法国的流域管理

法国的流域管理不同于中国的流域管理。但是在他们的国情下，这种流域管理模式起到了很大的作用。这一点也是他们认为流域管理的成功之处，下面介绍一下法国流域管理的基本情况。l流域管理机构的基本框架法国没有水利部，国家一级由环境部负责所有的水务管理。环境部制定全国统一的水务政策。环境部在水务管理方面的职责是：制订法律法规；起着水务警察的作用；向公众发布有关水务方面的问题、信息；制订终极管理目标。在流域一级有流域委员会（RiverBasinCommittee）。法国按照行政区划有22个大区，按照流域划分有6个流域，因此法国全国…     

法国的流域管理

法国水管理的成功经验主要体现在遵循自然流域（大水文单元）规律，设置流域水管理机构，统一规划和管理水资源，在保护环境的前提下，实现流域水资源的高效开发利用。     

构建以流域为基础的水生态空间管控体系研究

建立流域水生态空间管控体系是落实生态文明体制改革总体方案、推进生态文明建设的重要举措。从水的资源、环境、生态属性出发,在水生态空间功能分类的基础上,构建以流域为基础的水生态空间管控制度,实现源头严控、过程严管、损害赔偿、责任追究的全过程管控,形成以空间规划、水流产权、用途管制、水生态环境治理与修复、最严格水资源管理、水资源有偿使用和水生态补偿、绩效评价考核和责任追究等措施为主,产权清晰、责任明确、多元参与、激励约束并重的流域水生态空间管控体系。     

流域规划,开发与管理的综合模型

河流流域是由多种相互联系的因素组成的综合系统，在没有充分考虑地区、社会、环境和经济影响的情况下就着于开发，势必会带来而且已经带来了负面影响。那种只着眼于单一的水利用，单一群体或单一部门的管理已经对水的其他利用、群体和部门造成了意外的破坏。提出那种系统的流域开发与管理方法，通过将所有关键因素融入流域规划，就能更好地实现开发与管理目标。介绍流域综合经济模型，其模拟分析的范围包括水量、水质、环境以及部门、地区和国家间的矛盾等。     

加强太湖流域综合管理维护河湖健康生态

以太湖流域为例,分析了流域水生态环境问题和河湖生态健康的评价指标,阐明了流域综合管理对维护河湖生态健康的重要性,提出了有效的流域管理目标在于建立人类活动与生态环境之间平衡的观点.维护流域生态健康所必需的综合管理措施,首先是要形成流域综合管理机制,建立高效、权威的流域管理机构,通过有效的流域综合管理来协调人类活动与水生态环境的兼容性,对于已经受损的流域河湖生态系统需要采取有效措施加以修复或恢复.另外,提出应把河湖生态健康作为衡量可持续发展和流域管理成效的尺度之一.     

现代水利发展进程中的松辽流域管理

松辽流域经济社会的发展对流域水资源的管理提出了更高要求,水资源的优化配置和可持续利用是流域管理的根本任务。防洪减灾保障体系、水资源供给保障体系和水环境及水生态保护体系建设是流域管理的中心工作。     

"十五":海河水利迈出坚实步伐

“十五”期间。海委和海河流域各级水利部门以“三个代表”重要思想为指导，坚持科学发展观，转变观念、更新思路。以解决困扰流域经济社会发展的水问题为核心，在依法治水、水利规划体系建立、水利管理体制改革以及保证供水安全、改善生态与环境、保障防洪安全等方面都取得了突破性进展。     

水阳江流域生态流量目标分析及保障措施研究

水阳江作为区域内城乡供水及大中型灌区的重要水源，近年来用水需求不断增加，因此厘清现状，平衡不断增加的用水需求与生态健康十分必要。通过对流域生态流量管理现状的分析，结合生态流量目标，提出有针对性的工程和非工程保障措施，系统保障水阳江生态需水要求，推动生态流量保障体系建立，为水阳江流域生态流量管理提供依据和支撑。     

滦河流域水生态空间管控与保护对策研究

促进滦河流域水生态健康发展对于保障支撑京津冀协同发展具有重要意义。滦河流域内城市化进程发展迅速,人口聚集度高,经济活动比较大,加之自然资源禀赋承载能力有限,流域水生态系统遭受不同程度的干扰和破坏。以水生态、水资源和水环境“三水”统筹的理念为指导,开展了滦河流域承德段水生态状况问题识别,在此基础上,划定滦河流域水生态修复管控分区,针对“三水”特点,提出注重“一水”兼顾“两水”的差异化水生态保护修复对策,综合形成流域水生态管理与修复方案,为滦河流域及京津冀区域水生态文明建设和水环境保护建设提供科学依据。     

松辽流域推进水生态文明建设的认识和思考

本文基于水利部对生态文明建设的高度重视和战略部署,细致梳理了松辽流域水生态文明建设的重点及已取得的成就,深入思考了松辽流域水生态文明建设的职责,提出了加强流域水生态文明建设应着力从落实最严格水资源管理制度、强化节水用水管理、构建江河湖库水系连通格局、加大水污染治理力度等方面开展实施,为加快松辽流域城乡水生态文明建设,实现建设美丽流域,美丽中国奠定基础。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。     

小湾水库大坝防渗面板及其裂缝的加固处理

小湾水库大坝防渗面板整体抗渗性能差,且存在多条裂缝,通过对面板钢丝网喷涂丙乳砂浆加固处理及其裂缝修补,大坝渗漏量明显减少,且左岸上灌浆廊道内及大坝下游坝面92～93 m高程下廊道入口处原有小股射流全部消失.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.