基于热稳定度风向标准差法的风速外推模型研究

针对风能评估中外推轮毂高度处风速的问题,分析了高层风切变指数特性,建立了基于风向标准差法的风速外推模型。该模型首先剔除小于3 m/s的低风速数据及大于25 m/s的高风速数据,再利用风向标准差法对该地区风资源进行热稳定度分类,计算相应的风切变指数,并进行轮毂高度处风速推算。计算结果表明,相对于没有进行数据筛选的计算模型,推算精度提高了5.46%,加强了风能评估的准确性,对风电场的风资源评估具有一定的指导意义。     

一种基于大气稳定度的风资源评估方法

在风资源评估过程中,平均风速、风切变指数、风功率密度等是必须测量的特性参数,这些参数的测量均受地形地貌、大气稳定度、测风时间、测风设备的影响。在目前的风资源评估中,大气稳定度的影响基本都被忽略,因此,影响了风资源评估的准确性,甚至会带来选址的决策性失误。文章研究了大气稳定度对风资源特性的影响,并以美国某地4年的测风数据为例,研究大气稳定度对风切变指数,风能玫瑰图,风功率密度等的影响,建立了考虑大气稳定度的轮毂高度风速外推模型,解决了目前风资源评估中外推轮毂高度风速时由于使用整个风电场的平均风切变指数而带来风资源评估误差的问题。算例结果表明,该模型结构简单,外推结果精度高,具有较强的工程实用价值。     

不同风切变条件下风电场风机轮毂高度选取分析

随着风能资源的持续开发,业主对机组的要求日益增加。高海拔、大叶轮直径、更高轮毂高度的机组已成为目前风力发电投资商需求的重点。对于不同的风切变指数,风速随着高度的增加不尽相同。本文以单机容量1500 k W、叶轮直径87 m的水平轴风力发电机组为例,在不同风切变条件下,对不同轮毂高度风机的理论发电量进行估算,并结合投资变化进行经济性分析,总结不同地区不同风切变条件下的最佳轮毂高度匹配性结果,为不同区域风电场风电机组轮毂高度选择提供前景预测。     

新疆达坂城风电场风能资源特性分析

对新疆达坂城风电场的风能资源特性进行了详细的研究。基于在达坂城风电场实测的10m和24m高程的10min平均风速数据,分析了原始风速的分布特性。根据地表风速沿高度呈风剪指数分布的特性,计算了在各个轮毂高度上的风速分布。采用最小误差逼近算法原理,计算了风速韦布尔分布的参数以及平均风速和分布方差。通过对韦布尔分布的分析,计算了各个高度上风电场的平均风功率密度、有效平均风功率密度和可利用小时数等风能资源特性参数,为当地的风能开发提供分析基础。     

基于Windographer的某区域风电场风资源分析评估

根据甘肃省某区域风电场测风塔10 m、40 m、60 m、80 m高度的实测风数据,利用Windographer4.2风资源分析软件计算空气密度、平均风速和风功率密度年内变化和日变化、风速和风能频率分布、风向频率和风能频率方向分布、风切变指数、湍流强度和50年一遇最大风速等指标参数。其计算结果表明测风塔80 m高度年平均风速为6.93 m/s,年平均风功率密度为354 W/m~2,年有效风速(3.0～25.0 m/s)时数为7 200 h以上,盛行风向稳定。60～80 m高度湍流强度在0.072～0.080之间,小于0.12,湍流强度较小。综合判定该区域风能资源较为丰富,符合大型风电场建设条件,适宜进行大规模风电开发利用。     

关于幂定律风切变公式的应用研究

在风电场工程计算中,风切变参数是一个非常重要的参数,其计算结果甚至影响到风电场的决策,正确计算该参数是风场前期工作中所有工作的基础。本文分析了目前风电场工程前期应用风切变公式推导目标高度(轮毂高度)风速的常用方法,指出了该方法的不足之处,提出新的应用风切变公式的方法,并结合实际工程数据,对新方法的应用进行了分析。     

基于不同风切变指数算法的风场风速推算精度分析

文章采用内蒙古某风场测风塔3 a逐10 min风速实测数据,基于5种算法计算不同高度层间风切变指数,分别进行风速实例推算,对比分析各种算法的精度。结果表明:去除小风速数据算法(M2)较其他4种算法的变异系数小,推算风速精度总体最高;同一算法中,不同高度层间风切变指数随高度层高度和层间高度差增加而增大,非相邻层间风切变指数随高度差增加而增大;同一算法中,年平均风速推算比月平均风速推算精度更高,相邻层间风速推算较非相邻层间风速推算精度高,且相邻高度层越高精度越高,非相邻层间风速推算,高度差越小精度越高。该研究结果对风场建设可行性论证和风资源评估,及开展风场轮毂高度风速的推算、预测具有较好的指导意义。     

基于ArcGIS与多因子模型的风力发电场选址评估

基于地理信息系统，研究并提出一种基于ArcGIS与多因子模型的风力发电场选址评估方法，以实现对不同地区风能资源空间分布情况、开发适宜性和理论发电量的有效评估，进而为风电场的选址提供理论依据。首先，基于不同地区的风资源气象数据，通过引入地形、道路等地理限制因素，提出一种多因子模型，以实现对不同地区风能资源开发适宜性评估。然后，基于10 m高度处的风速分布，通过风速外推得到80 m高度处的风速分布，进而用于评估80 m高度处的风能理论发电量。最后，综合上述开发适宜性和理论发电量评估结果，可较为准确地给出计及风速、风功率密度、地形、道路等多因子模型的风电场选址建议。结果发现：风电场选址主要集中在西北部、东北部以及内蒙古等地。     

低风速风电场风电机组的粗糙度取值研究

基于风资源分析软件WAsP中的粗糙度理论,推导风电机组粗糙度的计算公式,通过与建立风电机组模型的结果比较验证公式有效性,据此分析低风速风电场中风电机组粗糙度的影响因素,结果表明,设置风电机组粗糙度和建立风电机组模型对发电量的影响机理不同,风电机组的粗糙度与风电场平均风速、叶轮直径和轮毂高度呈正相关,与风电机组额定风速和风电机组间距呈负相关。     

风切变指数在风电场风资源评估中的应用

以内蒙古地区3座70m高测风塔连续2年的实测数据来分析风切变指数的变化,结果表明:1)不同高度梯度的风切变指数受地面粗糙度及周围地形地貌的影响较大。2)计算相邻高度的风速时,采用相邻高度间的风切变指数计算得到的结果较好;计算相差较大的高度间风速时,采用拟合曲线得到的风切变指数计算得到的结果较好。3)利用3～25m/s的风切变指数计算各月风速及年均风速结果都与实测值最接近;而利用全部风速数据的风切变指数计算统计各月风速往往比实测值偏大;利用3～25m/s拟合曲线得到的风切变指数统计各月风速比实测值偏小。     

The influence of the wind speed profile on wind turbine performance measurements

To identify the influence of wind shear and turbulence on wind turbine performance, flat terrain wind profiles are analysed up to a height of 160 m. The profiles' shapes are found to extend from no shear to high wind shear, and on many occasions, local maxima within the profiles are also observed. Assuming a certain turbine hub height, the profiles with hub‐height wind speeds between 6 m s^?1 and 8 m s^?1 are normalized at 7 m s^?1 and grouped to a number of mean shear profiles. The energy in the profiles varies considerably for the same hub‐height wind speed. These profiles are then used as input to a Blade Element Momentum model that simulates the Siemens 3.6 MW wind turbine. The analysis is carried out as time series simulations where the electrical power is the primary characterization parameter. The results of the simulations indicate that wind speed measurements at different heights over the swept rotor area would allow the determination of the electrical power as a function of an ‘equivalent wind speed’ where wind shear and turbulence intensity are taken into account. Electrical power is found to correlate significantly better to the equivalent wind speed than to the single point hub‐height wind speed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Identifying the Effect of Tidal Height on Offshore Wind Speed Profiles

The rise and fall of the sea surface due to the tide effectively moves an offshore wind turbine hub through the wind shear profile. Offshore wind farms are being built around the coasts of Europe, including in the Baltic and the North Sea. Tidal ranges in the North Sea are greater than those in the Baltic, and the potential effect on the wind shear profile of the change in sea surface height is likely to be more significant. This article seeks to identify the effect of tidal height on the shear profile at a mast off the east coast of the UK where the maximum tidal range is 7 m. Definite evidence for the effect of tidal height on wind shear is presented, though the effect is small and there is considerable scatter in the data. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Do we really need rotor equivalent wind speed?

The use of the rotor equivalent wind speed for determination of power curves and annual energy production for wind turbines is advocated in the second edition of the IEC 61400‐12‐1 standard. This requires the measurements of wind speeds at different heights, for which remote sensing equipment is recommended in addition to meteorological masts. In this paper, we present a theoretical analysis that shows that the relevance of the rotor equivalent wind speed method depends on turbine dimensions and wind shear regime. For situations where the ratio of rotor diameter and hub height is smaller than 1.8, the rotor equivalent wind speed method is not needed if the wind shear coefficient at the location of the wind turbine has a constant value between ?0.05 and 0.4: in these cases, the rotor equivalent wind speed and the wind speed at hub height are within 1%. For complex terrains with high wind shear deviations are larger. The effect of non‐constant wind shear exponent, ie, different wind shear coefficients for lower and upper half of the rotor swept area especially at offshore conditions is limited to also about 1%.     

Properties of the offshore low level jet and rotor layer wind shear as measured by scanning Doppler Lidar

The atmospheric flow phenomenon known as the Low Level Jet (LLJ) is an important source of wind power production in the Great Plains. However, due to the lack of measurements with the precision and vertical resolution needed, particularly at rotor heights, it is not well‐characterized or understood in offshore regions being considered for wind‐farm development. The present paper describes the properties of LLJs and wind shear through the rotor layer of a hypothetical wind turbine, as measured from a ship‐borne Doppler lidar in the Gulf of Maine in July–August 2004. LLJs, frequently observed below 600 m, were mostly during nighttime and transitional periods, but they were also were seen during some daytime hours. The presence of a LLJ significantly modified wind profiles producing vertical wind speed shear. When the wind shear was strong, the estimates of wind power based upon wind speeds measured at hub‐height could have significant errors. Additionally, the inference of hub‐height winds from near‐surface measurements may introduce further error in the wind power estimate. The lidar dataset was used to investigate the uncertainty of the simplified power‐law relation that is often employed in engineering approaches for the extrapolation of surface winds to higher elevations. The results show diurnal and spatial variations of the shear exponent empirically found from surface and hub‐height measurements. Finally, the discrepancies between wind power estimates using lidar‐measured hub‐height winds and rotor equivalent winds are discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

风电场50年一遇安全风速计算方法的对比分析

利用耿贝尔Ⅰ型极值概率法和MeteodynWT软件(CFD模型),结合气象站与风电场的风速关系,推算了不同复杂程度的风电场轮毂高度处50年一遇的安全风速,并将计算结果进行对比分析。分析结果显示:2种方法计算得到的风电场极大风速存在一定的差别;对于平坦地区,耿贝尔Ⅰ型极值概率法计算得到的极大风速与MeteodynWT推算结果相差较小,但对于一些复杂地区,2种方法计算得到的极大风速结果相差很大。     

风切变对大直径风力机风轮输出功率影响的初探

以风切变幂指数为0．14的风廓线模型进行了风轮输出功率计算,并与以风轮中心风速计算风轮功率进行了对比分析,指出风切变对风轮输出功率的影响不容忽视。     

Coherent Doppler lidar for wind farm characterization

Coherent Doppler lidar measurements are of increasing interest for the wind energy industry. Wind measurements are fundamental inputs for the evaluation of potential energy yield and performance of wind farms. Three‐dimensional scanning Doppler lidar may provide a new basis for wind farm site selection, design and optimization. In this paper, the authors discuss Doppler lidar measurements obtained for a wind energy development. The possibility of using lidar measurements to more fully characterize the wind field is discussed, specifically terrain effects, spatial variation of winds, power density and the effect of shear at different layers within the rotor swept area. Vector retrieval methods have been applied to the lidar data, and results are presented on an elevated terrain‐following surface at hub height. The vector retrieval estimates are compared with tower measurements, after interpolation to the appropriate level. Doppler lidar data are used to estimate the spatial power density at hub height (for the period of the deployment). An example wind farm layout is presented for demonstration purposes based purely on lidar measurement, even though the lidar data acquisition period cannot be considered climatological. The strength of this approach is the ability to directly measure spatial variations of the wind field over the wind farm. Also, because Doppler lidar can measure winds at different vertical levels, an approach for estimating wind power density over the rotor swept area (rather than only the hub height) is explored. Finally, advanced vector retrieval algorithms have been applied to better characterize local wind variations and shear. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Can synoptic drivers explain rotor-area wind conditions and predict energy output?

Synoptic-scale weather patterns are an important driver of wind speed at turbine hub height, but wind energy generation is also affected by the wind profile across the rotor. In this research, we use a 6-year record of hourly profile measurements at the Eolos Wind Research Station in Minnesota, USA, to investigate whether synoptic weather patterns can provide information about rotor-area characteristics in addition to hub-height wind speed. We use sea level pressure data from the MERRA-2 reanalysis to classify synoptic patterns at the Eolos site into 15 synoptic types and use the Eolos wind profile data to create mean hourly and mean monthly values of wind speed and turbulence intensity at hub height (80 m), and wind speed shear, wind direction shear, and the potential temperature gradient across the rotor (30–129 m), for each synoptic type. Using a simple linear regression model, we find that, at monthly time scales, wind speed, turbulence intensity, and wind speed shear across the rotor are the most important variables for predicting monthly wind energy output from the Eolos turbine. Regression models using the original Eolos data and the derived synoptic types capture about 64% and 55% of the variance in monthly energy output, respectively. When fewer than the full 6 years of observations are used to fit the regression model, however, predictions using the synoptic types slightly outperform predictions using the Eolos observations. These results suggest that seasonal energy projections may be enhanced by incorporating wind profile measurements with synoptic-scale drivers.     

2. Outline of the Commission's Wind Energy R&D Programme

Wind speed data (in metres per second) and direction (in degrees) were recorded at hourly intervals for a period of 1 year from September 2004 to August 2005 at two mast heights of 10 and 25 m. The data recorded were analysed and the regional wind climate determined using the WAsP 8.2 program and a vector map of the region covering 12×12 km. The orography of the area was characterised by elevation contours at 5 m intervals. On the basis of details obtained from the aerial photographic images, the roughness classes were also assigned. The time series wind data were analysed and the Weibull distribution for the two projected heights of 50 and 70 m as per the requirement of the proposed wind turbine generator (WTG) was evaluated. It is seen that the annual energy production in the area from 1 MW WTG is 3.712 GWh at 50 m hub height and 4.431 GWh at 70 m hub height, indicating a satisfactory wind energy generation potential. This paper describes the methodology adopted for the evaluation of wind energy potential for the site.