青少年腰椎间盘突出症患者脊柱-骨盆矢状面形态的影像学研究

【摘要】　目的：评估青少年腰椎间盘突出症（adolescent lumbar disc herniation,ALDH） 患者的矢状面脊柱-骨盆形态,并探讨其与正常青少年间是否存在差异。方法：2006年3月~2012年5月收治ALDH患者30例,其中男18例,女12例,年龄12~18岁,平均16.0±3.1岁。年龄及性别匹配的正常青少年40例作为对照组,其中男24例,女16例,年龄13~18岁,平均16.6±2.1岁。在站立位全脊柱侧位X线片上测量胸椎后凸角（thoracic　kyphosis,TK）、腰椎前凸角（lumbar lordosis,LL）、矢状面平衡（sagittal vertical axis,SVA）、骨盆投射角 （pelvic incidence,PI）、骨盆倾斜角（pelvic tilt,PT）和骶骨倾斜角（sacral slope,SS）,并对两组间的上述影像学指标进行比较分析。结果：两组年龄及性别比无统计学差异（P＞0.05）。ALDH组矢状面TK（9.1°±7.0°）、LL（22.5°±12.2°）和SS（20.2°±6.2°）均显著小于正常对照组（分别为24.8°±8.2°、47.8°±9.5°、32.5°±6.7°）（P＜0.05）;ALDH组矢状面PT（21.5°±6.3°）、SVA（-5.0±31.2mm）大于正常对照组（8.9°±7.3°、-18.7±18.6mm）（P＜0.05）;ALDH组PI为41.2°±8.5°,对照组PI为42.2°±7.1°,两组间比较无统计学差异（P＞0.05）。结论：ALDH患者PI值与正常青少年相近。与正常青少年相比,ALDH患者表现出明显的骶骨垂直化、胸椎及腰椎生理曲度减小,这种矢状面异常可能是患者为了缓解疼痛而采取的一种保护性体位所致。     

重度成人特发性脊柱侧凸脊柱-骨盆矢状面特点分析

【摘要】 目的：探讨重度成人特发性脊柱侧凸患者脊柱-骨盆矢状面平衡特点。方法：本研究纳入79名正常志愿者（正常组）、83例轻中度成人特发性脊柱侧凸患者（Cobb角<60°）以及69例重度成人特发性脊柱侧凸患者（Cobb角>80°）,再根据主弯部位分为胸弯组及胸腰弯/腰弯组,测量各组冠状面参数包括主弯Cobb角、冠状面偏移（CB）以及顶椎偏移（AVT）,矢状面参数包括矢状面偏移（SVA）、胸椎后凸角（TK）、胸腰后凸角（TLK）、腰椎前凸角（LL）、骨盆入射角（PI）、骨盆倾斜角（PT）和骶骨倾斜角（SS）、骨盆厚度（PTH）、骶骨股骨距离（SFD）、骶骨骨盆角（PRS1）、PI与LL差值（PI-LL）、PT与PI比值（PT/PI）以及C7铅垂线与骶骨中心距离（HA-C7PL）。比较各组间冠状面及矢状面参数的特点及各参数间的相关性。相关性分析使用Pearson相关分析。不同疾病组同一参数间的对比研究使用单因素方差分析及两两比较q检验。结果：与正常组相比,重度成人特发性脊柱侧凸患者的LL、TLK、TK及PRS1显著增大,PI、PT、PTH、SFD及PI-LL显著减小,重度胸腰弯/腰弯组的SVA显著增大而SS显著减小,但SVA在平衡范围内。正常组与轻中度胸弯组,冠状面及矢状面参数间无相关性。在轻中度胸腰弯/腰弯组、重度胸弯组及重度胸腰弯/腰弯组,Cobb角与TK、TLK具有相关性。在所有组中,LL与TK、LL与TLK、PI与PT及PI与SS均具有相关性。在正常组、重度胸弯组及重度胸腰弯/腰弯组中,TK与TLK具有相关性。轻中度胸腰弯/腰弯组CB与PT具有相关性;重度胸弯组中,CB与TLK、SS具有相关性;重度胸腰弯/腰弯组,冠状面Cobb角与LL及CB与PT、SS具有相关性。在重度胸腰弯/腰弯组中,LL与SVA具有相关性。在重度脊柱侧凸组中,TK与SVA具有相关性。结论：重度成人特发性脊柱侧凸矢状面排列具有自身特点,表现为TK、TLK、LL的显著增大与PI、PT的显著减小;冠状面参数中冠状面主弯Cobb角与TK、TLK及CB与SS均具有相关性,矢状面参数中TK、TLK与LL三者之间及TK与SVA之间均具有相关性;骨盆发生明显的形态学改变,表现为狭长水平的形态。     

PLIF术式与脊柱骨盆平衡相关性研究

目的 探讨经后路椎体间隙植骨融合术(posterior lumbar interbody fusion, PLIF)用于治疗腰椎退变性疾病时对脊柱骨盆矢状面平衡的影响。 方法 回顾性分析总结2011年2月～2012年6月通过PLIF术式治疗腰椎间盘突出症、腰椎滑脱、腰椎管狭窄症的病人共40例,以常用的脊柱骨盆平衡参数中的骨盆入射角(PI)、骨盆倾斜角(PT)、骶骨倾斜角(SS)及腰椎前凸角（LL）为观察指标,分别测量患者术前、术后、术后一年、术后两年的脊柱骨盆平衡参数（PI、PT、SS、LL ）,采用SPSS 17.0统计学软件对手术前后参数比较采用配对t 检验（α=0.05）。予以比较这些参数的变化,从而评估手术对脊柱骨盆平衡的影响。并通过JOA骨科学会腰腿痛手术评分标准对患者腰腿痛进行评分,评估患者症状及体征改善情况。 结果 术前、术后腰椎前凸角LL、骶骨倾斜角SS、骨盆倾斜角PT具有明显差异（P＜0.01）, LL从术前的(38.6±5.2)°增加到术后(46.8±7.3)°(t=2.904, P =0.01);SS由术前（28.2±6.7 ）°增加到（33.4±5.3）°（t=3.608, P =0.038）;PT由术前（21.6±7.8）°减小到（18.2±9.4）°(t=3.062, P =0.041);而术后不同时间段的比较无统计学差异。术后35例患者末次随访时JOA评分较术前增加,3例患者JOA评分与术前分值相等,2例患者JOA评分较术前减低。结论 PLIF术式能缓解病人的临床症状,改善患者的生活质量;PLIF术式可以有效地改善腰椎前凸的病理状态,恢复腰椎正常的生理前凸,从而对维持脊柱骨盆矢状面平衡具有重要意义.     

新的脊柱-骨盆矢状面测量参数：骶骨骨盆角的提出及意义

【摘要】 目的：提出一个新的脊柱-骨盆矢状面测量参数：骶骨骨盆角（sacral pelvic angle,SPA）,探讨SPA与其他参数间的相关性,评估其可信度和可重复性。方法： 将脊柱侧位X线片上股骨头中点至骶骨后上角的连线（PR线）与骶骨终板垂线的夹角定义为SPA。从几何学上观测SPA与骨盆角（PA）、骶骨倾斜角（SS）之间的关系。在111例（女56例,男55例）成人志愿者的脊柱全长Ｘ线片上测量SPA及其他脊柱-骨盆矢状面相关参数,包括：SPA、胸椎后凸角（TK）、胸腰段后凸角（TLK）、腰椎前凸角（LL）、SS、骨盆倾斜角（PT）、骨盆指数（PI）、矢状面垂轴（SVA）、脊柱骶骨角（SSA）、PA、PR-S1（pelvic morphology）、总腰-骨盆前凸角（total lumbopelvic lordosis,PR-T12）。采用Pearson相关分析各参数间的相关性。从111例志愿者的脊柱全长Ｘ线片中随机抽取80例,由2位脊柱外科主治医师分别测量SPA 5次,间隔1个月后再次分别测量SPA 5次,取平均值,采用变异系数（CV）评价SPA指标稳定性,采用组内相关系数（introclass correlation coefficient,ICC）判定观测者间和两次测量间的一致性。结果：SPA=PA+SS=90°－ PR-S1。SPA与PI、PR-S1、PA、PT、SS、SSA呈显著性正相关（r=0.994,1.000,0.482,0.538,0.699,0.465,P均<0.05）,与LL呈显著性负相关（r=-0.532,P<0.05）。SPA前后两次测量的CV分别为0.0023±0.02及0.0085±0.053,观测者间ICC分别为0.99,P<0.01及0.97,P<0.01,两次测量间ICC为0.99,P<0.01。结论：SPA是一个解剖学常数,SPA=PA+SS;SPA具有良好的可信度和可重复性;SPA与其他参数的相关性同PI与其他参数的相关性接近,可作为评估脊柱-骨盆矢状面平衡的参数。     

退变性脊柱畸形患者经第2骶椎骶髂螺钉骨盆固定术中与术后骨盆入射角的变化

【摘要】 目的：探讨退变性脊柱畸形患者经第2骶椎骶髂（S2 alar-iliac,S2AI）螺钉骨盆固定术中与术后骨盆入射角（pelvic incidence,PI）的变化。方法：回顾性分析2016年11月～2020年10月期间在我院接受后路矫形长节段融合固定术治疗的退变性脊柱畸形患者,其中22例患者采用双侧S2AI螺钉固定至骨盆,男性3例,女性19例;年龄45~74岁（62.3±7.9岁）。术中使用计算机辅助下O型臂X线机导航系统引导螺钉置入。收集患者术前、术后1周及末次随访时站立位全脊柱正侧位X线片,测量冠状面侧凸Cobb角、PI、腰椎前凸角（lumbar lordosis,LL）、PI与LL差值（PI-LL）、骨盆倾斜角（pelvic tilt,PT）、骶骨倾斜角（sacral slope,SS）、矢状面平衡（sagittal vertical axis,SVA）;导出术中俯卧位下O型臂X线机导航系统扫描的患者骨盆矢状面图像,并测量PI、PT、SS。结果：22例患者内固定节段数为5~17个（11.1±2.21个）,随访5~13个月（6.64±1.43个月）。术前、术后1周和末次随访时冠状面侧凸Cobb角分别为38.04°±21.12°、19.16°±12.49°、19.01°±11.99°,LL分别为28.48°±28.12°、40.61°±15.25°、39.25°±15.51°,SVA分别75.64±64.66mm、21.82±19.42mm、23.18±19.12mm,PI分别为55.55°±14.68°、50.47°±13.35°、53.94°±13.37°,PI-LL分别为27.10°±22.00°、9.86°±10.41°、12.92°±13.02°,PT分别为31.55°±10.25°、19.69°±7.7°、24.25°±8.28°,SS分别为24.00°±16.61°、30.78°±10.27°、29.55°±11.23°。术后1周和末次随访时的侧凸Cobb角、LL、SVA、PI、PI-LL、PT和SS与术前比较均有显著性差异（P<0.05）;末次随访时的PI和PT与术后1周比较有显著性差异（P<0.05）。术中PI、PT、SS分别为45.17°±14.20°、21.56°±6.71°、23.61°±12.86°,PT和PI与术前、术后1周及末次随时比较均有显著性差异（P<0.05）,SS与术前比较无显著性差异（P>0.05）,与术后1周及末次随访时比较有显著性差异（P<0.05）。其中21例（95%）患者术中PI与术前比较减少大于5°,13例（59%）患者术后站立位PI较术前下降大于5°。结论：应用S2AI螺钉进行骨盆固定的退变性脊柱畸形患者术中俯卧位下PI较术前站立位PI显著性降低,术后站立位PI较术中回升,但仍较术前站立位降低。     

退变性脊柱侧凸患者脊柱-骨盆矢状位特点及各参数间的相关性分析

【摘要】 目的：分析退变性脊柱侧凸患者脊柱-骨盆矢状位平衡情况及各矢状位参数之间的相关性。方法：选取86例退变性脊柱侧凸患者,以侧凸角度的均数作为分组依据,分为轻度侧凸组（Cobb角＜34°）和重度侧凸组（Cobb角≥34°）,选取40例同年龄段健康体检者作为对照组,三组年龄及性别组成相匹配。测量并比较三组的脊柱矢状位参数：胸椎后凸角（TK）、腰椎前凸角（LL）、C7铅垂线与骶骨后上角的水平距离（SVA）,骨盆矢状位参数：骨盆指数（PI）、骶骨倾斜角（SS）、骨盆倾斜角（PT）。采用Pearson相关性检验判断脊柱-骨盆矢状位参数间的相关性。结果：对照组与轻度侧凸组、重度侧凸组之间PI无统计学差异（F=0.915,Ｐ=0.403）。三组之间TK、LL、SVA、PT及SS存在着统计学差异,多重比较检验结果显示：（1）重度侧凸组LL小于轻度侧凸组和对照组,轻度侧凸组小于对照组（Ｐ<0.05）;（2）重度侧凸组和轻度侧凸组TK小于对照组（Ｐ<0.05）,重度侧凸组和轻度侧凸组之间无差异（Ｐ>0.05）;（3）重度侧凸组和轻度侧凸组SVA大于对照组（Ｐ<0.05）,重度侧凸组和轻度侧凸组之间无差异（Ｐ>0.05）;（4）重度侧凸组PT大于轻度侧凸组和对照组,轻度侧凸组大于对照组（Ｐ<0.05）;（5）重度侧凸组SS小于轻度侧凸组和对照组,轻度侧凸组小于对照组（Ｐ<0.05）。相关性分析显示：对照组PI与PT、SS、TK及LL相关,SS与LL相关,TK与LL相关（Ｐ<0.05）;轻度侧凸组PI与PT、SS及LL相关,SS与LL相关,LL与SVA、Cobb角负相关（Ｐ<0.05）;重度侧凸组PI与PT、SS及LL相关,SS与LL相关,SS与Cobb角负相关,LL与SVA、Cobb角负相关（Ｐ<0.05）。结论：退变性脊柱侧凸引起的脊柱-骨盆矢状位参数变化主要为胸椎后凸、腰椎前凸、骶骨倾斜角的减小和SVA、骨盆倾斜角的增大,骨盆指数并无显著性变化。     

后路截骨矫形对腰椎退行性后凸畸形患者脊柱骨盆矢状面参数的影响

目的：探讨后路截骨矫形对腰椎退行性后凸畸形患者脊柱-骨盆矢状面参数的影响。方法：回顾性分析2012年1月至2015年12月采用截骨手术治疗的21例腰椎退行性后凸畸形患者的临床资料,男5例,女16例;年龄55~76（66.24±5.13）岁。手术前后均拍摄脊柱全长正侧位X线片,测量脊柱骨盆矢状面参数胸椎后凸（thoracic kyphosis,TK）,腰椎前凸（lumbar lordosis,LL）,矢状面平衡（sagittal vertical axis,SVA）,骨盆入射角（pelvic incidence,PI）,骨盆倾斜角（pelvic tilt,PT）和骶骨倾斜角（sacral slope,SS）。结果：21例患者均顺利完成手术,平均手术时间190 min（160~220 min）,术中平均出血量1 000 ml（800~1 900 ml）。术前与术后1年各项参数分别为,TK由（31.67±21.13）°增加到（34.67±11.60）°,LL从（4.76±3.17）°矫正至（37.41±6.28）°,PT从（33.94±5.01）°恢复至（20.12±5.36）°,SS从（18.47±2.60）°增至（31.71±4.30）°,SVA从（13.24±3.60）cm恢复至（2.82±1.33）cm,所有参数手术前后比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：后路截骨矫形手术能够有效地重建腰椎退行性后凸畸形患者脊柱-骨盆矢状面平衡,腰椎前凸及骶骨倾斜角的恢复与重建矢状面平衡密切相关。     

成人腰椎峡部裂性滑脱症与退变性滑脱症患者脊柱骨盆矢状面形态学研究

【摘要】 目的：研究成人腰椎峡部裂性滑脱症与退变性滑脱症患者的脊柱骨盆矢状面形态。方法：选择2009年3月~2012年3月就诊且有完整影像学资料的腰椎峡部裂性滑脱症与退变性滑脱症患者共58例,其中峡部裂性滑脱（峡部裂组）29例,男9例,女20例,年龄23~67岁,Ⅰ度滑脱22例、Ⅱ度7例,L4滑脱16例、L5滑脱13例;退变性滑脱（退变组）29例,男5例,女24例,年龄45~85岁,Ⅰ度滑脱22例、Ⅱ度7例,L3滑脱3例、L4滑脱23例、L5滑脱3例。峡部裂组和退变组患者ODI评分分别为25.5分和22.0分,两组间无统计学差异（P＞0.05）。测量两组脊柱骨盆矢状面形态学指标,包括骨盆入射角（pelvic incidence,PI）、骨盆倾斜角（pelvic tilt,PT）、骶骨倾斜角（sacral slope,SS）、腰椎前凸角（lumber lordosis,LL）、胸椎后凸角（thoracic kyphosis,TK）、矢状面轴向垂直距离（sagittal vertical axis,SVA）。同时测量两组病例的腰椎滑脱角、滑脱率以及滑脱距离。采用独立样本t检验对两组患者的上述指标进行比较。结果：峡部裂组患者LL、TK和滑脱角分别为52.2°±10.9°、25.3°±11.1°、9.9°±6.4°,明显高于退变组的44.2°±15.4°、23.4°±12.6°、6.0°±3.9°（P＜0.05）;退变组患者SVA为30.6±40.6mm,明显高于峡部裂组的4.6±24.9mm（P＜0.01）。两组患者的骨盆形态学参数PI（峡部裂组53.9°±11.5°,退变组55.8°±10.8°）、PT（17.0°±8.3°,22.9°±7.2°）、SS（36.9°±8.7°,33.4°±9.9°）以及腰椎滑脱率[（21.8±9.8）%,（19.7±7.8）%]、滑脱距离（6.2±2.7mm,5.6±1.9mm）均无统计学差异（P＞0.05）。结论：成人腰椎峡部裂性滑脱症与退变性滑脱症患者具有相似的骨盆形态,但峡部裂性滑脱症患者较退变性滑脱症患者表现为更大的胸椎后凸、腰椎前凸以及滑脱角。     

未成年人骶骨参数与脊柱-骨盆矢状位参数的相关性研究

【摘要】 目的：探讨未成年人骶骨参数与脊柱-骨盆矢状位参数的相关性。方法：对120例2～17岁正常未成年人自然站立位脊柱全长X线侧位片进行影像学参数测量。其中男性55例,女性65例,平均年龄9.9±3.2岁。测量其腰椎前凸角（lumbar lordosis,LL）、骨盆入射角（pelvic incidence,PI）、骨盆倾斜角（pelvic tilt,PT）、骶骨倾斜角（sacral slope,SS）;测量骶骨形态学参数：骶1-2（S1-2）的倾斜线与S1终板垂线的夹角（S1-2倾斜角,S1-2T）、S1-2倾斜线与S5尾1（S5Co1）倾斜线的夹角（骶骨后凸角,sacral kyphosis,SK）、S1-S3中点倾斜线与S4中点-Co1倾斜线的夹角（新骶骨后凸角,SK′）、S2椎体前缘与S4Co1倾斜线夹角（α）、S1上终板与S2椎体前缘夹角（β）、S4Co1倾斜线与S1上终板夹角（θ）;测量骶骨体位学参数：S2椎体前缘水平角（S2HA）、S5Co1倾斜线水平角（S5Co1HA）。对PI与LL、PI与SK′、LL与SK、S2HA与SS、S5Co1HA与固定值90°行配对t检验并两两求差值,对骶骨形态学参数与PI、LL以及PI与LL进行Pearson相关性分析,制作β、θ与PI散点图并求得β、θ与PI线性回归方程;分析儿童（2～9岁）、青少年（10～17岁）PI、SK、SK′、α、θ与LL相关性。结果：LL=50.3°±12.1°,PI=43.9°±11.0°,PT=5.7°±9.0°,SS=36.4°±7.6°,S1-2T=-15.5°±5.6°,SK=51.4°±10.7°,SK′=44.3°±10.5°,α=47.5°±9.7°,β=68.5°±8.2°,θ=64.0°±13.0°,S2HA=32.1°±9.0°,S5Co1HA=90.3°±11.8°。PI与LL、S2HA与SS均有统计学差异（P<0.01）,PI与SK′、LL与SK、S5Co1HA与固定值90°均无统计学差异（P>0.01）,差值关系为PI=SK′±12°,LL=（SK-1.4°）±15°,S5Co1HA=90°±12°;S1-2T、SK、SK′、α、β、θ与PI均有相关性（P<0.01）,相关性系数（r）分别为0.578、0.440、0.429、0.374、0.641、-0.683;SK、SK′、α、θ与LL有显著相关性（P<0.01）,r值分别为0.265、0.282、0.273、-0.314;S1-2T、β与LL无明显相关性（P>0.01）,r值分别为0.136、0.173;PI与LL无相关性（r=0.164,P>0.01）;线性回归方程：PI=0.451β-0.39θ+37.973（r=0.728）。儿童PI、SK、SK′、α、θ与LL的r值分别为0.054、0.076、0.074、0.066、0.059,均无明显相关性（P>0.01）;青少年PI与LL无明显相关性（r=0.246,P>0.01）,SK、SK′、α、θ与LL有显著相关性（P<0.01）,r值分别为0.391、0.417、0.411、0.481。结论：未成年人PI可由SK′、β、θ预测,PI与LL无显著相关性;青少年骶骨形态参数与LL具有良好相关性,利用骶骨形态参数预测青少年LL可能比PI更稳定可靠。     

骨盆入射角与腰椎前凸角匹配度对强直性脊柱炎后凸畸形矫形术后矢状面平衡的影响

【摘要】 目的：探讨骨盆入射角与腰椎前凸角匹配度（pelvic incidence and lumbar lordosis mismatch,PI-LL）对强直性脊柱炎（ankylosing spondylitis,AS）后凸畸形矫形术后脊柱骨盆矢状面平衡的影响。方法：回顾性研究2010年1月~2019年10月本团队行改良经椎弓根椎体截骨术治疗的85例AS后凸畸形患者,男75例,女10例;年龄37.1±8.8岁（20~67岁）,其中63例行单节段截骨矫形,22例行双节段截骨矫形。脊柱全长侧位片上测量术前、术后（3~4周）及末次随访时脊柱骨盆矢状面参数：骨盆入射角（pelvic incidence,PI）、骨盆倾斜角（pelvic tilt,PT）、骶骨倾斜角（sacral slope,SS）、腰椎前凸角（lumbar lordosis,LL）、PI-LL、截骨角（osteotomized vertebral angle,OVA）和矢状面躯干偏移（sagittal vertical axis,SVA）。术前及末次随访时采用脊柱侧凸研究学会-22（Scoliosis Research Society-22,SRS-22）问卷和Oswestry功能障碍指数（Oswestry disability index,ODI）评估患者的肢体功能和生活质量。末次随访时SVA>5cm为脊柱矢状面失衡,PT>25°为骨盆矢状面失衡。通过Pearson相关系数分析术后PI-LL与末次随访SVA和PT的相关性,并运用受试者操作特征（receiver operating characteristic,ROC）曲线和最大约登指数计算术后PI-LL的阈值,获得PI-LL的最佳匹配度。根据术后PI-LL是否满足最佳匹配度分组,分析不同术后PI-LL对末次随访脊柱骨盆矢状面序列的影响。运用线性回归分析腰椎OVA与PI-LL矫正值的线性关系,计算线性回归方程。结果：85例AS患者术后平均随访30.8±6.3个月（24~84个月）,末次随访时LL（-31.6°）、PT（31.8°）、SS（15.5°）、PI-LL（16.7°）和SVA（8.6cm）均较术前明显改善（P<0.05）,ODI（23.45%）和 SRS-22（3.91分）评分显著性优于术前（P<0.05）。术后PI-LL与末次随访时的SVA和PT呈显著性正相关（r=0.525和0.659,P<0.01）。以末次随访时SVA为状态变量, 通过ROC曲线分析获得术后PI-LL的阈值为12.8°;以末次随访时的PT为状态变量,计算得到术后PI-LL的阈值为10.5°。当术后PI-LL≤10.5°时,可同时满足预防脊柱和骨盆矢状面失衡的要求。与术后PI-LL＞10.5°组比较,术后PI-LL≤10.5°组患者末次随访时PT（25.4° vs 36.6°）、LL（-40.8° vs -24.1°）、PI-LL（4.0° vs 26.2°）和SVA（5.6cm vs 10.9cm）更小（P<0.05）,脊柱（36.1% vs 75.5%）和骨盆（38.9% vs 85.7%）矢状面失衡率更低（P<0.05）。腰椎OVA与PI-LL矫正值呈较高强度线性正相关（r=0.707,P<0.01）,腰椎OVA=17.12+0.62×（PI-LL矫正值）,R2=50.1%。结论：AS后凸畸形患者截骨矫形术后的PI-LL与末次随访SVA和PT紧密相关,术后重建PI-LL≤10.5°可维持良好的脊柱骨盆矢状面平衡,降低中远期随访脊柱和骨盆矢状面失衡的风险。     

Current management of severe pelvic and perineal trauma

Mortality associated with pelvic and perineal trauma (PPT) has fallen from 25% to 10% in the last decade thanks to progress accomplished in medical, surgical and interventional radiology domains (Dyer and Vrahas, 2006) [1]. The management strategy depends on the hemodynamic status of the patient (stable, unstable or extremely unstable). Open trauma requires specific treatment in addition to control of bleeding. All surgical centers can be confronted some day with patients with hemorrhagic PPT and for this reason, all surgeons should be familiar with the initial management. In expert centers, management of patients with severe PPT is complex, multidisciplinary and often requires several re-interventions. Obstetrical and sexual trauma, also requiring specific management, will not be dealt with herein.     

Effect of a new pelvic stabilizer (T-POD®) on reduction of pelvic volume and haemodynamic stability in unstable pelvic fractures

Background

Pelvic fractures, often the result of high energy blunt trauma, are associated with severe morbidity and mortality. A new pelvic stabilizer (T-POD^®) provides secure and effective simultaneous circumferential compression of the pelvis.

Methods

In this study we describe 15 patients with a prehospital untreated unstable pelvic fracture with signs of hypovolaemic shock with the T-POD^®. Before and 2 min after applying the T-POD^®, heart rate and blood pressure were measured. An X-ray before and directly after applying the T-POD^® was made to measure the effect on reduction in symphyseal diastasis.

Results

Application of the T-POD^® reduced the symphyseal diastasis with 60% (p = 0.01). The mean arterial pressure (MAP) increased significant from 65.3 to 81.2 mm Hg (p = 0.03) and the heart rate declined from 107 beats per minute to 94 (p = 0.02). Out of ten patients in whom the circulatory response before and after the T-POD^® was recorded, seven were good responders, one had a transient response and two responded poor.

Conclusion

In the acute setting, the T-POD^® device has a clear compressive effect on the pelvic volume in unstable pelvic fractures. The T-POD^® is therefore an effective and easy to use device in (temporarily) stabilizing the pelvic ring in haemodynamically unstable patients.     

Effects of examination technique modifications on pelvic organ prolapse quantification (POP-Q) results

The pelvic organ prolapse quantification system (POP-Q) is currently the most quantitative, site-specific system for describing pelvic organ prolapse. To ensure that anatomic outcomes can be optimally assessed, investigators in the Pelvic Floor Disorders Network evaluated the impact of specific technique variations on POP-Q measurements performed on 133 patients by 16 examiners at seven sites. Values for genital hiatus and perineal body were higher when measured with maximal strain than on resting. With the exception of TVL, internal points did not differ significantly when measured with or without a speculum. The maximum extent of prolapse was best seen with the patient standing. These results suggest that genital hiatus and perineal body should be measured at rest and during straining, as the measurements may assess different aspects of pelvic floor function, and that internal points can be measured with or without a speculum. They also emphasize the value of the standing examination to observe the maximum extent of pelvic organ prolapse.Abbreviations POP pelvic organ prolapse - GH genital hiatus - PB perineal body - TVL total vaginal length An erratum to this article can be found at For the Pelvic Floor Disorders Network (PFDN)Supported by grants from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U01HD41249,U10 HD41268, U10 HD41248, U10 HD41250, U10 HD41261, U10 HD41263, U10 HD41269, and U10 HD41267). Editorial Comment: This is a well conceived and clearly described study by the investigators of the Pelvic Floor Dysfunction Network. It carefully evaluates whether some of the most common variations in investigator use of the POP-Q examination results in any important differences in the measured POP-Q points. The authors demonstrate that use of a speculum rather than fingers for retraction when measuring POP-Q points does not result in any frequent or any important changes in those measurements when small numbers of patients from multiple examiners are combined for analysis. They also confirm that the standing examination is probably preferable when trying to evaluate the maximum extent of prolapse.     

Evaluation of pelvic morphology in the sagittal plane

Background contextIt is generally accepted that for normal subjects the angle of pelvic incidence (PI) increases during childhood and then remains unchanged throughout adolescence and adulthood. However, recent findings show that PI increases linearly throughout the lifespan due to morphological changes of the pelvis.PurposeA retrospective study aiming to determine the extent of morphological changes of the pelvis related to the age of the subjects.Study designPelvic morphology was evaluated in a normal adult population by measuring the anatomical parameters of sagittal pelvic alignment.Patient sampleThe final study cohort consisted of 330 subjects (mean age, 45.3 years; standard deviation, 18.1 years; range, 18–87 years; 164 male and 166 female subjects).Outcome measuresPhysiologic measures, obtained as measurements of PI, sacral end plate width (S1W), and pelvic thickness (PTH).MethodsParameters of PI, S1W, and PTH were evaluated from computed tomography images of the subjects. The measured PTH was normalized according to S1W and age of the subjects, allowing the comparison among anatomies of different sizes. The normalized components of PTH in anteroposterior and cephalocaudal directions were computed to determine the configuration and extent of changes in pelvic morphology related to subject age.ResultsStatistically significant correlation with both age and PI was obtained for all normalized parameters (except for the anteroposterior component of PTH for male subjects), and no statistically significant differences were observed between the sexes. With increasing PI that occurs due to the aging process, a decrease of PTH can be observed that is manifested not only as an increase of the distance between the sacrum and the hip axis in the anterior direction but considerably more as a decrease of the distance between the sacrum and the hip axis in the cephalic direction. By considering these morphological changes in the pelvis simultaneously, the hip axis can move only within a narrow area.ConclusionsThe changes in pelvic morphology due to the aging process occur in the anterior direction, which may be due to the remodeling process affecting the coxal bone that results in an anterior drift of the acetabulum relative to the sacrum. More importantly, the changes are considerably more evident in the cephalic direction, which may be the result of the weight-bearing loads and consequent wear of acetabular cartilage.     

Current concepts of pelvic congestion and chronic pelvic pain.

Chronic pelvic pain in women is a common and disabling illness caused by numerous organic pathologies usually accompanied by varying psychological dysfunctions. Many patients may receive misdiagnosis, misdirected therapies, or do not seek help at all. Pelvic congestion may be responsible for pain in patients without more common diseases, such as endometriosis and pelvic adhesions, among others. Our view of this condition is evolving. In the United States, this medical condition remains controversial. More recent research from the United Kingdom has caused a fresh look at the diagnosis and treatment of chronic pelvic pain produced by pelvic congestion. Potentially, many patients may benefit from a reconsideration of this approach.     

先天性腰骶部畸形对骨盆平衡的影响

目的 :通过回顾性分析先天性腰骶部畸形患者的影像学资料,探讨先天性腰骶部畸形对于骨盆平衡的影响。方法:回顾性分析2007年1月～2018年9月本团队诊治的腰骶部畸形患者,排除仅有矢状面畸形、既往有脊柱手术史、双下肢不等长≥2cm或合并髋关节疾病者。最终纳入26例患者,其中男8例,女18例,年龄13.8±6.9岁(6～33岁)。将患者分为A组(单纯腰骶部畸形,9例)、B组(腰骶部畸形合并其他部位椎体畸形,12例)与C组(腰椎与骶椎复杂畸形,5例)。测量并比较A、B组的腰骶部节段Cobb角,3组的冠状面骨盆倾斜角(PO)、矢状面骶骨倾斜角(SIA)与横断面骨盆旋转(PR)。PO2°、SIA30°或45°及PR1.2分别为冠状面、矢状面及横断面骨盆失衡的标准。结果:3组病例的年龄、性别无统计学差异(P=0.469,P=0.813)。A、B组节段Cobb角分别为24.0°±13.6°与28.3°±14.4°,无显著性差异(P=0.497)。A、B、C组的PO分别为1.7°±2.3°、4.9°±6.7°、18.9°±12.7°,C组PO显著大于A、B组(A组与C组P=0.002,B组与C组P=0.009),A、B组间无统计学差异(P=0.200)。3组的SIA分别为38.7°±6.8°、36.1°±18.2°、28.4°±9.3°,3组间均无统计学差异(P=0.418)。3组的PR分别为1.09±0.05、1.22±0.15、1.44±0.51,B组PR显著大于A组(P=0.002),余无统计学差异(A组与C组比较P=0.061,B组与C组比较P=0.191)。A组、B组、C组在冠状面上骨盆失衡的发生率分别为33.3%、77.8%、100%,在矢状面上分别为11.1%、58.3%、40.0%,在横断面上分别为0、41.7%、60.0%。单纯腰骶部半椎体病例未见明显骨盆失衡。所有PR1.15及93.3%的PR1.10的病例中骨盆旋转方向与主弯方向一致。结论:单纯腰骶部半椎体不会引起明显骨盆失衡。腰骶部畸形合并其他部位椎体畸形,尤其是腰椎与骶椎复杂畸形时,更容易造成骨盆失衡。腰骶部畸形引起的骨盆旋转方向与主弯方向一致。     

Haemorrhage control in pelvic fractures--a survey of surgical capabilities

Background

In the emergency management of patients with pelvic fractures, there is ongoing debate about the roles of angiography and open pelvic packing. It is agreed that some form of haemorrhage control is required for patients who are haemo-dynamically unstable despite resuscitation. We set out to determine whether on-call general and orthopaedic surgeons would feel able to perform emergency surgical procedures for these patients and whether vascular radiology was available to them.

Methods

Surveys were sent to all 221 general and orthopaedic surgeons in Wales. Questions included: sub-speciality interest, geographical region, whether there is a pelvic binder in their hospital, availability of interventional radiology, and whether surgeons would perform a range of procedures to control haemorrhage in the emergency setting.

Results

There were 141 responses to the survey, giving a 64% response rate. Only 18% reported that their unit had a formal rota for interventional radiology out of hours. 16% did not know. 96% of orthopaedic surgeons would perform external fixation, although only 49% would use a C-clamp. 90% of general surgeons would be able to pack the pelvis from within the abdominal compartment and 84% would be prepared to cross-clamp the aorta if the situation required. Despite being widely recommended in the literature as a method of haemorrhage control, our survey revealed only 45% would perform extra(pre)-peritoneal packing of the pelvis (58% of general surgeons; 34% of orthopaedic surgeons) and only 12% had received formal training in this procedure.

Conclusions

With appropriately targeted training it is likely that the care of patients with pelvic fractures can be significantly improved.     

Control of severe hemorrhage using C-clamp and arterial embolization in hemodynamically unstable patients with pelvic ring disruption

Introduction

Hemorrhage is the leading cause of death in patients with a pelvic fracture. The majority of blood loss derives from injured retroperitoneal veins and broad cancellous bone surfaces. The emergency management of multiply injured patients with pelvic ring disruption and severe hemorrhage remains controversial. Although it is well accepted that the displaced pelvic ring injury must be rapidly reduced and stabilized, the methods by which control of hemorrhagic shock is achieved remain under discussion. It has been proposed to exclusively use external pelvic ring stabilization for control of hemorrhage by producing a ‘tamponade effect’ of the pelvis. However, the frequency of clinically important arterial bleeding after external fixation of the pelvic ring remains unclear. We therefore undertook this retrospective review to attempt to answer this one important question: How frequently is arterial embolization necessary to control hemorrhage and restore hemodynamic stability after external pelvic ring fixation?

Materials and methods

We performed a retrospective review of 55 consecutive patients who presented with unstable types B and C pelvic ring fractures. Those patients designated as being in hemorrhagic shock (defined as a systolic blood pressure less than 90 mmHg after receiving 2 L of intravenous crystalloid) were treated by application of the pelvic C-clamp. Patients who remained in hemorrhagic shock, or were determined to be in severe shock (defined as mandatory catecholamines or more than 12 blood transfusions over 2 h), underwent therapeutic angiography within 24 h in order to control bleeding.

Results

Fourteen patients were identified as being hemodynamically unstable (ISS 30.1±11.3 points) and were treated with a C-clamp. In those patients with persistent hemodynamic instability, arterial embolization was performed. After C-clamp application, 5 of 14 patients required therapeutic angiography to control bleeding. Two patients died, one from multiple sources of bleeding and the other from an open pelvic fracture (total mortality 2/14, 14%).

Conclusions

Although the C-clamp is effective in controlling hemorrhage, one must be aware of the need for arterial embolization to restore hemodynamic stability in a select subgroup of patients.

     

Pelvic incidence: a fixed value or can you change it?

Background Context

There has been renewed interest in the pelvic vertebrae by spinal surgeons recently. Those involved in working with patients with adult spinal deformity focus on the position of the fused spine as it relates to the pelvis, and determine success or failure by specific numbers for given pelvic parameters. The pelvic parameters that are commonly measured for these patients are pelvic tilt, sacral slope, and pelvic incidence (PI). Out of the three, PI has always been considered to be the fixed measurement, whereas pelvic tilt and sacral slope have the capacity to change in relation to external forces. The assumption that the PI does not change has not been proven in a healthy, asymptomatic population.

Skip and save: utility of pelvic x-rays in the initial evaluation of blunt trauma patients

Background

The cost of medical care is an area of major emphasis in the current healthcare environment. Medical providers have a significant role in reducing costs. One way to achieve this goal is to eliminate practices that add little value to patient care. The pelvic x-ray (PXR) obtained during the initial evaluation of blunt trauma may be an example. The objective of this study was to explore the utility of the pelvic x-ray in the initial evaluation of blunt trauma patients.

Methods

Blunt trauma patients with pelvic fractures of any type admitted to our urban trauma center from January 2012 to December 2013 were reviewed. Demographics including age, sex, race, mechanism of injury, and outcomes were collected. Findings on PXR and computed tomography (CT) were compared for correlation. Patients requiring surgery for their pelvic fractures were identified.

Results

Of the 3,217 trauma admissions over the 2-year period, 153 patients sustained a pelvic fracture. Mean age was 50 years (15 to 97), male 54%, and Caucasian 46%, Hispanic 31%, African American 22%, and Asian 1%. The average injury severity score was 12.9. The main mechanism of injury was motor vehicle collisions 45%, followed by fall from standing 22% and auto and/or pedestrian accidents 12%. There were 22 patients that did not have both CT and pelvic imaging for comparison. Of the 131 patients with both CT and pelvic films, findings were the same in 43 (33%). CT identified one or more additional pelvic fractures in 88 (67%) patients compared with the PXR. In 29 patients (22%), pelvic fractures were not evident on PXR with fractures only identified by CT. The most common missed fractures on PXR were sacral and iliac injuries. Of the 153 patients with pelvic fractures, 24% required surgery for their pelvic injuries. Mortality was 4% for nonpelvic fracture-related causes. The PXR findings did not change management provided by trauma team in the emergency department.

Conclusions

As expected, CT is more sensitive in identifying pelvic fractures compared with PXR. Most blunt trauma patients are undergoing further evaluation with CT. We therefore propose that in patients that are normotensive with no pelvic instability or hip dislocation on physical examination who are to undergo further imaging with CT, the pelvic film should be avoided as it adds little value to patient management. The Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) guidelines should be revised to reflect a diminishing role of the PXR in blunt trauma patients.