI)、土壤碳密度(SOCD),探讨天山森林土壤有机碳稳定性组分沿海拔的分异特征。结果表明：(1)随着海拔的升高,天山中段北坡云杉森林土壤C_a占比逐步升高,C_s和C_p占比逐步降低,这意味着天山中段北坡云杉...     

改变施肥管理后不同肥力稻田土壤CO2排放特征

利用一个长达30a水稻土长期定位试验,在保证原有定位试验继续正常开展的前提下,将原化肥处理改施有机肥,原有机肥处理改施化肥或者增施有机肥。通过观测田间试验2012—2013年双季稻轮作周期内不同肥力水平稻田土壤施肥管理改变后的土体CO2排放通量(FCO2),研究不同后续施肥管理对不同肥力红壤性水稻土CO2排放的影响。结果表明:变更施肥能明显改变CO2排放动态变化,其中长期施用有机肥处理改施化肥后其FCO2明显减小,长期施用化肥或有机肥处理增施有机肥后其FCO2显著增大。有机肥和土壤有机碳均可促进土体CO2排放,有机肥处理有机物料碳添加量与CO2-C年排放量呈极显著的正相关关系(r=0.9015**,n=21),单施化肥处理土壤有机碳含量与土体CO2-C年排放量符合线性方程:y=10.962x-68.86(R2=0.7507,n=9,P0.01)。长期施用有机肥土壤改施化肥会导致其有机碳矿化损失,土壤有机碳含量越高,矿化损失量越多,最终其有机碳水平将与长期施用化肥的土壤有机碳平衡值一致;长期施用化肥或有机肥土壤改施或增施有机肥可促进土壤有机碳积累,外源添加碳越多,土壤积累碳越多;相同有机肥施用量下土壤有机碳含量越高,有机物料表观分解率越大,积累于土壤中的有机碳越少,不同有机碳水平土壤在相同有机肥管理下其有机碳最终会达到相同的平衡值。在有机碳水平较低(20.46 g/kg)红壤稻田上增施有机肥是提升已培肥水稻土有机碳含量的可持续发展措施,而在有机碳水平较高(14.45 g/kg)红壤稻田上应避免改施化肥。总之,在有机碳含量较高或者较低的中国南方红壤性水稻土上,持续的有机肥施用是保持或者提高其有机碳水平的必要措施。     

Soil organic carbon dynamics jointly controlled by climate,carbon inputs,soil properties and soil carbon fractions

Soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics are regulated by the complex interplay of climatic, edaphic and biotic conditions. However, the interrelation of SOC and these drivers and their potential connection networks are rarely assessed quantitatively. Using observations of SOC dynamics with detailed soil properties from 90 field trials at 28 sites under different agroecosystems across the Australian cropping regions, we investigated the direct and indirect effects of climate, soil properties, carbon (C) inputs and soil C pools (a total of 17 variables) on SOC change rate (r_C, Mg C ha^?1 yr^?1). Among these variables, we found that the most influential variables on r_C were the average C input amount and annual precipitation, and the total SOC stock at the beginning of the trials. Overall, C inputs (including C input amount and pasture frequency in the crop rotation system) accounted for 27% of the relative influence on r_C, followed by climate 25% (including precipitation and temperature), soil C pools 24% (including pool size and composition) and soil properties (such as cation exchange capacity, clay content, bulk density) 24%. Path analysis identified a network of intercorrelations of climate, soil properties, C inputs and soil C pools in determining r_C. The direct correlation of r_C with climate was significantly weakened if removing the effects of soil properties and C pools, and vice versa. These results reveal the relative importance of climate, soil properties, C inputs and C pools and their complex interconnections in regulating SOC dynamics. Ignorance of the impact of changes in soil properties, C pool composition and C input (quantity and quality) on SOC dynamics is likely one of the main sources of uncertainty in SOC predictions from the process‐based SOC models.     

Metagenomic and 14C tracing evidence for autotrophic microbial CO2 fixation in paddy soils

Autotrophic carbon dioxide (CO₂) fixation by microbes is ubiquitous in the environment and potentially contributes to the soil organic carbon (SOC) pool. However, the multiple autotrophic pathways of microbial carbon assimilation and fixation in paddy soils remain poorly characterized. In this study, we combine metagenomic analysis with ¹⁴C-labelling to investigate all known autotrophic pathways and CO₂ assimilation mechanisms in five typical paddy soils from southern China. Marker genes of six autotrophic pathways are detected in all soil samples, which are dominated by the cbbL genes (67%–82%) coding the ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase large chain in the Calvin cycle. These marker genes are associated with a broad range of phototrophic and chemotrophic genera. Significant amounts of ¹⁴C-CO₂ are assimilated into SOC (74.3–175.8 mg ¹⁴C kg⁻¹) and microbial biomass (5.2–24.1 mg ¹⁴C kg⁻¹) after 45 days incubation, where more than 70% of ¹⁴C-SOC was concentrated in the relatively stable humin fractions. These results show that paddy soil microbes contain the genetic potential for autotrophic carbon fixation spreading over broad taxonomic ranges, and can incorporate atmospheric carbon into organic components, which ultimately contribute to the stable SOC pool.     

Soil organic carbon pools and productivity relationships for a 34 year old rice–wheat–jute agroecosystem under different fertilizer treatments

Soil organic carbon (SOC) pools are important in maintaining soil productivity and influencing the CO₂ loading into the atmosphere. An attempt is made here to investigate into the dynamics of pools of SOC viz., total organic carbon (C _tot), oxidisable organic carbon (C _oc) and its four different fractions such as very labile (C _{frac 1}), labile (C _{frac 2}), less labile (C _{frac 3}) and non-labile (C _{frac 4}), microbial biomass carbon (C _mic), mineralizable carbon (C _min), and particulate organic carbon (C _p) in relation to crop productivity using a 34 year old rice (Oryza sativa L)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L)–jute (Corchorus olitorius L) cropping system with different management strategies (no fertilization, only N, NP, NPK and NPK + FYM) in the hot humid, subtropics of India. A fallow treatment was also included to compare the impact of cultivation vis-à-vis no cultivation. Cultivation over the years caused a net decrease, while balanced fertilization with NPK maintained the SOC pools at par with the fallow. Only 22% of the C applied as FYM was stabilized into SOC, while the rest got lost. Of the analysed pools, C _{frac 1}, C _mic, C _p and C _min were influenced most by the treatments imposed. Most of the labile pools were significantly correlated with each other and with the yield and sustainable yield index (SYI) of the studied system. Of them, C _frac1, C _min, C _mic and C _p explained higher per cent variability in the SYI and yield of the crops. Results suggest that because of low cost and ease of estimation and also for upkeeping environmental conditions, C _frac1 may be used as a good indicator for assessment of soil as to its crop productivity. Responsible Editor: Hans Lambers.     

Carbon Sequestration in Bamboo Plantation Soil with Heavy Winter Organic Mulching Management

Carbon sequestration in soils is considered to be an important option for the mitigation of increasing atmospheric CO₂ concentrations as a result of climate change. High carbon accumulation was observed in Lei bamboo (Phyllostachys praecox) soils when using large amounts of organic material in a mulching technique. Soil samples were collected from Lei bamboo fields in a chronosequence. The composition and stability of soil organic carbon (SOC) in the bamboo soils was investigated by a combination of ¹³C CPMAS NMR analysis and with a decomposition incubation experiment in the laboratory. SOC content decreased in the first 5 years after planting of Lei bamboo from the original paddy soil and increased strongly subsequently. The stability of SOC after application of the winter mulch was higher as compared to the original paddy soil with no mulching, indicating that SOC can be stored effectively within Lei bamboo fields under intensive management.     

Modelling the Long-Term Stabilization of Carbon from Maize in a Silty Soil

Soil organic carbon (SOC) models have been widely used to predict SOC change with changing environmental and management conditions, but the accuracy of the prediction is often open to question. Objectives were (i) to quantify the amounts of C derived from maize in soil particle size fractions and at various depths in a long-term field experiment using ¹³C/¹²C analysis, (ii) to model changes in the organic C, and (iii) to compare measured and modelled pools of C. Maize was cultivated for 24 years on a silty Luvisol which resulted in a stock of 1.9 kg maize-derived C m⁻² (36% of the total organic C) in the Ap horizon. The storage of maize-derived C in particle size fractions of the Ap horizon decreased in the order clay (0.65 kg C m⁻²) > fine and medium silt (0.43) > coarse silt (0.33) > fine sand (0.13) > medium sand (0.12) > coarse sand (0.06) and the turnover times of C₃-derived C ranged from 26 (fine sand) to 77 years (clay). The turnover times increased with increasing soil depth. We used the Rothamsted Carbon Model to model the C dynamics and tested two model approaches: model A did not have any adjustable parameters, but included the Falloon equation for the estimation of the amount of inert organic matter (IOM) and independent estimations of C inputs into the soil. The model predicted well the changes in C₃-derived C with time but overestimated the changes in maize-derived C 1.6-fold. In model B, the amounts of IOM and C inputs were optimized to match the measured C₃- and C₄-derived SOC stocks after 24 years of continuous maize. This model described the experimental data well, but the modelled annual maize C inputs (0.41 kg C m⁻² a⁻¹) were less than the independently estimated total input of maize litter C (0.63 kg C m⁻² a⁻¹) and even less than the annual straw C incorporated into the soil (0.46 kg C m⁻² a⁻¹). These results indicated that the prediction of the Rothamsted Carbon Model with independent parameterization served only as an approximation for this site. The total amount of organic C associated with the fraction 0–63 μm agreed well with the sum of the pools ‘microbial biomass’, ‘humified-organic matter’ and IOM of the model B. However, the amount of maize-derived C in this fraction (3.4 g kg⁻¹) agreed only satisfactorily with the sum of maize-derived C in the pools ‘microbial biomass’ and ‘humified organic matter’ (2.6 g kg⁻¹).     

新疆干旱区4种柽柳灌丛碳贮量特征

灌丛有机碳贮量对研究干旱区土壤特性及碳循环具有重要意义。以分布于新疆南北疆荒漠区的4种柽柳灌丛(多花柽柳Tamarix hohenackeri、多枝柽柳Tamarix ramosissima、刚毛柽柳Tamarix hispida、沙生柽柳Tamarix taklamakanensis)为研究对象,对其生物量碳和土壤有机碳的分布特征进行了研究。结果表明:1)生物量碳密度从大到小顺序为刚毛多花沙生多枝,生物量碳密度在0.59—2.35 Mg C/hm~2之间,其中,地上生物量碳密度在0.31—0.94 Mg C/hm~2之间,0—100 cm地下植物碳密度在0.28—1.49 Mg C/hm~2之间,根冠比在0.92—1.71之间。2)土壤有机碳密度从大到小的顺序是多花刚毛沙生多枝,多花和沙生柽柳灌丛土壤有机碳密度的最大值出现在表层0—10 cm,多枝和刚毛柽柳灌丛土壤有机碳密度的最高值出现在土层深度为10—20 cm处。4种柽柳灌丛0—10 cm土层土壤有机碳含量在13%—43.7%之间,地下1 m内,0—50 cm土壤有机碳密度所占比例为82.3%—96.4%之间。3)根据分布面积计算,新疆荒漠区4种柽柳灌丛碳贮量在(0.28±0.03)—(56.96±5.36)Tg(1Tg=10~(12)g)之间,总有机碳贮量为(75.00±6.76)Tg。其中,有机碳贮量最多的是刚毛柽柳灌丛,多花柽柳最低。4)4种柽柳灌丛土壤有机碳和生物量碳均表现出了与土壤含水量和土壤有机质的显著相关性,土壤有机碳(C_s)与土壤含水量(X_1)、有机质(X_2)、全N含量(X_3)和电导率(X_4)呈极显著正相关(P0.01),多元线性回归方程为C_s=3.433-10.943X_1+0.378X_2-2.935X_3+0.017X_4;生物量碳(C_p)与土壤含水量、有机质呈显著正相关(P0.05),多元线性回归方程为C_p=2.042-11.930X_1+0.011X_2。说明不同类型的柽柳对水分和有机质的要求不同,碳汇能力和对荒漠生态系统的作用也不同。因此,从物种利用角度来看,选择也应有所侧重。     

Soil carbon changes under Miscanthus driven by C4 accumulation and C3 decompostion – toward a default sequestration function

Bioenergy has to meet increasing sustainability criteria in the EU putting conventional bioenergy crops under pressure. Alternatively, perennial bioenergy crops, such as Miscanthus, show higher greenhouse gas savings with similarly high energy yields. In addition, Miscanthus plantations may sequester additional soil organic carbon (SOC) to mitigate climate change. As the land‐use change in cropland to Miscanthus involves a C₃‐C₄ vegetation change (VC), it is possible to determine the dynamic of Miscanthus‐derived SOC (C₄ carbon) and of the old SOC (C₃ carbon) by the isotopic ratio of ¹³C to ¹²C. We sampled six croplands and adjacent Miscanthus plantations exceeding the age of 10 years across Europe. We found a mean C₄ carbon sequestration rate of 0.78 ± 0.19 Mg ha^?1 yr^?1, which increased with mean annual temperature. At three of six sites, we found a significant increase in C₃ carbon due to the application of organic fertilizers or difference in baseline SOC, which we define as non‐VC‐induced SOC changes. The Rothamsted Carbon Model was used to disentangle the decomposition of old C₃ carbon and the non‐VC‐induced C₃ carbon changes. Subsequently, this method was applied to eight more sites from the literature, resulting in a climate‐dependent VC‐induced SOC sequestration rate (0.40 ± 0.20 Mg ha^?1 yr^?1), as a step toward a default SOC change function for Miscanthus plantations on former croplands in Europe. Furthermore, we conducted a SOC fractionation to assess qualitative SOC changes and the incorporation of C₄ carbon into the soil. Sixteen years after Miscanthus establishment, 68% of the particulate organic matter (POM) was Miscanthus‐derived in 0–10 cm depth. POM was thus the fastest cycling SOC fraction with a C₄ carbon accumulation rate of 0.33 ± 0.05 Mg ha^?1 yr^?1. Miscanthus‐derived SOC also entered the NaOCl‐resistant fraction, comprising 12% in 0–10 cm, which indicates that this fraction was not an inert SOC pool.     

菌渣化肥配施对稻田土壤微生物量碳氮和可溶性碳氮的影响

菌渣作为一种养分丰富的有机物料还田,可减少化肥施用,同时保持土壤肥力;而土壤微生物量碳、氮和可溶性碳、氮是土壤活性碳氮库的重要组成部分,其含量和比例变化对土壤肥力均具有重要作用。因此,探讨不同比例菌渣化肥配施对土壤微生物量碳、氮及可溶性碳、氮的影响,评价菌渣在优化土壤肥力方面的生态作用具有重要意义。本研究在水稻田间定位试验条件下,设置3个化肥水平(C) 0%、50%、100%,菌渣相对用量(F) 0%、50%、100%,共9个处理,分析了各处理土壤微生物量碳(MBC)、氮(MBN)和可溶性碳(DOC)、氮(DON)的变化特征,及其占土壤有机碳(SOC)和全氮(TN)的比例与相关关系。结果表明:菌渣化肥配施后,微生物量碳和可溶性碳、氮均在C100F50最高,微生物量氮在C50F100最高,与不施肥处理相比,分别显著增加了49.40%、43.65%、83.52%、207.19%;MBC/SOC和DOC/SOC均随着菌渣化肥配施量的增加而减少,MBN/TN和DON/TN均在C100F50最高。相关分析表明,MBC、DOC与SOC,MBN与TN均呈极显著正相关,DON和TN呈显著正相关。总体来讲,菌渣化肥配施能够显著提高土壤微生物量碳、氮和可溶性碳、氮含量,但不是随着用量的增加一直呈增加趋势,高量菌渣或者化肥下会有降低趋势;菌渣化肥配施降低了土壤微生物量和可溶性碳氮比,因此适宜的菌渣化肥配施是提高土壤有机碳周转速度、微生物活性及其氮素供应能力和有效性的最佳选择。