民用建筑节能评估能耗估算方法探讨

建筑全年能耗计算是民用建筑投资项目节能评估的重要环节,分析了民用建筑的能耗组成,其中空调、采暖系统的能耗计算最为复杂。空调、采暖系统的能耗计算方法可以分为动态能耗模拟法和静态能耗分析法,鉴于计算方法特点和节能评估阶段的项目周期、项目资料以及经济性,认为采用当量满负荷运行时间法更加高效、经济。     

节能量计算方法探讨

目前,计算节能量的方法主要有两种:基准单耗对比法和累积和法。国内多采用基准单耗对比法计算节能量。此方法简单、方便,但是在技术措施实施前后产品产量有较大变化时,此方法的计算值存在误差,不能如实监测技术措施的实施效果。与基准单耗对比法相比,累积和法能更真实地计算出企业节能技术措施所带来的节能量,反映出能源消耗的趋势性变化,监测节能技术措施是否、以及具体何时发挥了作用。分析了累积和法在计算节能量时较基准单耗对比法更为真实的原因,并介绍如何使用累积和法监测节能技术措施的实施效果。以某化肥企业为例,结合该企业2009年的能源审计工作,运用累积和法,对该企业的节能量进行计算,分析该企业节能技术措施的实施效果,并发现能源审计期间一些引起企业能耗变化的因素,实例验证了累积和法节能量计算的准确性和有效性。     

基于改进的BIN法模拟分析建筑空调能耗

利用改进的BIN法对南京某空调建筑的能耗进行模拟,并应用正交试验设计、方差分析、回归分析等数理统计方法对能耗进行分析,得到建筑能耗显著影响因素和各因素影响程度大小关系,从而为建筑节能设计与空调运行管理提供依据。     

预制舱类工业建筑能耗模拟软件PCES的设计与开发

  [目的]  建筑能耗模拟软件是建筑节能设计与建筑能耗评估重要的支持工具,而现行的建筑能耗模拟软件难以满足预制舱类工业建筑能耗分析及机柜级微环境控制设计的需求。  [方法]  提出了预制舱类建筑热平衡模型,基于该物理模型开发出预制舱类建筑能耗计算软件PCES,通过工程案例证明了PCES能客观地反映建筑物的能耗分布规律。  [结果]  计算表明:PCES可以实现对预制舱建筑围护结构、舱内热状况以及机柜级热环境状况进行求解,适用于工程节能设计与能耗分析。  [结论]  研究成果可实现建筑参数设定、能耗模拟与建筑热过程及能耗分析。     

间歇式液相本体法聚丙烯装置降低能耗对策

通过对间歇式液相本体法聚丙烯装置的能耗分析,针对性地提出了利用催化裂化装置低温余热等降低能耗的思路及技改措施,有效地降低了综合能耗,经济效益显著。     

南京市建筑能耗分析用气象参数的研究

温频法是计算建筑物能耗的一种简单稳态方法,需要可靠细致的温频参数.由于在国内尚无法得到长周期逐时温度参数,关于温频法气象参数的研究和应用相对缺乏.本文通过分析南京市2004-2006年间的逐时气象数据,得出南京市2004-2006年间建筑能耗分析用BIN参数.通过对比典型气象年和代表年的BIN参数,得出结论,气候变暖已是不争的事实,建筑能耗分析需使用近期气象数据.     

真空绝热板对我国不同气候区建筑能耗的影响模拟分析

针对真空绝热板(Vacuum Insulated Panels,简称VIPs)和聚苯乙烯泡沫2种围护结构住宅建筑模型,运用Doe-2能耗分析软件对我国不同气候区的住宅建筑能耗进行动态模拟,计算采暖能耗、制冷能耗、总用电量及减排量。分析建筑物的朝向对能耗的影响。结果表明,南向建筑能耗最低,比东向建筑能耗要低20%左右,发现使用VIPs比聚苯乙烯泡沫节能最多达到18.8%,二氧化碳减排接近5000kg。     

基于STIRPAT模型的节能建筑围护结构能耗分析

为了提升节能建筑围护结构能耗分析效果,提出基于STIRPAT模型的节能建筑围护结构能耗分析方法.首先,分析节能建筑围护结构的能耗情况,采用STIRPAT模型从宏观角度模拟对建筑能耗进行模拟,通过eQUEST软件进行微观建筑能耗分析.从人口、城镇化、建筑面积、消费水平、第三产业的发展五种建筑能耗的主要宏观影响因素和门窗、墙体、屋顶三种微观影响建筑围护结构能耗因素展开分析,通过回归分析法和反映系数法对宏观因素和微观因素实行计算.结果 表明,节能建筑能耗的宏观影响因素以消费水平指数和人均建筑面积为主,第三产业发展水平、城镇化率和人口总数为辅;节能建筑围护结构中窗传热系数最高,墙体传热系数略低,屋顶传热系数最低,节能建筑围护结构能耗大小排序为窗＞墙体＞屋顶.     

基于横向对比原理建筑用能诊断方法研讨

建筑能耗日益升高的主要原因是建筑内部用能管理不善或用能设备出现问题不能及时发现,为此,建立了一种基于横向对比原理的数学模型,该模型的处理过程包括矩阵运算、截尾法求平均、置信区间判定等。本文将该模型应用于16栋建筑中,选定单位面积能耗量作为诊断指标,通过BAS系统采集建筑用能数据,使用矩阵计算被诊断时间内建筑能耗总量,在此基础上,采用箱线图判定并去除异常建筑,计算参与横向对比建筑能耗数据的平均值与标准差,使用截尾均值加减两个标准差得到单位建筑面积能耗的合理范围,对处在异常范围内的建筑采取措施,降低能耗,实现建筑用能诊断。     

夏热冬暖地区办公建筑能耗模拟与分析

夏热冬暖地区是我国经济和建筑产业最发达的地区之一,也是建筑能耗最多的地区之一。分析和研究夏热冬暖地区建筑能耗的特点对建筑节能有重要的意义。本文用eQUEST建筑能耗模拟软件模拟了夏热冬暖气候下不同的建筑围护结构的能耗性能,并与实际调查结果进行了比较。结论表明:办公类建筑中的空调是最大的能耗终端,全年的能耗以办公设备和照明的能耗最稳定。有外保温措施和同时具有内、外保温措施最大区别在于节省空调电力消耗31.3%和39.1%。说明建筑外墙保温系统是建筑节能的重要手段。     

南宁市办公建筑空调节能途径

根据广西建筑能耗公示的情况,通过分析4栋低能耗办公建筑的空调能耗状况,提出了南宁市办公建筑空调节能途径.建议有条件的地方政府通过制定办公建筑全年能耗标准及奖励办法,来鼓励各单位积极探索节能途径,降低办公建筑能耗.     

Application of improved grey relational projection method to evaluate sustainable building envelope performance

Buildings are energy gluttons. Improving thermal performance of building envelopes will reduce energy consumption in buildings. The development of advanced building envelope systems reducing energy losses is a critical research frontier. This study introduces a simple but reliable methodology for building envelope evaluation and optimization in the conceptual stage. An improved grey relational projection method is proposed to select the optimum building envelope alternative. A combination weighting method combining the subjective weighting method and the objective weighting method is adopted to calculate the weights of the factors and sub-factors. The relative projection values of the alternatives are calculated. And the optimum alternative is obtained. An example is given to demonstrate the proposed method. Finally the proposed method is verified. The results show that this method is simple and practical, and it has potential as a powerful tool in building envelope evaluation and optimization for building owners, manufacturers, designers, and evaluators.     

北方地区建筑渗风能耗与传热能耗的比例分析

高层建筑渗风能耗已成为暖通专业中不容忽视的问题，本文不北方地区高层住宅建筑的渗风能耗以算例的形式进行了具体的量化分析，提出了减少渗风能耗的几种方法。     

Influence of infiltration on energy consumption of a winery building

With the wide use of light steel structure in industrial buildings, some problems such as air leakage, water dripping and condensation and so forth occur during the construction and operation phases. Through the onsite testing of a winery building in Huailai County, Hebei Province in China, the influence of infiltration on energy consumption in industrial buildings was studied. The pressurization test method and moisture condensation method were used to test the infiltration rates. The results show that the winery building is twice as leaky as normal Chinese buildings and five times as leaky as Canadian buildings. The energy use simulation demonstrates that the reduction of the infiltration rate of the exterior rooms to 1/3 and the interior rooms to 1/2 could help decrease a total energy consumption of approximately 20% and reduce a total energy cost of approximately $ 225000. Therefore, it has a great potential to reduce the energy consumption in this type of buildings. Enforcement of the appropriate design, construction and installation would play a significant role in improving the overall performance of the building.     

基于单位GDP能耗的节能潜力分析方法与实证研究

本文在整理、总结和评价关于节能潜力分析方法的基础上,根据当前形势的要求,提出了基于单位GDP能耗为分析对象的节能潜力分析框架和计算方法。按照这一框架及相应的节能量计算方法,对"十一五"实现节能量的构成和来源进行了实证性分析。主要结论包括:工业部门是实现目标的关键部门;建筑和交通部门节能效果显著;技术进步仍是实现目标的主要推动力量;结构调整发挥了积极作用。     

建筑能耗数据库能耗基准评价方法及研究

介绍了建筑能耗基准评价方法和国外建筑能耗数据库的发展动态。介绍了两个著名的建筑能耗基准评价工具。简要叙述上海市商用建筑信息数据库和商用建筑能耗预测工具的研究情况。     

城市建筑冷热电能源提供模式的探讨

21世纪能源以及环境问题已经成为了各国的头等问题。我国建筑耗能的数字非常惊人：在建造和使用过程中直接消耗的能源占全社会总能耗的20%。根据发达国家的发展经验,这一比例将逐步提高35%左右,建筑能耗极有可能在不远的将来成为我国第一耗能大户。本文介绍了城市建筑中提供冷热电能量的四种方式。结合作者自身能源审计的经验比较了传统的中央空调加锅炉供能系统、分布式三联供系统以及地源热泵、太阳能供能的新能源供给系统的能效与减排量。得出了传统的能源供给系统虽然操作简单但是比较耗能而且排出的有害气体较多,三联供系统受天然气价格影响偏大,太阳能、地热能如不受限制应该尽可能运用的结论。最后笔者提出了我国建筑节能的设计方法以及发展前景。     

Improvements of building envelope using passive cooling techniques to reduce the cooling load in hot‐dry regions

In developed countries, the buildings are responsible for massive energy consumption. When the construction is based on the use of nonsustainable methods, the buildings were dependent on the active systems, for ensuring a maximal indoor comfort. This has increased energy consumption and related greenhouse gas emissions. In this study, a reduction technique of cooling load and power consumption in buildings is proposed. This technique involves the combination of three passive cooling techniques, thermal insulation, phase change materials (PCMs), and electrochromic double glazing. These techniques are applied through simulation software “DesignBuilder” to a building envelope model in various areas like walls, roofs, and glazing. For this purpose, a standard building model is compared with 16 other cases that incorporated the passive cooling techniques for determining the effectiveness of the proposed method. The results show that a combination of PCMs, thermal insulation, and double glazing can reduce the cooling load from 70.37 to 50.53 kW and the energy consumption from 1.51 to 0.90 kWh/m ².     

Method for rating energy performance of public buildings

This paper discussed a comparative study of several state-of-art methods for determining building energy consumption benchmark. A new approach, which combined the idea of “building benchmark” and “operational benchmark” in its rating system, was proposed. A case study was conducted which applied the proposed approach to benchmarking an existing office building in Tianjin. Besides, the calculation of benchmarks of the reference building model and real building model using the rating method in eQUEST was also considered. Furthermore, the simulation results of the reference building model were taken as the baseline to divide real office buildings into different energy performance grades.     

基于熵权法的光热耦合综合能耗的百叶外遮阳控制策略

为探究百叶外遮阳控制策略对室内光环境、热环境及综合能耗3个方面的综合影响,采用熵权法建立光热耦合综合能耗的评价模型,利用EnergyPlus软件模拟青岛某办公建筑夏季不同百叶外遮阳角度下的光热环境及能耗,利用评价模型对光环境、热环境及综合能耗进行综合评分,最终确定最合适的百叶外遮阳角度.研究结果表明,该百叶外遮阳控制策...