MR扩散加权成像对前列腺癌的诊断价值

目的 探讨磁共振扩散加权成像(DWI)在前列腺癌的诊断及鉴别诊断中的应用价值.资料与方法 40例前列腺疾病中17例前列腺癌及23例前列腺增生.所有病例行MR DWI扫描,b值为800 s/mm2.分析各病例的DWI和表观扩散系数(ADC)图表现,并分别测量癌区、前列腺增生组织以及膀胱内尿液的ADC值,统计分析组间是否存在差异.结果 17例前列腺癌中15例在DWI上呈明显高信号,ADC图呈低信号,能直观显示肿瘤的范围.前列腺癌组织的平均ADC值为(1.03±0.32)×10-3 mm2/s,前列腺增生组织的平均ADC值为(1.62±0.16)×10-3 mm2/s,两者之间有统计学意义(P=0.002);前列腺癌与前列腺增生的膀胱内尿液的平均ADC值分别为(3.24±0.30)×10-3 mm2/s、(3.25±0.29)×10-3 mm2/s,两者之间无统计学意义(P=0.834).结论 DWI可显示前列腺癌的位置和侵犯范围;根据DWI信号特点以及ADC值可以提高前列腺癌的诊断准确率,对前列腺癌与前列腺增生具有较高的鉴别诊断价值.     

MR扩散加权成像与表观扩散系数在前列腺肿瘤中的应用比较

目的探讨磁共振弥散加权成像(DWI)与表观扩散系数(ADC)值在前列腺癌诊断中的应用价值。方法对54例前列腺病病变患者采用磁共振弥散加权成像检查,比较DWI与ADC值诊断前列腺癌的敏感性、特异性、准确性。结果在b=50s/mm2、b=800s/mm2,前列腺癌组患者的DWI的信号强度值明显低于前列腺增生组,且差异具有统计学意义。在b=800s/mm2,前列腺癌组患者的ADC值明显低于前列腺增生组,且差异具有统计学意义。当b取800s/mm2时,以前列腺癌组和前列腺增生组患者的平均ADC值的95%可信区间,将ADC值的诊断阈值放在≤0.87×10-3mm2/s,其诊断敏感性为89.47%,特异性为85.71%,准确性为87.04%;而DWI(b=50s/mm2)的其诊断敏感性为63.16%,特异性为71.43%,准确性为68.52%,DWI(b=800s/mm2)的其诊断敏感性为73.68%,特异性为74.29%,准确性为74.07%。经统计学分析发现ADC值对前列腺癌的诊断敏感性、特异性、准确性明显高于DWI,且差异具有统计学意义。结论当b=800s/mm~2时,DWI和ADC图对前列腺癌均有较高的诊断价值,ADC对于前列腺增生、前列腺癌可提供定量诊断信息,其诊断敏感性、特异性、准确性高于DWI;当b=50s/mm2时,DWI对前列腺癌的诊断敏感性较差,所以ADC值是鉴别前列腺增生与前列腺癌的一个很有价值的参数。     

MRI对前列腺中央腺体T2WI低信号结节的良恶性分析

目的:探讨前列腺中央腺体T2WI低信号良、恶性结节的MRI表现,以提高鉴剐诊断的能力.方法:符合纳入标准的19例前列腺癌结节和61例前列腺增生患者经多序列MRI检查并经组织病理学证实.对两者在T2WI上的信号和边缘.DWI信号强度和ADC值、及多期DCE的最大信号强度和时间信号强度曲线的类型进行比较分析.结果:19例前列腺癌结节T2WI上边界不清、部分不清16例,边缘清楚3例,呈均质低信号;61例前列腺增生结节边缘不清及部分边界不清共34例,边缘清楚27例,信号均匀30例,信号不均匀31例.两者具有显著性的差异(P=0.007).于DWI,前列腺癌结节信号强度(b值为800 s/mm2)为60.6±10.7明显高于增生结节(49.7±8.5)(t值为 5.793,P=0.00).前列腺癌结节ADC值为(0.83±0.18)×10-3mm2/s,明显高于增生结节(1.17±0.24mm2/s)(t值为0.4 60,P=0.00).多期DCE,前列腺癌的最大信号强度为385.60±108.27,增生结节的最大信号强度为393.21±111.28(t值为-0.270,P=0.788),两者比较没有显著性差异.前列腺癌时间信号强度曲线以速升速降为主,而增生结节以渐进型和速升平台型为主,两者具有显著性差异(P=0.00);其中速升速降型和渐进型曲线于组间具有显著性差异).结论:前列腺中央叶T2WI低信号结节中,前列腺癌与前列腺增生于T2 WI边缘和信号均匀性、DWI的信号强度和ADC值、曲线类型均有差异.故MRI多序列成像分析助于对中央腺体T2WI低信号结节良恶性的鉴别诊断.     

3.0T磁共振DWI结合T2加权成像诊断前列腺癌侵犯膀胱

目的 探讨T2WI及DWI 2种成像序列对前列腺癌(PCa)侵犯膀胱的诊断价值.方法 68例经病理证实的PCa患者在行3.0T MR前列腺常规和DWI(b值分别为0、800 s/mm2)扫描后被诊断为PCa侵犯膀胱,所有患者均行膀胱镜检查.分析所有PCa癌灶、受侵膀胱和未受侵膀胱壁的MRI表现,比较其ADC值.采用5分制评分,将所得结果与膀胱镜病理结果对照,用SPSS11.5分别做受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)分析比较各组方法诊断的敏感度和特异度.结果 膀胱镜检查45例(66%)患者病理证实为PCa侵犯膀胱,PCa癌灶、受侵膀胱壁和正常膀胱壁的ADC值分别为(0.931±0.098)×10-3mm2/s,(0.963±0.155)×10-3mm2/s和(1.517±0.103)×10-3mm2/s,受侵膀胱壁的ADC值明显低于正常膀胱壁(P＜0.05),而PCa癌灶和受侵膀胱壁的ADC值之间无明显差异.分别应用T2WI和DWI诊断PCa侵犯膀胱的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)明显低于联合2种成像方法(P＜0.05).结论 PCa侵犯膀胱的ADC值明显低于正常膀胱壁;联合应用DWI和T2WI诊断PCa侵犯膀胱优于单独使用DWI或T2WI.     

MRI高b值弥散成像技术在中央移行带早期前列腺癌诊断中的应用研究

目的探讨1. 5T磁共振弥散成像b值为1 200s/mm2时DWI图、ADC图及ADC值在早期中央移行带前列腺癌(PCA)诊断的价值。方法回顾性分析我院265例b值选用1 200s/mm2(或为多b值中含1 200s/mm2)的前列腺MR检查资料,将28例PCA作为研究对象,所有研究对象除行常规扫描序列采用T1WI、T2WI、DWI,DWI扫描外,b值均同时选用1 200s/mm2;后处理产生ADC图,测量ADC值。分析比较b值选择1 200s/mm2时常规MR检查+DWI图+ADC值对PCA的诊断符合率,第二组为在第一组的基础上再增加ADC图对PCA的诊断符合率。结果经病理证实的PCA 88例,前列腺增生(BPH) 76例,前列腺炎5例。其中中央移行带早期PCA 28例,用第一种方法误诊4例,用第二种方法误诊1例。结论 1. 5T磁共振弥散成像选用b值为1 200s/mm2时能较好的反映PCA信号的变化,在DWI图及ADC图表现上具有信号差异,其中ADC图对PCA的诊断敏感性和特异性高于DWI图,结合ADC值及常规MRI图像能提高中央移行带早期PCA的确诊率,具有重要临床应用价值。     

磁共振DWI及动态增强扫描在前列腺疾病诊断中的价值

目的探讨磁共振扩散加权成像(DWI)和动态增强扫描(DCE-MRI)在前列腺疾病中的诊断价值。方法经穿刺活检或手术病理证实的20例前列腺癌及31例前列腺增生(BPH)患者进行了MR常规扫描、DWI和DCE-MRI扫描,测量病变的表观扩散系数(ADC)值,观察病灶常规MRI、DWI和动态增强MRI特征,绘制信号强度-时间曲线(SI-T曲线),SI-T曲线分成3型:Ⅰ型为信号强度早期增高后仍持续增高;Ⅱ型为信号强度早期增高后出现平台期;Ⅲ型为信号强度早期增高后出现下降期。经方差分析比较不同组织和病灶间差异。结果经DCE-MRI检查,20例前列腺癌患者中17例病灶区呈Ⅲ型曲线,2例呈Ⅱ型曲线,1例呈Ⅰ型曲线;31例前列腺增生患者中26例呈Ⅰ型曲线,4例呈Ⅱ型曲线,1例呈Ⅲ型曲线。前列腺癌组与BPH组的SI-T曲线类型分布的差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。20例前列腺癌病灶于DWI上为高信号,于ADC图上呈明显低信号,ADC值为(1.18±0.08)×10-3 mm2/s,未被癌组织侵及的外围叶于DWI、ADC图上均呈等信号,ADC值为(2.67±0.09)×10-3 mm2/s;31例前列腺增生患者中央叶和外围叶于DWI、ADC图上均呈等信号,ADC值分别为(1.87±0.07)×10-3 mm2/s、(2.64±0.11)×10-3mm2/s。除前列腺增生的外围叶与未被癌组织侵及的外围叶之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)外,前列腺增生、前列腺癌、前列腺增生的外围叶和未被癌组织侵及的外围叶各组之间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。DCE-MRI和DWI联合应用在前列腺癌诊断的敏感度、特异度和准确度均达80%以上。结论 DCE-MRI、DWI在前列腺癌和前列腺增生中具有特征性影像学表现,2种方法联合应用提高了MRI诊断前列腺癌的诊断和分期准确率。     

分段读出扩散加权成像序列表观扩散系数在前列腺癌鉴别诊断中的价值

目的 探讨分段读出扩散加权成像(RESOLVE)序列ADC值鉴别前列腺癌和良性前列腺增生的价值.方法 回顾性分析经超声引导下直肠穿刺活检病理证实、行前列腺MRI检查(T1WI、T2WI及RESOLVE序列),且MRI检查前未进行过穿刺活检、内分泌治疗或放射治疗的72例患者纳入研究.将患者分为2组:前列腺癌组23例(43个病灶)和前列腺增生组49例(64个病灶).患者均行前列腺MR检查.由2名医师先采用双盲法独立对图像进行评估,并采用组内相关系数(ICC)值和Bland-Altman图,分析2名观察者测量ADC值的一致性.计算2名医师测量RESOLVE序列ADC值的平均值,并采用独立样本t检验比较前列腺癌组和前列腺增生组ADC值的差异.以病理结果为金标准,绘制ADC值诊断前列腺癌的ROC曲线,判断最佳诊断界值点,计算ADC值诊断前列腺癌的敏感度、特异度和准确度.结果 2名观察者测量ADC值的一致性好(ICC=0.976,P＜0.01).前列腺癌组的ADC值为(0.74±0.12)×10-3s/mm2(95％可信区间为0.70×10-3～0.78×10-3s/mm2),前列腺增生组的ADC值为(1.21±0.12)×10-3s/mm2(95％可信区间为1.18×10-3～1.24×10-3s/mm2),差异有统计学意义(t=19.223,P＜0.01).ADC值诊断前列腺癌的ROC曲线下面积为0.996,最佳诊断界值为0.946×10-3s/mm2,诊断前列腺癌的敏感度为95.3％(41/43),特异度为98.4％(63/64),准确度为97.2％(104/107).结论 RESOLVE序列ADC值鉴别前列腺癌和良性前列腺增生具有一定价值.     

磁共振DWI结合T_2WI在前列腺疾病诊断中的价值

目的：探讨磁共振DWI结合T2WI在前列腺良恶性疾病诊断中的价值。方法：53例经组织病理学及随访证实的前列腺疾病患者,其中前列腺癌（PCa）15例,前列腺增生（BPH）38例,行磁共振平扫及DWI,测量其表观扩散系数（ADC）及病灶与周围正常外围带ADC值的相对比值,经2名有经验的医师进行双盲阅片,比较T2WI及DWI结合T2WI对PCa、BPH的定性诊断准确率。结果：T2WI对PCa、BPH的定性诊断准确率分别为73.3%、65.8%,DWI结合T2WI对PCa、BPH的定性诊断准确率分别为86.7%、92.1%。结论：DWI结合T2WI能提高前列腺疾病的定性诊断准确率,DWI及ADC值在一定程度上有助于前列腺良恶性病变的鉴别。     

磁共振扩散加权成像在前列腺疾病中的应用

目的 探讨磁共振扩散加权成像在前列腺疾病中的应用价值.方法 对29例前列腺疾病患者(前列腺增生22例,前列腺癌7例)进行扩散加权成像,并测量表观扩散系数值(ADC值).结果 前列腺增生的中央叶及外围叶的ADC值分别为(1.95±0.09)×10-3mm2/s和(2.69 ±0.12)×10-3mm2/s,而前列腺癌灶与邻近未被癌组织侵及的中央叶及外围叶的ADC值分别为(1.26±0.08)×10-3mm2/s,(1.93±0.07)×10-3mm2/s和(2.61 ±0.07)×10-3mm2/s.前列腺增生病变中中央叶及外围叶的ADC值之间有统计学差异(t=23.09,P＜0.05);前列腺癌灶的ADC值分别与邻近未被癌组织侵及的中央叶及外围叶的ADC值之间存在统计学差异(t=15.50,P＜0.05;t=30.56,P＜0.05),同时前列腺癌灶与前列腺增生病变组中的中央叶及外围叶的ADC值之间亦分别存在着统计学差异(t=17.63,P＜0.05;t=27.09,P＜0.05).结论 磁共振扩散加权成像对前列腺疾病的诊断及鉴别诊断有一定的价值.     

3.0T磁共振扩散加权成像在前列腺癌诊断与鉴别诊断中的应用

 目的 探讨3.0T磁共振弥散加权成像(DWI)和表面弥散系数(ADC)在前列腺癌诊断及鉴别诊断中的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析65例经穿刺活检病理证实的前列腺疾病患者,其中前列腺癌组21例,前列腺炎组19例,良性前列腺增生(BPH)组25例,测量病变区及前列腺增生外周带的ADC值,并在癌与非癌组之间进行受试者操作特征曲线(ROC)分析。结果 前列腺癌组ADC值为(0.74±0.10)×10^-3 mm²/s,前列腺炎组为(0.98±0.07)×10^-3 mm²/s, BPH组中央带为(1.21±0.09)×10^-3 mm²/s,外周带为(1.38±0.14)×10^-3 mm²/s,组间ADC值两两比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。根据ROC曲线,当ADC值为0.95×10^-3 mm²/s时,诊断的敏感性达92.8%,特异性达100%,ROC曲线下面积为0.995。结论 磁共振DWI和ADC值可用于前列腺癌的诊断和鉴别诊断,具有很高的临床应用价值。     

细胞自噬与肿瘤发生发展

自噬是真核生物中一种高度保守的胞内降解途径.其主要通过溶酶体或液泡进行饥饿状态下的营养动员,清除受损蛋白质、细胞器和胞内病原体.自噬主要包括巨自噬、分子伴侣介导自噬(CMA)和微自噬.自噬已被证实与多种人类疾病相关,其在肿瘤发生发展中具有重要意义.近年研究中,对于自噬和肿瘤关系有了进一步的认识,该文就自噬分子机制、调控...     

Physiologic and pathologic calcifications and ossifications in the face and neck

The aim was to give a systematic presentation of physiologic and pathologic calcifications and ossifications in the face and neck with a special emphasis on clinical relevance. In a sometimes subacute setting one should recognize specific calcifications which often lead to important diagnoses such as fungal sinusitis or sclerosing labyrinthitis. In a more chronic situation intraocular calcifications in small children are pathognomonic for retinoblastoma. Juxtatumoral sclerosis of the laryngeal cartilage in laryngopharyngeal carcinoma is usually caused by tumor infiltration of the cartilage resulting in a higher tumor stage and, this way, has a major impact on the therapeutical strategy. Calcified lymph nodes are mainly unspecific but can be the result of tuberculosis or metastases of thyroid cancer. Cross-sectional imaging methods, most of all computed tomography, are ideally suited to reveal head and neck calcifications and ossifications, especially those which are clinically relevant.     

Head and neck infection and inflammation

This article discusses the imaging manifestations of infectious and inflammatory conditions of the head and neck. Special attention is paid to the sites, routes of spread, and complications of neck infections. Because the clinical signs and symptoms and the complications of these conditions are often determined by the precise anatomic site involved, anatomic considerations are stressed. Familiarity with the fascial layers, spaces of the neck, and the contents of each space is helpful for this discussion. The fascial layers of the neck are important barriers to infection, and once infection is established, the fascial layers play a part in directing its spread.     

Staging and surgical management of pancreatic and biliary cancer and inflammation

Management of benign and malignant diseases of the pancreas, liver, and biliary tract has made remarkable progress in the last two decades. Advances in minimally invasive surgery, interventional radiology, and diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy have changed the treatment of common diseases such as cholelithiasis and more serious diseases such as pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Advances in biliary tract and pancreatic surgery have paralleled the advances in ultrasonographic imaging, CT, and MR imaging. This article outlines the surgeon's perspective on radiologic imaging and preoperative staging of benign and malignant biliary and pancreatic disease.     

The thyroid and parathyroid glands. CT and MR imaging and correlation with pathology and clinical findings

Thyroid imaging approach is based on the preliminary clinical evaluation. Lesions that are smaller than 2 cm should be assessed with US, which is capable of discriminating masses as small as 2 mm and distinguishing solid from cystic nodules. US-guided FNAB provides tissue for cytologic examination of thyroid nodules. CT and MR imaging are indicated for larger tumors (greater than 3 cm diameter) that extend outside the gland to adjoining structures, including the mediastinum, and retropharyngeal region. Metastatic lymph nodes in the neck and invasion of the aerodigestive tract are also in the realm of CT and MR imaging. Thyroid nodules are categorized on scintigraphy as hot or cold nodules. Hot nodules are rarely malignant, whereas cold nodules have an incidence of 10% to 20% of malignancy. Calcifications (amorphous, globular, nodular, and linear) occur in adenomas and carcinomas and have no differential diagnostic features except for psammomatous calcifications, which are a pathognomonic finding in papillary carcinomas and a small percentage of medullary carcinomas. Papillary carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor (80%) followed by follicular (20% to 25%); medullary (5%); undifferentiated; anaplastic carcinomas (< 5%); lymphoma (5%); and metastases. Lymph node metastases are common in papillary carcinoma, 50% at presentation, and less common in follicular carcinomas. The metastatic nodes in papillary carcinoma may enhance markedly (hypervascular); show increased signal intensity on T1-weighted images (increased thyroglobulin content or hemorrhage); and reveal punctate calcifications. Localized invasion of the larynx, trachea, and esophagus occurs predominantly in papillary and follicular carcinomas; the incidence is less than 5%. Ectopic thyroid tissue may be encountered in the tongue (foramen cecum); along the midline between posterior tongue and isthmus of thyroid gland; lateral neck; mediastinum; and oral cavity. Goiter and malignant tumors, notably papillary carcinoma, may develop in ectopic thyroid tissue. Carcinomas may also arise in thyroglossal duct cysts, which develop from duct remnants between the foramen cecum and thyroid isthmus. Infectious disease of the thyroid gland is not common and the CT and MR imaging findings are similar as described under neck infection. Other types of inflammatory disorders including Hashimoto's thyroiditis, granulomatous thyroiditis, and Riedel's struma display no specific imaging features. Imaging studies may, however, be indicated to confirm a suspected clinical diagnosis and assess compromise of the airway (Riedel's struma). HPT is a clinical diagnosis in which hypercalcemia is the most important finding. Parathyroid hyperplasia, adenoma, and carcinoma represent underlying lesions. To relieve the patient's symptoms surgical extirpation is indicated. The surgical success rate without imaging is 95%. The indications for imaging studies vary but it is generally agreed that reoperation after a previous failed surgical attempt and suspicion of an ectopic parathyroid adenoma should be investigated by imaging. These consist of US, nuclear medicine studies, CT and MR imaging. US and technetium sestamibi scanning have the highest accuracy rate for localizing an adenomatous gland at and near the thyroid gland. Ectopic adenomas, particularly if they are located in the mediastinum, are preferrably investigated with CT and MR imaging with gadolinium and fat suppression. Carcinomas and parathyroid cysts are optimally evaluated by CT and MR imaging. On MR imaging adenomas are low in signal intensity on T1-weighted images, high in signal intensity on T2-weighted images, and enhance post introduction of gadolinium.