双核素心肌显像检测存活心肌的对比研究

目的 对比多巴酚丁胺负荷201Tl/静息99Tcm-甲氧基异丁基异腈(MIBI)双核素同步心肌断层显像及多巴酚丁胺负荷-再分布/再注射201Tl心肌断层显像法检测存活心肌的作用.方法 对160例临床怀疑有冠心病的患者予静息状态下静脉注射740 MBq99Tcm-MIBI,休息15 min后进行多巴酚丁胺负荷试验,在达到终止指标时静脉注射111 MSq201TICI.注射后观察5-lO min,分别行早期(10 min)、延迟(3 h)99Tcm-MIBI和201Tl双核素同步心肌断层显像.对早期负荷201Tl图像发现放射性缺损,延迟再分布201Tl和静息99Tcm-MIBI图像未见放射性填充的患者再注射37 MBq201TICI,30min后行再注射心肌灌注显像.负荷枷201Tl图像示放射性缺损,静息99Tcm-MIBI、再分布201Tl及再注射201Tl图像中发现任何一种放射性填充者均为存活心肌.断层显像后2周内全部患者进行了冠状动脉造影.采用SAS 6.12软件进行x2检验.结果 (1) 160例患者冠状动脉造影均发现冠状动脉狭窄.其中单支病变76例、双支病变5l例、三支病变33例.(2)152例多巴酚丁胺负荷201Tl图像发现放射性缺损的患者中,63例201Tl再分布和静息99Tcm-MIBI图像均发现放射性填充,5例201Tl再分布发现放射性填充而静息99Tcm-MIBI图像未见放射性填充,9例静息99Tcm-MIBI图像发现放射性填充而2001Tl再分布未见放射性填允,75例201Tl再分布和静息99Tcm-MIBI图像均未发现放射性填充,负荷201Tl-延迟再分布显像(66.0%,68/103)和负荷201Tl/静息99Tcm-MIBI显像(69.9%,72/103)鉴别存活心肌的灵敏度差异无统计学意义(x2=O.36,P>0.05).(3)75例201Tl再分布和静息99Tcm-MIBI图像均未发现放射性填充患者中,再注射201Tl显像后有26例放射性填充,再注射201Tl显像较单纯201Tl再分布或静息99Tcm-MIBI显像多检测出34.7%(26/75)患者有存活心肌.(4)8例多巴酚丁胺负荷201Tl、201Tl再分布图像和静息99Tcm-MIBI图像均未发现放射性稀疏,为假阴性,其中3例为三支冠状动脉病变,1例为双支冠状动脉病变(狭窄分别为90%及60%),3例为单支冠状动脉病变(狭窄<75%2例,85%1例),1例冠状动脉闭塞后有充分的侧枝循环.结论 多巴酚丁胺负荷-再分布/再注射201Tl心肌断层显像鉴别存活心肌优于多巴酚丁胺负荷201Tl/静息99Tcm-MIBI双核素同步心肌断层显像,是一种有效、无创的鉴别存活心肌的方法.     

双核素心肌显像预测PCI术后心功能改善的评价

目的:探讨多巴酚丁胺201Tl负荷-再分布/硝酸甘油介入99Tcm-MIBI门控心肌灌注显像预测PCI术后心功能改善的作用.方法:69例临床怀疑有冠心病拟行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)的病人进行多巴酚丁胺201 Tl负荷-再分布显像,显像结束后行硝酸甘油介入99Tcm-MIBI门控心肌灌注显像.心肌显像后2周内69例病人全部进行了经皮冠状动脉介入治疗.PCI术前及术后3个月心脏超声测定左室射血分数(LVEF).结果:①69例病人PCI术后左心室功能较术前有改善(△LVEF=4.78±2.4,t=2.02,P值<0.05).②左心室功能降低组术后心功能提高值明显高于左心室功能正常组(△LVEF=5.3±2.0对LVEF=3.1±2.9,t=2.83,P<0.05).③可逆性灌注缺损心肌节段数>3组术后心功能提高值明显高于可逆性灌注缺损心肌节段数≤3组(△LVEF=5.8±1.6对△LVEF=4.4±1.4,t=2.45,P<0.05).结论:多巴酚丁胺201Tl负荷-再分布/硝酸甘油介入99Tcm-MIBI门控心肌灌注显像能准确检出缺血且存活心肌,对PCI术后心功能改善有很好的预测价值.     

低负荷201Tl/静息99Tcm-MIBI双核素心肌断层显像诊断冠心病

目的探讨低负荷-再分布201Tl/静息99Tcm-甲氧基异丁基异腈(MIBI)双核素心肌断层显像在冠心病诊断中的临床价值.方法对101例临床怀疑有冠心病的患者进行低剂量多巴酚丁胺负荷-再分布201Tl/静息99Tcm-MIBI同时心肌断层显像,图像断层重建后进行定量靶心图测定,并与正常数据进行对照,由2位以上有经验的核医学科医师进行图像分析.断层显像后2周内101例患者均行冠状动脉造影,其中54例冠状动脉造影正常,26例有1支动脉病变,15例有2支动脉病变,6例有3支动脉病变.结果①多巴酚丁胺负荷试验,每节段负荷时间维持约2 min,负荷后心率仅达到目标心率的(72±17)%.②以动脉狭窄>50%作为冠心病的判断标准,低负荷-再分布201Tl/静息99Tcm-MIBI同时心肌断层显像法诊断冠心病的灵敏度、特异性、准确性分别为93.62%、85.19%和89.11%.③对狭窄动脉检出率由高到低依次为左前降支(LAD)、左回旋支(LCX)、右冠状动脉(RCA),其灵敏度、特异性、准确性分别为91.89%、82.81%、86.14%;80.00%、82.72%、82.18%和76.47%、82.14%、81.19%.④74支病变冠状动脉中21支为不可逆性放射性缺损,53支为可逆性放射性再分布.⑤53支可逆性放射性再分布的病变动脉中,8支负荷201Tl显像和静息99Tcm-MIBI显像示放射性稀疏缺损,而再分布或再注射201Tl显像见放射性填充,提示存在"冬眠心肌".结论在较低多巴酚丁胺负荷状态下,负荷-再分布201Tl/静息99Tcm-MIBI同时心肌断层显像法仍是一种有效的诊断冠心病及检出病变冠状动脉的方法.     

氧甲吡嗪在糖尿病患者18F-FDG心肌代谢显像中的作用

目的评价氧甲吡嗪(商品名乐脂平)对改善糖尿病患者心肌18F-脱氧葡萄糖(FDG)摄取的作用.方法107例糖尿病患者进行心肌99Tcm-甲氧基异丁基异腈(MIBI)/18F-FDG双核素同时采集(DISA)SPECT显像,其中65例以口服葡萄糖法进行DISA显像(A组),42例为口服氧甲吡嗪(250 mg×2)加口服葡萄糖法显像(B组).另有8例单纯用口服葡萄糖法图像质量差,而再行另一次口服氧甲吡嗪(250 mg×2)加口服葡萄糖法显像.由2位核医学科医师独立评判图像质量(O～3分法,O分为心肌不摄取18F-FDG,1分为心肌少量摄取,2分为心肌摄取,3分为摄取极佳);定量分析心肌与心腔内放射性计数比值(M/B),心脏与肝脏(H/Li)及心脏与右肺中段最大放射性计数比值(H/L).结果A、B组患者的临床情况相似,18F-FDG注射前血糖浓度没有差别.B组患者没有出现明显副作用.图像质量评分A组为2.3±0.9,B组为2.8±0.7(P=0.013).口服氧甲吡嗪后,图像达3分的比率明显增加(55.3%比79.5%,P＜0.001).8例进行2次显像的患者,服用氧甲吡嗪后,图像评分由0.50±0.27增加到1.75±0.31(P=0.009),M/B(分别为1.41±0.31和1.98±0.88,P=0.008)和H/L(分别为0.98±0.18和1.58±0.41,P=0.046)均有明显增加.结论氧甲吡嗪可明显改善糖尿病患者心肌18F-FDG显像的图像质量.     

探测心肌活力的技术进展

心肌活力的评估十分重要,它有助于了解心肌病变患者的预后和选择治疗方式。评估心肌活力的方法包括核医学和其他临床上常见的方法,其中核医学上的方法有18F-FDG PET、18F-FDG SPECT、201Tl SPECT、99Tcm-MIBI SPECT和脂肪酸显像,其他显像技术包括多巴酚丁胺负荷超声,MRI(核磁共振显像)等。     

99Tcm-HL91 SPECT探测缺血存活心肌的初步应用研究

目的 研究99Tcm-4,9-二氮-3,3,10,10-四甲基十二烷-2,11-二酮肟(99Tcm-HL91)在缺血心肌中的显像表现,探讨99Tcm-HL91探测缺血但存活心肌的价值.方法 18例已确诊为心肌缺血或心肌梗死的患者均行99Tcm-甲氧基异丁基异腈(99Tcm-MIBI)与99Tcm-HL91心肌灌注显像.在心脏短轴图像上通过感兴趣区技术获取缺血区与正常心肌组织的平均放射性计数,获得99Tcm-MIBI与99Tcm-HL91在局部缺血区与正常心肌组织的放射性比值.结果 10例患者在99Tcm-MIBI显像的放射性稀疏或缺损区而在99Tcm-HL91 SPECT可见到明显的放射性充填;其余8例患者99Tcm-HL91显像心肌摄取不高.结论 99Tcm-HL91可选择性地被存活乏氧心肌摄取,与99Tcm-MIBI SPECT联合应用,可望有效提高检测存活心肌的效能.     

负荷超声心动图、单光子发射计算机体层成像及增强MRI诊断存活心肌价值的Meta分析

(0.77～0.86),99Tcm-MIBI/99Tcm-替曲膦SPEC为0.82(0.59～0.94)和0.77(0.64～0.86),增强MRI为0.94(0.86～0.97)和0.75(0.66～0.83),SROC曲线下面积分别为87.07%、86.97%和91.41%.结论 作为无创性区分心肌坏死和存活的方法,小剂量多巴酚丁胺负荷超声心动图、99Tcm-MIBI/99Tcm-替曲膦SPEC和增强MRI均能较好地检测存活心肌,其中增强MRI的敏感性高于小剂量多巴酚丁胺负荷超声心动图.     

18F-FDG PET/CT心肌“缺血记忆”显像的实验研究

目的 通过犬18F-FDG PET/CT动态显像探讨缺血心肌葡萄糖代谢改变(也称“缺血记忆”)和缺血程度的关系.方法 将8条杂种犬用随机抽签法分为球囊封堵20 min组(4条)和40 min组(4条),所有犬均行基础、缺血-再灌注1h和24 h的18F-FDG PET/CT动态心肌代谢显像(禁食12h以上),以及99Tcm-MIBI SPECT心肌灌注显像.利用葡萄糖摄取定量分析软件(Carimas Core)计算冠状动脉封堵区和非缺血区心肌的葡萄糖摄取率k(k缺血和k非缺血),获得两者比值K(K=k缺血/k非缺血).在3次PET/CT显像同期分别进行心脏超声检查,评价室壁运动情况.所有显像完成后处死犬,分别取缺血区、非缺血区心肌组织行组织病理学检查.同一实验组前后比较采用配对t检验,其他采用非参数检验分析.结果 2组犬基础心肌灌注显像未见异常,预封堵区心肌/非缺血区心肌18F-FDG摄取率比值K差异无统计学意义(1.02 ±0.06与1.03±0.05,Z=-0.29,P＞0.05),室壁运动正常.缺血-再灌注1h后2组心肌灌注显像亦未见异常,但缺血区18F-FDG摄取增加,40 min组的K值高于20 min组(2.31±0.13与1.87 ±0.09,Z=-2.31,P＜0.05),缺血心肌出现不同程度的室壁运动减弱.缺血-再灌注24h后2组心肌灌注显像未见异常,但40 min组的K值仍稍高于基础状态(1.15±0.02与1.03 ±0.05,=4.32,P＜0.05),而20 min组的K值与基础状态比较差异无统计学意义(1.05±0.04与1.02±0.06,=0.87,P＞0.05),2组室壁运动均未见异常.心肌组织检查示2组缺血部位心肌细胞排列整齐,心肌细胞间质无水肿出血,未见心肌细胞肌浆凝集或肌溶性破坏,也未见炎性反应.结论 心肌“缺血记忆”与缺血程度相关.18F-FDG PET/CT心肌“缺血记忆”显像可能在急性冠状动脉综合征患者的诊断、治疗方面具有重要应用价值.     

多巴酚丁胺-阿托品应激心肌灌注显像的安全性

目的:评价心肌灌注异常和试验并发症间的关系,及多巴酚丁胺心肌灌注显像在大样本心肌缺血患者中的安全性和适用性。方法:选择1076例(女383例、男693例,平均59±11岁,50%为陈旧性心肌梗塞)在1990年11月至1997年3月间经次极量运动试验评价为心肌局部缺血的患者,行多巴酚丁胺(直至每分钟40μg/kg)-阿托品(直至1mg)应激心肌灌注SPECT显像(采用201　Tl、99m　Tc-MIBI或tetrofosmin)。结果:试验期间无心肌梗塞或死亡发生。从静息至应激高峰的心率和收缩压显著增加为73±15对135±20beats/min和18.27±2.93对19.87±4.00kPa,P<0.00001,然后舒…     

用99Tcm-MIBI评价腺苷预适应对缺血心肌细胞的保护作用

目的 探讨99Tcm-甲氧基异丁基异腈(MIBI)评价腺苷预适应对心肌缺血/再灌注(L/R)损伤的保护作用及其机制.方法 应用Langendorff装置建立离体兔心脏I/R模型,18只离体灌注兔心脏随机分成I/R组6只、腺苷预适应+I/R组(AD)6只、缺血预适应+I/R组(IPC)6只.用含99Tcm-MIBI(55.5 MBq)的Krebs-Henseleit(KH)液灌注40 min,测定99Tcm-MIBI摄取相和洗脱相心肌的放射性变化.观察左心室血流动力学变化、心肌细胞肌酸激酶(CK)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)漏出量的变化、心肌梗死面积,用透射电镜观察心肌受损程度.采用SPSS 11.5软件和Excel软件对数据进一行分析.结果 AD和IPC组MIBI摄取率和滞留分数明显高于I/R组(t=2.614～7.730,P均＜0.05).而AD和IPC组摄取率和滞留分数差异均无统计学意义(t=0.614～2.227,P均＞0.05).左心室功能恢复、心肌CK和LDH漏出量、心肌梗死面积、电镜分析结果均表明,AD和IPC组心肌受损程度较I/R组轻.心肌99Tcm-MIBI放射性与心肌冠状动脉血流量呈明显正相关(r=0.793,P＜0.001);而与梗死心肌/缺血心肌质量百分比呈明显负相关(r=-0.86,P＜0.0001).结论 腺苷预适应与缺血预适应对I/R心肌具有相似的心脏保护效应.心肌99Tcm-MIBI血流动力学变化与心肌活力密切相关,可以作为评价心肌腺苷预适应及其机制的有效指标.     

Stress MR imaging for evaluation of popliteal artery entrapment

The popliteal artery entrapment (PAE) syndrome has been recognized as a cause of arterial occlusion in young people. It is the result of an anomaly of the relationship between the popliteal artery and the gastrocnemius muscle. Eight young healthy volunteers (16 legs) and six patients (10 legs) with suspected PAE underwent magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Gradient-echo images were obtained in axial planes with the leg at rest and during active plantar flexion against resistance. Imaging at rest allowed identification of PAE signs in only one leg, which had an anomalous medial course of the popliteal artery. In the other cases, only the stress technique was able to show signal loss in the popliteal artery due to muscular compression (two legs) or the presence of accessory muscle slip around the vessel (two legs), as confirmed at surgery. MR imaging is therefore a useful technique for the diagnosis of PAE because of its capability of combining information obtainable with other modalities.     

MR imaging of muscle and tender points in fibromyalgia

Fibromyalgia is a syndrome manifested by chronic, diffuse muscu-loskeletal aching and soreness, palpable muscle tender points, and other symptoms. Standardized clinical diagnostic criteria have recently been developed. Skeletal muscle has been postulated as the end organ in this disease. Biochemical, histologic, electromyographic, and conventional radiographic studies have demonstrated no definitive abnormality. This study sought to establish whether magnetic resonance (MR) imaging could demonstrate any abnormality in these patients. Eighteen patients were entered in the study, 14 of whom were able to complete their examinations. T1 -weighted, T2-weighted, gradient-echo, and STIR (short-tau inversion-recovery) sequences were performed in all patients, with selected patients examined with T1weighted, gadopentetate dimeglu-mine-enhanced sequences. The trapezius and suboccipital regions were imaged in patients who, clinically, had active fibro-myalgia. No abnormalities could be detected. The authors conclude that the conventional MR imaging used in this study was unable to depict any primary skeletal muscle abnormality in fibromyalgia.     

Controversies in cervical spine imaging in trauma patients

No area of emergency radiology has generated as much discussion in recent years as the subject of cervical spine imaging for trauma patients. This review will be in three parts. The first will examine the indications for cervical imaging and will focus on those factors that make patients at high risk or low risk for cervical injury. The second part will discuss the merits of radiography and computed tomography as the main screening diagnostic examination. In addition to the roles of each modality in the evaluation process, such factors as efficacy of diagnosis, time (duration) of study, and cost will be discussed. Finally, the third part will explore the methods currently employed to clear the cervical spine in comatose patients.Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Emergency Radiology, Las Vegas, Nevada, 22–25 October, 2003     

Uterine contractions: Possible diagnostic pitfall at MR imaging

A total of 206 nongravid patients with various gynecologic problems underwent pelvic magnetic resonance (MR) examinations that included both sagittal T2-weighted and contrast agent–enhanced T1-weighted images. MR images were retrospectively reviewed to identify changes in endometrial configuration on serial images obtained during the same MR examination. In 20 MR examinations (all in women of reproductive age), endometrial distortion due to myometrial bulging was noted on T2-weighted or contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images. It was absent on other MR images obtained at different times. Myometrial bulging exhibited low signal intensity in 18 examinations. The finding resembled adenomyosis or leiomyoma on T2-weighted or contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images. These results evidence the presence of transient myometrial bulging and transient low-intensity myometrium in the nongravid uterus. This phenomenon is thought to represent uterine contraction. Clinicians should be aware of the potential presence of transient low-signal-intensity myometrial bulging that could present diagnostic problems in the normal uterus.     

Brodie Abscess: MR imaging appearance in 10 patients

The magnetic resonance (MR) imaging features of Brodie abscess have not yet been fully evaluated. Ten patients with Brodie abscess, eight of long bone and two of vertebra, were studied with MR imaging. Long bone abscess had a characteristic “target” appearance with four layers: (a) a center with low signal intensity on T1-weighted images and high signal intensity on T2-weighted and STIR (short-inversion-time inversion recovery) images, (b) an inner ring isointense to muscle on T1-weighted images and with high signal intensity on T2-weighted and STIR images, (c) an outer ring hypoin-tense on all images, and (d) a peripheral halo hypointense on T1-weighted images. In six of eight cases, a soft-tissue mass was found. The two vertebral abscesses had a less specific appearance, with low signal intensity on T1-weighted images and high signal intensity on T2-weighted and STIR images. Only the peripheral halo was clearly identified in both cases.     

Adrenal tissue characterization with 0.5-T MR imaging: Value of T2*-weighted images

The authors investigated the value of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging at 0.5 T for distinguishing adrenal adenomas from adrenal metastases. The series included 23 adrenal adenomas (18 nonhyperfunctioning, five hyperfunctioning) and 23 adrenal metastases from various organs. Adrenal tumor–liver signal intensity ratios on T1-, T2-, and T2*-weighted images were calculated for adrenal tissue characterization. Adrenal adenomas were more precisely distinguished from adrenal metastases on T2*-weighted images (21 of 23, 91%) than on T2-weighted images (15 of 23, 65%). T1-weighted images were not useful for this distinction. In conclusion, T2*-weighted images were better than routine T2-weighted images for distinguishing adrenal adenomas from adrenal metastases. It can be postulated that the total signal intensity of adrenal adenomas, which contain some fat components, decreased on T2*-weighted images because of an out-of-phase effect.     

Dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging assessment of vascularized free fibular grafts

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging may be a noninvasive method for assessing perfusion of vascularized bone grafts placed for treatment of avascular necrosis. One proximal femur of seven beagles was devascularized, with insertion of a vascularized fibular graft. MR imaging at 1 week (seven dogs) and 6 weeks (five dogs) after surgery included pre- and postcontrast spin-echo sequences, unenhanced twodimensional time-of-flight (TOF) vascular imaging, and dynamic gradient-echo imaging during infusion of gadolinium. Relative signal intensity values of selected regions obtained from the dynamic gradientecho images were plotted as percent enhancement versus time. In the operated hip, MR imaging did not show enhancement in six of seven femoral heads and greater trochanters at 1 week after surgery, with similar results after 6 weeks. MR imaging of fibular grafts 6 weeks after surgery showed an initial rapid increase in enhancement and a subsequent slower increase in five of five dogs, although no enhancement was seen in six of seven dogs at 1 week. These findings contrasted with a rapid initial increase in enhancement followed by slow decline in non-operated hips. Two-dimensional TOP imaging did not show the vascular pedicle of the graft in any dog. Findings of radionuclide bone scanning performed 1 week after surgery were consistent with devascularization of the operated femur and fibular graft. However, tetracycline distribution and histologic findings confirmed the viability of five of five grafts within the devascularized femurs 6 weeks after surgery. Thus, dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging at 6 weeks after surgery is valuable for assessing vascular bone graft perfusion, while similar imaging at 1 week may suggest otherwise.     

Pericerebellar fluid collections in infancy,sequelae of birth injury? A retrospective CT study

Summary Retrospective analysis of axial CT scans from 600 consecutive pediatric patients revealed 37 patients (6%) with abnormal low density pericerebellar spaces. Fourteen of these 37 patients (38%) were diagnosed as cerebellar atrophy, whereas 23 of the 37 patients (62%) were diagnosed as mass-like pericerebellar fluid collections. Detailed analysis of the morphology of these spaces suggests that the CT criteria proposed in this paper distinguish between (a) those low attenuation pericerebellar spaces that represent cisternal dilatation caused by cerebellar atrophy (Group I — Atrophy) and (b) those low attenuation pericerebellar spaces that represent low density mass-like collections of fluid which distort a relatively normal cerebellum (Group II — Collections). Analysis of the medical records of the patients in Group II — Collections reveal a high incidence of prematurity, developmental delay, difficult birth and head trauma, possibly indicating that such collections represent sequelae of birth.     

Localized proton MR spectroscopy of the brain in children

Small-voxel (3.0–8.0 cm³), magnetic resonance (MR) imaging–guided proton MR spectroscopy was performed in 54 patients (aged 6 days to 19 years) with intracranial masses (n = 16), neurodegenerative disorders (n = 34), and other neurologic diseases (n = 4) and in 23 age-matched control subjects without brain disease. A combined short TE (18 msec) stimulatedecho acquisition mode (STEAM) and long TE (135 and/or 270 msec) spin-echo point-resolved spatially localized spectroscopy (PRESS) protocol, using designed radio-frequency pulses, was performed at 1.5 T. STEAM spectra revealed short T2 and/or strongly coupled metabolites; prominent resonances were obtained from N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), choline-containing compounds (Cho), and total creatine (tCr). Lactate was well resolved with the long TE PRESS sequence. Intracranial tumors were readily differentiated from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collections. All tumors showed low NAA, high Cho, and reduced tCr levels. Neurodegenerative disorders showed low or absent NAA levels and enhanced mobile lipid, glutamate and glutamine, and inositol levels, consistent with neuronal loss, gliosis, demyelination, and amino acid neuro-toxicity. Preliminary experience indicates that proton MR spectroscopy can contribute in the evaluation of central nervous system abnormalities of infants and children.