Experimental investigation on the flow structure over a simplified Papilio Ulysses model

The aerodynamic characteristics of butterflies, especially those which can migrate overseas, have received a great deal of attention because they have larger-scale wingspans and lower flapping frequencies than other insects such as drosophilae and bees. The objective of this work is to investi-gate the flow structures over a simplified model of Papilio Ulysses, one kind of migratory butterflies, through hydrogen bubble visualizations, and leading-edge vortices, wing-tip vortices, separation bub-bles and horseshoe vortex wake are observed. Moreover, the variations of these structures with the angle of attack are discussed in detail. A new type of leading-edge vortices which resembles the in- versed Chinese character “八” is observed in the experiment.     

飞行器头部的涡系结构研究

通过三阶精度离散格式求解N-S方程,模拟了飞行器头部涡系流动过程,展示了不同层次的涡系结构.结果表明,较小攻角时,表面不同的鞍点与结点拓扑组合,在飞行器头部空间演化出不同的涡系.稳定螺旋点在空间演化为羊角涡,促使对称主涡向非对称发展.较大攻角时,头部空间演化出U型马蹄涡,通过牵制主涡涡核,抑制主涡向非对称发展.中等攻角时,飞行器头部既形成羊角涡,又形成马蹄涡,二者对主涡的作用是相反的.     

Unconventional lift-generating mechanisms in free-flying butterflies

Flying insects generate forces that are too large to be accounted for by conventional steady-state aerodynamics. To investigate these mechanisms of force generation, we trained red admiral butterflies, Vanessa atalanta, to fly freely to and from artificial flowers in a wind tunnel, and used high-resolution, smoke-wire flow visualizations to obtain qualitative, high-speed digital images of the air flow around their wings. The images show that free-flying butterflies use a variety of unconventional aerodynamic mechanisms to generate force: wake capture, two different types of leading-edge vortex, active and inactive upstrokes, in addition to the use of rotational mechanisms and the Weis-Fogh 'clap-and-fling' mechanism. Free-flying butterflies often used different aerodynamic mechanisms in successive strokes. There seems to be no one 'key' to insect flight, instead insects rely on a wide array of aerodynamic mechanisms to take off, manoeuvre, maintain steady flight, and for landing.     

前缘钝度和雷诺数对三角翼流场的影响

采用RANS方法实现三角翼前缘涡流场结构的数值模拟,计算采用全湍模式。通过数值模拟充分理解非尖前缘三角翼前缘涡的流场结构。数值模拟得到的三角翼表面压强分布与实验结果进行了对比,研究不同因素对三角翼前缘涡的影响。通过对比分析流场结构得到:尖前缘三角翼前缘涡是从机翼前缘拖出,分离位置固定;而钝前缘三角翼由于前缘分离点不固定,前缘涡流场结构变得更加复杂。对于钝前缘三角翼,当马赫数不变时,随着雷诺数的增加,三角翼前缘涡的分离被延迟。     

前掠翼与后掠翼布局流动机理的数值研究

采用三维N-S控制方程和标准k-ε模型,计算了前掠翼和后掠翼模型的气动特性,比较了各自的优势和不足,并通过流场显示分析了其流动机理。研究结果表明:小迎角下后掠翼的升力系数较高,大迎角下前掠翼的失速性能较好,其根源是展向速度的方向相反。后掠翼过早的翼尖失速是导致失速迎角较小的原因。而前掠翼之所以具有良好的大迎角性能,是由于其机翼根侧缘涡和翼尖前缘涡相互作用,对机翼产生上吸力,带来涡升力并且增强了对机翼表面流动的控制能力。前掠翼的流动机理可为先进飞机布局的设计提供理论依据。     

Aerodynamics of the hovering hummingbird

Despite profound musculoskeletal differences, hummingbirds (Trochilidae) are widely thought to employ aerodynamic mechanisms similar to those used by insects. The kinematic symmetry of the hummingbird upstroke and downstroke has led to the assumption that these halves of the wingbeat cycle contribute equally to weight support during hovering, as exhibited by insects of similar size. This assumption has been applied, either explicitly or implicitly, in widely used aerodynamic models and in a variety of empirical tests. Here we provide measurements of the wake of hovering rufous hummingbirds (Selasphorus rufus) obtained with digital particle image velocimetry that show force asymmetry: hummingbirds produce 75% of their weight support during the downstroke and only 25% during the upstroke. Some of this asymmetry is probably due to inversion of their cambered wings during upstroke. The wake of hummingbird wings also reveals evidence of leading-edge vortices created during the downstroke, indicating that they may operate at Reynolds numbers sufficiently low to exploit a key mechanism typical of insect hovering. Hummingbird hovering approaches that of insects, yet remains distinct because of effects resulting from an inherently dissimilar-avian-body plan.     

类车体尾迹流动非定常特性

通过与已发表的数据相比对,对大涡模拟方法的有效性进行验证.采用该数值方法对高雷诺数下25°后倾角Ahmed类车体背部斜面及尾部垂直面处尾迹区的流动进行解算.通过对背部斜面处分离泡、背部斜面侧边"C柱"处卷起的拖曳涡对及尾部垂直面处回流区流场信息的采用及相关频谱特性分析,研究并明确了尾迹区起主导作用的大尺度相干结构及运动的非定常特性.在流动的不同区域,类车体尾迹区流动的非定常特性不尽相同,主要体现为背部斜面分离泡的拍击振动具有绝对不稳定性特征,由KelvinHelmholtz(KH)不稳定性诱发的大尺度相干结构具有对流不稳定性特征;两侧"C柱"拖曳涡对在背部斜面上与展向涡相互耦合,具有较好的对称性;拖曳涡对在垂直面处回流区内与该区展向涡相互混掺,但无耦合作用且不具有对称性;垂直面处回流区内上、下侧剪切层卷起的展向涡以类似卡门涡街形式交替产生并脱落;高雷诺数时,整个尾迹区流动的特征频率趋于一致.     

定常喷/吸流动主动控制方法减阻研究

针对Ahmed类车体,在车身斜面选定位置处设置控制槽,采用证明为有效的大涡模拟数值方法,研究喷/吸流动主动控制方法的气动减阻机理及效果.基于流场数据分析发现喷射控制致使车体斜面上流动大分离发生,拖曳涡对得以消除,但尾迹区尺度增大,气动阻力上升;抽吸控制方法抑制和消除展向涡结构的产生及发展,但拖曳涡对未受显著影响,气动阻力下降.     

Effect of wing planform on leading-edge vortex structures

Flow visualization experiments are conducted in water tunnel for low aspect ratio cropped wings at low Reynolds number. The experimental results show that the model sweep angle Λ influences the formation and development of the leading-edge vortex. For wings with Λ =0°, the dominant flow structure is transverse vortex. When Λ≥26°, the dual vortex structure can be observed at some angles of attack, and it is confirmed that the dual vortex is a special structure for flow over low aspect ratio wing at low Reyno...     

低雷诺数翼型分离流动的大涡模拟研究

采用高精度大涡模拟算法,对低雷诺数下的孤立翼型分离流动问题进行研究,计算了雷诺数为55000、马赫数0.2、来流5°攻角下的NACA-0025翼型,生成数值数据库,从时均流场、瞬态流场、频谱和高阶统计量等多个角度进行分析.研究结果表明:大涡模拟方法能够很好的描述低雷诺数翼型分离流动,其瞬态流场图画与实验结果吻合的很好;翼型上表面出现大尺度的开放式分离区,在Kelvin-Helmholtz(K-H)不稳定性作用下,自由剪切层失稳卷起展向涡,展向涡二次失稳发生旋涡配对现象;分离区流场的演化受大尺度涡结构控制,流场中高阶统计量的分布也与涡结构密切相关.     

细长体绕流tertiary涡的形成与非对称过程

为探讨现代飞行器非对称流动中主涡的形成机理,利用染色线显示和荧光诱导激光片光技术,在北京航空航天大学1.2m水洞对细长体绕流过程进行了实验研究。结果表明,亚临界Re和大迎角零侧滑绕流时,细长体流场呈现复杂的非对称多涡流动现象。随着主涡的生成和发展,在模型背风侧再分离区诱导出一些次生结构,tertiary涡就是其中一种。沿着轴向,主涡发展成熟并依次脱落形成脱体涡,从主涡脱落点也依次产生新生主涡。其中,第1个新生涡由tertiary涡发展而来,而第2个和第3个新生涡则主要由分离剪切层卷绕生成。该文提出了tertiary涡演化为新生主涡的观点。     

Spiral plume structures in turbulent natural convection between two vertical walls

By means of direct numerical simulation, coherent structures are investigated in turbulent natural convection between two vertical differentially heated walls. It is observed that large-scale spanwise vortices and spiral plume structures exist together in the flow. Spiral plume structures appear at the positions with relatively large helicity, large normal vorticity and high fluctuating temperature. In this note, the shape, the characteristics and formation of the spiral structures are studied and compared with those in Rayleigh-Bénard convection. The conditional sampling analysis indicates the main properties of the spiral structures.     

考虑黏性及压缩效应的旋涡运动特性

采用扩散速度法处理黏性作用项的离散涡法,数值模拟了旋涡在黏性不可压流场中的运动;推导了可压缩流中的旋涡运动方程,对不可压缩流中的Biot-Savart方程进行了可压缩修正,进而用离散涡方法求解出非定常、不稳定、可压缩流场中的旋涡运动。分析了胀量及黏性扩散作用对旋涡运动的影响,通过大量长时间行为的数值试验得出了一系列结果。结果表明：为了真实地反映旋涡在实际流体中的运动规律,必须考虑黏性及压缩性的影响。     

昆虫飞行高升力的一种新解释——柔性楔形效应

以探索仿生扑翼飞行机器人研制为目的,在研究"柔性楔形效应"的基础上,将昆翅视为柔性翅,提出用"柔性楔形效应"解释昆虫飞行高升力的观点.指出了用"柔性楔形效应"解释昆虫飞行高升力的仿生学意义.根据该观点,翅翼在自适应变形状态下施以简单的节律运动将是未来仿生扑翼飞行机器人翅翼驱动方式的发展趋势.仿生运动的模拟越简单越容易稳定地实现,实验小组已设计制作了仿生扑翼飞行机器人样机,并成功进行了多次室外放飞.     

圆柱绕流远场涡对的数值模拟

基于离散涡方法求得非定常、不稳定流场,数值模拟了三种不同时刻高雷诺数下圆柱绕流结构的发展,从流谱图、等涡量线图和涡谱图可以清晰地看出从近场的初生卡门涡街,过渡到远场的二次涡街的过程,计算结果发现：远场离散涡有形成二个涡的涡对及三个涡的涡对的趋势,计算结果说明了流体运动中涡对结构的本质：由于来流是均匀的,没有加入任何拔动,当流体流过钝体时产生具有剧烈分离的不稳定流动,因此在远场形成的二次涡对及卡门涡     

组合合页式扑翼在悬停状态下的三维仿真分析

通过观察鸟类扑翼飞行的运动特征,研究了一种新型组合合页式扑翼推进技术.介绍了组合合页式扑翼推进技术的基本原理,建立了其运动学和动力学模型;在此基础上,通过联合求解动力学方程和三维纳维斯托克斯方程,对组合合页式扑翼在恒定速度下的低频大行程往复运动进行仿真,以分析组合合页式扑翼在2自由度运动时的运动特征和空气动力学特性.结果表明:所提出的扑翼推进方式在悬停状态下能够产生持续的正升力;在相同的往复速度下,增大运动行程可以降低1个周期内过渡状态所占的比例,但平均升力系数随之减小;当运动频率约为2Hz时,其平均升力系数可以达到3.0以上.     

滑跃式甲板气流场数值模拟

利用FLUENT软件对舰船进行数值模拟,与已有风洞实验数据对比分析,验证数值模拟的准确性．针对滑跃式舰船甲板,讨论不同网格形式对计算结果的影响,发现棱柱层网格可以改善计算过程的收敛特性,提高收敛速度,沿甲板边界的网格细化是采集船首和边界涡产生的关键．通过对全尺寸的滑跃式甲板舰船船型的计算,得到船首分离涡和岛型建筑后面复杂的涡旋结构．结果表明：岛型建筑分离涡计算的准确度直接影响了岛型建筑下游流场的整体特征;船体尺寸和岛形建筑的形状和位置会严重影响船后涡旋的强度和位置．     

绕斜锥头型回转体分离涡空化特性分析

为研究空化的发生机理,对绕斜锥头型回转体分离涡空化特性进行了数值模拟,结果表明,当水流过斜锥头型回转体时,在其前部几何拐点处形成中心型的分离涡.研究中,将其简化为二维椭圆涡,并基于边界层和涡流动理论对涡内的流线和压力分布进行理论分析,获得了不同斜锥角下分离涡尺度与初生空化的关系,并进一步对绕斜锥头型回转体空泡内流场结构和空泡几何特征变化规律进行了分析.      

基于k——ω湍流模型的翼尖涡演化过程数值模拟

为深入研究近场翼尖涡的演化过程,同时给远场尾流的计算提供初始参考,建立了飞机着陆状态仿真模型,采用结构化网格对模型进行网格划分,利用转捩修正的SST k-omega湍流模型,通过求解不可压缩的N-S方程对生成的网格进行数值计算,得到了着陆状态下机翼及近翼流场翼尖涡的连续演化过程。研究结果表明：机翼表面形成的两次共转融合涡与次级尾迹涡共同作用于近翼流场,并于0.5L处形成稳定的翼尖涡;在整个演化过程中,翼尖涡受环境因素影响较大,并伴随着较大的能量转换。     

水平圆管中螺旋流的形成与衰减

螺旋流输移固粒具有分布较均匀等特点，利用多导叶式起旋器能方便而有效地形成螺旋流；螺旋流中的速度分布接近于正常管流与强制涡流的迭加；螺旋流中的旋流分量易衰减，需用专门设施来维持。