沈阳市汉族学生皮下脂肪发育的研究

目的:了解沈阳市汉族学生皮下脂肪发育规律。方法：采用邵象清的人体测量学方法，对沈阳市1380名中小学生上臂肱三头肌部和肩胛下角部的皮褶厚度及体脂发育情况进行调查。结果：随着年龄的增长，男生肢体部皮褶变薄，而躯体部皮相变厚，其男生体脂在青春期前呈增加趋势，而在青春期后则逐渐下降；其女生肢体部和躯干部皮相均变厚，体脂随年龄的增长而增加，且在青春期后增加迅速。各年龄组女生皮相厚度均大于男生，青春期以后更为明显。结论：沈阳市汉族学生皮下脂肪发育年龄和性别差异与儿童青少年身心发育阶段相关。     

湖南省侗族学生体脂发育状况分析

目的分析湖南省侗族学生体脂发育规律，为少数民族儿童青少年生长发育的相关研究提供依据。方法根据分层整体抽样的原则，对湖南省通道侗族自治县7～17岁的侗族学生1982名进行体格发育测量，计算上臂肱三头肌位和肩胛下角位的皮褶厚度之和，并运用长岭公式估测体密度，用Brozek公式计算体成分。结果男生皮褶厚度随年龄增长呈现波浪式递增趋势，女生的皮褶厚度呈现持续递增；体脂率的发育变化规律男、女生均呈现出“N”形的变化；瘦体重均表现为随年龄增长而递增。侗族学生的皮褶厚度、体脂率和瘦体重与身高、体重和胸围均呈正相关。侗族学生的皮褶厚度及体成分发育在青春期前后呈现出明显差异。结论湖南省侗族学生体脂发育及瘦体重偏低，体质与营养状况低于全国儿童青少年平均水平。     

北京宣武区中小学生身体成分分析

目的：评价北京市宣武区中小学生身体成分及其影响因素，比较1995年与19996年身体成分变化。方法；对宣武区7－18岁男女学生进行体格发育并运用长龄体密度公式和Brocek体脂公式推算体密度和体脂。结果：1995年宣武区7－18岁男女生与1986年相比皮褶厚度和体脂率发育水平明显提高，瘦体重发育水平有所下降，女生明显，随着年龄增长，男生体重增长以瘦体重增加为主；女生则以脂肪增加为主。皮褶厚度和体脂率增加是胸围和体重增长的主要因素。结论：目前宣武区中小学生体重明显增长似以脂肪增长为主。肥胖儿体重超出正常部分全部为脂肪，瘦体重普遍低于正常学生。     

福州市中小学生皮下脂肪发育规律的研究

文章报告了对福州市4778名中小学生皮褶厚度，瘦体重的测试结果并结合身高、体重等指标进行分析，发现其规律是：女生的皮下脂肪发育速度快于男生，且各个年龄组的皮褶厚度及体脂率均大于男生，随着年龄增长，这种差异明显增大；男女生身体成分的发育与身高的突增关系密切；城市学生皮下脂肪发育速度明显快于乡村学生。     

云南省五个民族学生皮褶厚度与体成份发育规律探讨

1995年对我省汉、哈尼、纳西、傈僳、佤5个民族学生的肱三头肌、肩胛下角皮褶厚度，瘦体重及体脂量4个项目进行发育规律特征分析。结果表明，该4个项目的发育在7－12岁均随年龄增长而递增，性别间无发育交叉年龄。皮褶厚度及体脂量为女生发育好于男生；瘦体重是男生好于女生，尤以汉族男生下肢爆发力成绩最佳；但体脂量及皮褶厚度发育最差的佤族，其速度、耐力、运动项目成绩为最好；说明体成份及皮褶厚度除与人体形态发育有关外，也反映出肌肉在工作中的力量水平与速度运动素质有关联。有助于体育教学利用学生的体成份和皮褶厚度指标发育的最好时机施教作参考。     

重庆市7～22岁学生皮褶厚度及其与生长发育的关系

目的 了解重庆市学生皮褶厚度现状.研究利用皮褶厚度指标评价学生生长发育水平的方法.方法 对重庆市2010年全国体质健康调研中的学生皮褶厚度随年龄变化趋势进行分析,根据长岭晋吉公式估算体密度D,根据brozek公式估算体成分,并利用体脂比判定肥胖状况,对不同性发育水平学生皮褶厚度进行比较.结果 男生皮褶厚度在11岁达到高峰,其后逐渐下降,18岁后义开始上升;女生皮褶厚度均随年龄增长呈现上升的趋势,尤其是青春后期增幅十分明显.男生体脂比从7岁的15.54％上升到11岁的19.95％,之后逐步下降;女生从7岁的19.17％的上升到11岁的21.84％,12岁最低,之后逐步上升,17,18岁有所下降.男生肥胖率为15.10％;女生14岁以下肥胖率为15.40％,15岁以上为6.40％,均为轻度肥胖所占比例最高.已初潮女生3处皮褶厚度均高于同龄末初潮女生,而已出现首次遗精的男生无此现象.结论 皮褶厚度是学生营养状况及体成分评价分析的一个重要指标,皮褶厚度与性发育早晚存在一定的关联.     

中国儿童青少年肱三头肌与肩胛下角皮褶厚度正常值

建立中国学龄儿童青少年肱三头肌与肩胛下角的皮褶厚度正常值,为建立我国儿童少年体脂率、瘦体重等评价及预估机制奠定基础.方法 资料来自2010年全国学生体质健康调研数据,共有215 142名7 ~18岁汉族中小学生参与.以肱三头肌和肩胛下角皮褶厚度为指标,通过LMS平滑曲线建立百分位数,使用长岭晋吉和Brozek公式计算体脂率.结果 我国儿童少年皮褶厚度发育受性别、年龄、青春发育进程的综合影响.随年龄增长,女孩肱三头肌与肩胛下角皮褶厚度的增长幅度逐步超过男生,而男生则在青春期前和早期出现迅猛增长.在皮褶厚度基础上,计算各性别—年龄组体脂率,并在此基础上建立了反映体脂分布变化的百分位数体系.结论 我国儿童少年肱三头肌和肩胛下皮褶厚度正常值的建立,为分析体脂在超重/肥胖领域的作用及其与代谢综合征—心血管疾病危险因素的关联奠定重要基础.     

学生体成份及ROHRER指数与男生首遗女生初潮年龄的关系

对成都市城乡3139名和中小学生的女生半数月经初潮年龄（12．9岁）与体脂增长速度高峰年龄（13岁）和男生半数首次遗精年龄（14．4岁）与瘦体重增长速度高峰年龄（13岁）关系的分析提示，青春期性发育与形态发育间有密切的联系，并认为用皮褶厚度法间接推算出的女生体脂／男生瘦体重，对于预测女生月经初潮和男生首次遗精的来临、指导适时开展青春期保健和健康教育具有一定意义。     

西藏7～18岁藏族学生皮褶厚度与体成分研究

[目的] 了解西藏藏族学生皮褶厚度和体成分的发育规律和特点. [方法] 2004年抽样测量西藏2 538名7～8岁藏族学生肱三头肌和肩胛下皮褶厚度,利用长岭和Brozek公式估测体成分.[结果] ①藏族男生肱三头肌皮褶厚度11岁时达高峰(8.85 mm),其后逐步下降;肩胛下皮褶厚度呈缓慢增长.女生两处皮褶厚度呈持续增长尤以青春中后期(12～15岁)增幅显著,并一直高于男生且差值越来越大.②藏族男生的BF%值11岁时达最高值为15.41%,其后不断下降,女生的BF%值总体趋势是不断增加的且一直明显高于男生;男女生瘦体重均随年龄的增长面增长,增长趋势一致但14岁后男生增长量明显高于女生.③男女生皮褶厚度城乡间互有高低.④建立两处皮褶厚度之和百分位数参照值,其整体趋势低于汉族学生.[结论] 应加强藏族学生的营养水平,同时也要注意预防肥胖.     

蒙族男生青春期发育与体成分关系探讨

本调查了１５５名８－１５岁牧区蒙族男生性发育、皮褶厚度及部分年龄段唾液睾酮水平，并，并以右肱三头肌及右肩胛下角皮褶厚厚度了体成分。分析结果表明：随性发育水平升高，瘦体重增加明显，总体脂呈缓慢上升，而体脂此则有下降趋势，提示蒙族男生青春期性发育与体成分的变化有一定联系。     

The assessment of the body fat percentage by skinfold thickness measurements in childhood and young adolescence

The relationship of skinfold thicknesses to body density and of skinfold thicknesses to densitometrically determined body fat was evaluated in a group of 378 boys and girls, aged 7-20 years. According to their maturation level, they were divided into a prepubertal, a pubertal and a post-pubertal group. In each maturation group boys were older, had higher body-weights and body heights, higher body densities, lower percentage body fat, higher waist:hips ratios and higher trunk:total skinfolds ratios than girls. Body density in each maturation level could be quite precisely predicted by skinfold thicknesses. In prepubertal and pubertal boys and girls but not in post-pubertal boys and girls, age was also an important predicting variable for body density. The assessment of percentage body fat from skinfold thicknesses had a prediction error of 3-5%, which was highest in the prepubertal children. The prediction error is comparable to the prediction error of percentage body fat from skinfold thicknesses in adults, as reported in the literature. Only in post-pubertal boys and girls was the waist:hip ratio correlated with measures of body fatness. Moreover, only in the post-pubertal boys and in the pubertal and post-pubertal girls was the waist:hips ratio correlated with another measure of body fat distribution, the trunk:total skinfold ratio. The relative amount of internal body fat was found to be higher in the younger maturation groups. It is concluded that at younger ages the waist:hips ratio is a poor indicator of body fat distribution.     

Adolescent skinfold thickness is a better predictor of high body fatness in adults than is body mass index: the Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study

BACKGROUND: Body mass index (BMI) during adolescence is predictive of BMI at adult age. However, BMI cannot distinguish between lean and fat body mass. Skinfold thickness may be a better predictor of body fatness. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the relations between BMI and skinfold thickness during adolescence and body fatness during adulthood. DESIGN: We included 168 men and 182 women from the Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study, a prospective study that conducted 8 measurements of BMI and skinfold thickness between 1976 and 2000. BMI and skinfold thickness during adolescence were analyzed in relation to adult body fatness measured at a mean age of 37 y with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: None of the boys and 1.7% of the girls were overweight at baseline, whereas the prevalence of high body fatness during adulthood was 29% in men and 32% in women. At the ages of 12-16 y, skinfold thickness was more strongly associated with adult body fatness than was BMI. Age-specific relative risks for a high level of adult body fatness varied between 2.3 and 4.0 in boys and between 2.1 and 4.3 in girls in the highest versus the lowest tertile of the sum of 4 skinfold thicknesses. For the highest tertile of BMI, the relative risk varied between 0.8 and 2.1 in boys and between 1.3 and 1.8 in girls. CONCLUSION: Skinfold thickness during adolescence is a better predictor of high body fatness during adulthood than is BMI during adolescence.     

Genetic and environmental determination of tracking in subcutaneous fat distribution during adolescence

BACKGROUND: The distribution of fat and adipose tissue is an important predictor of disease risk. Variation in fat distribution during adolescence is correlated with fat distribution in adulthood. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to gain insight into the relative contribution of genes and environment to the stability of subcutaneous fat distribution from early adolescence into young adulthood. DESIGN: Ratio of trunk to extremity skinfold thickness (TER) data from the Leuven Longitudinal Twin Study (n = 105 Belgian twin pairs followed from 10 to 18 y of age) was entered into a longitudinal path analysis. RESULTS: The best-fitting model included additive genetic sources of variance and nonshared environment. Heritabilities ranged between 84.3% (95% CI: 63.9-92.3%) and 88.6% (95% CI: 76.5-94.1%) in boys and between 78.4% (95% CI: 59.3-88.3%) and 88.3% (95% CI: 77.0-93.8%) in girls. The majority of the phenotypic tracking (boys: 0.40-0.78; girls: 0.38-0.72) could be attributed to the moderate-to-high genetic correlations (rG) (between 0.27-0.84 and 0.38-0.80 for the various age intervals in boys and girls, respectively). This rG could be attributed to both genetic sources of variance, which are the same throughout adolescence, as well as genetic sources of variance that are "switched-on" at a certain age, the effect of which is then transmitted to subsequent observations. Environmental correlations (rE) in boys ranged between 0.51 and 0.70 but contributed relatively little to phenotypic tracking because the amount of variance explained by the environment was low (11.4-15.7%). In girls rE was low to moderate at best (0.09-0.48). CONCLUSION: Phenotypic tracking in subcutaneous fat distribution during adolescence is predominantly explained by additive genetic sources of variance.     

信阳市7～18岁学生肥胖流行现状

目的:了解信阳市中小学生超重和肥胖流行现状,为制定学生肥胖防治措施提供依据。方法:于2007年采用简单随机抽样原则,抽取在信阳市区出生和成长的7～18岁汉族学生2449名,其中男生1220名,女生1229名。测量学生的肱三头肌和肩胛下角部的皮褶厚度,并通过皮褶厚度推算体密度,计算全身体脂含量,再利用体脂含量判断肥胖率;性别差异比较使用大样本的U检验。结果:学生体脂含量女生随年龄的增长而增加,男生则在11岁时达高峰呈逐渐下降趋势,生长曲线男女无交叉现象。而且相同年龄段的体脂含量均是女生高于男生,并且除11岁年龄组外,其他年龄组差异均有统计学意义(U1.96,P0.05)。7～18岁学生总体非肥胖、超重、轻度肥胖和中重度肥胖比率男生分别为64.6%,12.2%,10.5%和12.7%,女生分别为65.7%、10.9%、10.7%和12.6%,经统计学检验差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.075,P0.05)。结论:信阳市中小学生的超重和肥胖率普遍偏高,预防中小学生肥胖应逐步成为今后学校卫生工作的重点。     

安徽省7～18岁学生体成分人体测量指标的年龄性别特征和城乡差异

[目的]了解安徽省城乡男女学生体成分指标的年龄、性别变化特征。[方法]利用2005年中国学生体质与健康调研安徽省7～18岁7 200名城乡中、小学生的腹部、上臂、肩胛下角3处皮脂厚度的测量数据,根据长岭晋吉公式估测体密度、Brozek公式估算体成分,得到城乡男女学生瘦体重和体脂百分含量指标。[结果]3处皮脂厚度、体脂百分含量和瘦体重均随年龄而增加。男生3处皮脂厚度随年龄增加缓慢,10岁时达到最大值,而女生3处皮脂厚度随年龄增加显著;3处皮脂厚度、体脂百分含量、瘦体重的城乡学生中存在差异,城市学生高于乡村学生。瘦体重男生处于优势,而女生体脂百分含量在整个青春期都增加显著。[结论]调查结果符合儿童期及青春期男孩和女孩的生长发育特征,男生主要以瘦体重增长为主,女生主要以体脂增长为主。3处皮脂厚度、瘦体重、体脂百分含量的城市学生都高于乡村学生,说明安徽省城市学生的营养水平可能略高于乡村学生。     

湘西州7～15岁苗族学生皮褶厚度及体成分分析

目的 了解湘西州7～15岁苗族学生皮褶厚度及体成分发育特点,为增强少数民族学生体质提供参考。方法 2019年10—11月分层整群随机抽取湘西州7～15岁苗族学生1 064名,测量身高、体重和肱三头肌皮褶(TS)、肩胛下皮褶(SS)、腹部皮褶(AS)厚度。根据长岭和Brozek公式估算体成分。结果 随着年龄的增长,苗族学生皮褶均逐渐增厚,男生13岁、女生12岁后增幅明显;各年龄组女生TS、SS与AS均厚于男生,8岁(t=2.659、2.392、2.264)、11岁(t=3.317、3.251、3.179)、13岁(t=5.196、3.943、4.651)、14岁(t=5.941、4.630、3.228)和15岁(t=4.822、4.292、3.210)年龄组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);体脂率、脂肪质量及其指数均值女生高于男生,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或<0.01);男女生瘦体质量及其指数年龄变化曲线逐渐上升并出现2次交叉;除男生体脂率外,体成分各指标与皮褶厚度均与年龄呈显著正相关(P<0.01);与8个族群比较,苗族男生肱三头肌皮褶厚度(9.22 mm)与内蒙达斡尔族、肩胛下皮褶厚度(7.33 mm)与怒江怒族较为接近,女生肱三头肌皮褶厚度(11.98 mm)与内蒙达斡尔族、肩胛下皮褶厚度(9.35 mm)与广东瑶族较为接近。结论 湘西州苗族农村学生皮褶厚度及体成分发育符合生长发育一般规律,皮下脂肪含量相对较少,并存在性别和年龄差异。     

不同发育期双生子皮褶厚度及体成分分析

目的 分析遗传与环境因素不同发育期双生子皮褶厚度及体成分的作用特点.方法 测量376对6～18岁同性别双生子(同卵245对,异卵131对)肱三头肌、肩胛下皮褶厚度,用长岭和Brozek公式估算体成分;用Mx软件拟合最佳模型,计算各指标遗传与环境方差组分,分析年龄、性别和不同发育期的作用.结果 全部双生子分性别校正年龄后,各指标遗传度在0.59～0.87之间;不同发育期各指标遗传度存在差异,肱三头肌皮褶、肩胛下皮褶、2处皮褶厚度之和、体脂百分比的遗传度男生在青春期前期最低,分别为0.55,0.62,0.53,0.51,女生在青春期晚期最低,分别为0.53,0.43,0.24,0.40;男、女瘦体重遗传度随青春期发育进程呈增加趋势.结论 遗传因素对儿童青少年皮褶厚度和体成分起主要作用,但年龄、性别和不同发育阶段对其也有一定影响.     

大连汉族学生足长,足围与体重关系的研究

目的：了解大连汉族学生足长、足围与体重的关系。方法：采用邵象情的人体测量学方法,调查了大连7～17岁1196名（男591,女605）汉族学生的体重、足长和足围,并研讨了足长、足围与体重的回归关系。结果：大连汉族学生的足长、足围和体重均随年龄的增长而增加,体重平均年增长值男性为3．6kg,女性为3．1kg;足长平均年增长值男性为0．65cm,女性为0．50cm;足围平均年增长值男性为0．51cm,女性为0．37cm。由足长推算体重的回归方程：男性是y＝5．33x－76．806,女性是y＝5．455s－76860。由足围推算体重的回归方程：男性是y＝6．479x－95．260,女性是y＝7．061s－101．937。结论：大连汉族学生足长、足围与体重之间存在正相关关系。     

Anthropological characteristics of Bulgarian newborns

The aim of the study was to assess the specificity of newborns' physical development in Bulgaria at the beginning of the 21st Century. A detailed anthropological research of 219 healthy and full-term newborns (110 boys and 109 girls) was carried out during April-May 2001. In the present study, data about stature, body weight and six standard skinfolds on the body and extremities are analyzed. The relative share of each skinfold regarding the sum of the six studied skinfolds was used to characterize the topical distribution of subcutaneous fat tissue. The sexual differences in the features investigated and their secular changes were evaluated. The results show that even at birth, sexual dimorphism exists in the basic anthropometrical characteristics. Newborn boys were longer and heavier than newborn girls. Girls had thicker skinfolds than boys and a greater relative share of subcutaneous fat tissue on the back and the lower extremities, whereas boys had a greater relative share on the abdomen and the upper extremities. Compared with newborns from past generations, newborns here from both genders had lower mean values of the basic anthropometrical characteristics.