蒸煮脱毒菜籽饼代替大豆鱼粉配制全价料对肥育猪饲喂效果试验

菜籽饼经蒸煮脱毒后，其中有毒成分异硫 氰酸酯由４．３７１ｍｇ／ｇ降到０．８３ｍｇ／ｇ，■唑烷硫酮由１． ０７ｍｇ／ｇ降到 ０．７４５ｍｇ／ｇ。用蒸煮脱毒菜籽饼作蛋白饲料 配制全价日粮与含大豆、鱼粉等蛋白饲料的全价日粮饲喂 生长肥育猪作对比试验，结果表明在日粮中添加１５％的蒸 煮脱毒菜籽饼，试验组平均日增重６７７ｇ±３５．５９ｇ，与对照组 平均日增重６８５ｇ±３４．２５ｇ相比，差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）；精肉 比试验组为３．５７：１；每增重１ｋｇ较对照组降低饲料成本 １４％。试验表明用蒸煮脱毒菜籽饼可替代大豆鱼粉饲喂生 长肥育猪，对猪无毒副作用，经济效益显著。     

用肉粉代替蛋鸡日粮中部分豆饼的饲养效果研究

选择２１周龄伊莎褐壳蛋鸡４８０只,随机分成２组,对照组采用市售蛋鸡料,试验组将部分豆饼用肉粉代替进行试验,试验证明４％肉粉代替４％豆饼饲喂蛋鸡其产蛋性能的提高不太明显,产蛋率只高出０．４％,平均蛋重高０．８％,破蛋、畸形蛋明显少于对照组,经济效益经统计分析两组差异显著,试验组明显优于对照组,整个试验期内试验组比对照组效益提高 １１．１％。     

膨化全脂大豆及膨化玉米提高仔猪生产性能

福建省龙岩市龙马畜牧饲料有限公司涂华钦，根据性别、体况等相一致的原则，将30头30日龄断奶长大或大长仔猪随机分为3组，每组设2个重复（即设对照组、试验Ⅰ组、试脸Ⅱ组）。时照组以玉米、豆粕等配制饲粮，试验Ⅰ组以膨他全脂大豆替代50％的豆粕，膨化玉米替代50％的玉米；试验Ⅱ组日增重以膨化全脂大豆替代全部豆粕，膨化玉米替代全部玉米，其它饲粮组成不变，进行40d的饲养试验。结果表明，试验Ⅰ组日增重比对照组提高了18．9％，差异显著（P〈0．05）；试验Ⅱ组比对照组提高了12.3％，差异显著（P〈0．05）；试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组饲料利用率分别比对照组提高了11．7％和6．5％．     

华芬酶在仔猪玉米豆粕型日粮中的饲养效果

本试验选用４０头４５日龄的杜大长杂交断乳仔猪分为两组,试验组在对照组日粮的基础上添加华芬酶Ⅱ型０．１％,以观察华芬酶在断乳仔猪玉米豆粕型日粮中的饲养效果。试验结果表明：试验组的日增重比对照组提高８．８４％;饲料转化率提高９．９５％;每ｋｇ增重饲料成本降低９．２％。     

加酶益生素与土霉素对肉鸭饲喂效果试验

本次试验选用３００只１日龄樱桃谷商品肉鸭，随机分成３组，２个试验组，１个对照组，每组２个重复，每个重复５０只。试验１组的日粮中添加０．２％的加酶益生素，试验２组的日粮中添加４０ｐｐｍ的土霉素，以探讨在肉鸭日粮中添加入加酶益生素和土霉素对其生长、死亡率、饲料转化率和经济效益的效果比较。试验结果表明：饲喂加酶益生素组比对照组在促进肉鸭增重、提高饲料报酬方面差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）。而添加加酶益生素地和土霉素组间在生长，死亡率、饲料转化率和经济效益方面差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。     

TF血浆蛋白粉在断奶仔猪日粮中的应用对比试验

本试验选用２９日龄（２８天断奶）的杜×长×大断奶仔猪４５头,按体重随机分为３组,每组１５头。试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组为对照组,Ⅲ组为试验组。试验Ⅰ组只喂基础日粮,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别添加６％的ＳＤＰＰ_１（进口血浆蛋白）、ＴＦ血浆蛋白粉,试验结果表明：试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的日增重分别为１７２．５ｇ、２４１．２ｇ和２４２．８ｇ,Ⅰ组与其它２组均差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）;Ⅱ、Ⅲ组之间差异不显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）,从料肉比看,Ⅰ组与其它２组均差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组之间差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）、整个试验期间,仅试验Ⅰ组有４头仔猪发生腹泻,腹泻发生率为２６．７％。经分析,每增重１ｋｇ,添加ＴＦ比添加ＳＤＰＰ_１节省费用１．３４元,效果显著。表明ＴＦ喷干血浆蛋白粉无论在免疫、促长,还是经济效益方面均效果明显,是取代进口的理想产品。     

复合微生态制剂对育肥猪生产性能的实验研究

选择60头断奶杜约二元杂交猪分二组实验,实验Ⅰ组:试验组和对照组各育肥猪15头;实验Ⅱ组:试验组和对照组各育肥猪15头。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在日粮中添加复合微生态制剂,饲养92d后观察效果。结果表明:各试验组平均日增重、饲料转化率、抗病能力均高于对照组。同时发现复合微生态制剂能减轻粪尿恶臭,净化环境。     

日粮添加柑桔皮粉对肉仔鸡生长及营养物质代谢的影响

将1日龄肉用仔鸡90只随机分成3组，每组30只。一组是时照组．试验l组和试验2组分别饲喂在基础日粮的基础上添加了1．5％和2．5％柑桔皮粉的日粮，试验期24d。结果表明，在日粮中添加柑桔皮粉的试验鸡效果显著好于对照组。抖重比、饲料转化率、只均增重、饲料袁观代谢率、体成分中营养物质含量都分别显著高于对照组。2个试验组的经济效益比时照组鸡分别提高了27.35％和29．46％。     

膨化大豆在仔猪日粮中适宜配合比例

湖北省农科院畜牧兽医研究所刘春雪等，选择32日龄断奶三元杂交仔猪120头，按血缘、性别、体重相近的原则分为4组，每组3个重复。膨化大豆设4个梯度，即Ⅰ组6．94％、Ⅱ组13．88％、Ⅲ组20．83％、Ⅳ组27.77％，配制4种断奶仔猪日粮，分别饲喂4组试验猪．试验分前期和后期各2周，至60日龄结束。结果表明，（1）在断奶仔猪日粮中使用膨化大豆对生产性能的影响与膨化大豆配合比例和断奶后时间有关，     

华芬酶在蛋鸡日粮中的应用效果

本试验随机选择美国海兰蛋鸡分成两组，对照组饲喂常规日粮，试验组按同一配方加入1‰华芬酶于日粮中，通过4周的饲喂试验，结果表明：试验组产蛋率、饲料转化率分别比对照组提高5．41％、8．17％，破蛋率下降9．72％，获得了较好的增产效果和经济效益。     

Supplemental iron and phosphorus increase dietary inclusion of cottonseed and soybean meal in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

A long‐term feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the use of cottonseed and soybean meal (CS) with iron and phosphorus supplements in diets for olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Olive flounder with an initial average size of 28.5 ± 0.35 g (mean ± SD) were divided into 15 groups (three tanks per dietary treatment) and fed 480 g kg^?1 crude protein diets in which each of five isonitrogenous diets was formulated to contain different levels of cottonseed/soybean meal (1 : 1) to replace fish meal (FM) with iron and phosphorus supplementations. The five experimental diets were as follows: diet 1 (control), 0%CS; diet 2, 20%CS; diet 3, 30%CS; diet 4, 30%CS + Fe&P; and diet 5, 40%CS + Fe&P. After 26 weeks of feeding trial, no significant differences were observed in weight gain, feed utilization and survival among all the treatments. The total gossypol accumulation in liver of fish fed diets supplemented with iron was significantly lower than that of fish fed diets without supplementation of iron. The results indicate that the addition of iron in diets could prevent the absorption of free gossypol. The findings in this study suggest that dietary supplements of iron and phosphorus could increase the inclusion of cottonseed and soybean meal for FM replacement in diets for marine fish species.     

棉粕酶解蛋白肽对建鲤生产性能和生化指标的影响

以2%棉粕酶解蛋白肽(以下简称蛋白肽)分别等质量替代基础日粮中2%鱼粉和2%植物蛋白原料(1.0%豆粕+0.5%菜粕+0.5%棉粕),考察蛋白肽对(48.56±1.39)g建鲤(Cyprinus carpio var.Jian)生长性能、血清及肠道相关酶活的影响。结果表明:蛋白肽替代鱼粉或植物蛋白后试验组增重率和特定生长率均显著性高于对照组(P<0.05),同时饵料系数显著降低(P<0.05);蛋白肽可降低脏体比和肝体比,并显著性提高鱼体粗蛋白含量(P<0.05);同时可提高试验组建鲤血清溶菌酶、碱性磷酸酶和肠道中蛋白酶的活性。     

Substitution of Cottonseed Meal for Marine Animal Protein in Diets for Penaeus vannamei

Solvent-extracted cottonseed meal was used in shrimp Penaeus vannamei diets at levels of 0, 13.3, 26.5, 39.8, 53.0 and 66.3%, substituting on an equal nitrogen basis for 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% of animal protein mix (53% menhaden fish meal, 34% shrimp waste meal and 13% squid meal). The feeds were formulated to contain 32% crude protein and 3,100 kcal metabolizable energy/kg. Each diet was fed to juvenile shrimp to satiation four times daily for 8 wk. Shrimp fed the three lowest dietary levels of cottonseed meal (0, 13.3 and 26.5%) had similar weight gain, feed consumption and survival. The performance of shrimp was adversely affected when diets containing more than 26.5% cottonseed meal, or 1,100 ppm free gossypol, were fed. Shrimp fed the diet with 39.8% cottonseed meal or 1,600 ppm free gossypol had depressed weight gain, reduced feed intake and high mortality. The groups receiving the two highest dietary levels of cottonseed meal lost weight by the end of week 4 and all shrimp in these treatments died within 6 to 8 wk. These adverse effects were probably due to the toxicity of free gossypol. Shrimp appeared to accumulate gossypol in the body as evidenced by light yellow-green coloration in shrimp fed diets containing cottonseed meal.     

Use of Cottonseed Meal in Channel Catfish Feeds

Solvent extracted cottonseed meal was substituted for soybean meal in catfish feeds on a nitrogen basis. The feeds, which contained either 0, 10, or 20% cottonseed meal, were formulated to contain about 32% protein and 2.9 kcal digestible energy/g. The fish were reared in 6 m³ net pens suspended in a 1.6 ha earthen pond. Twelve pens (four per treatment) were stocked with 400 fish with an initial average weight of 95 g/fish. All fish were fed to satiation once daily. A sample of 60 fish from each pen was weighed at 76 days to evaluate feed consumption, feed conversion, and weight gain. At the end of the experiment (132 days), fish from each net pen were weighed collectively and samples were taken to determine tissue free gossypol concentrations, proximate composition of fillets, and dressout percentages. There were no significant differences in weight gain, feed conversion, or survival of fish sampled at 76 days or of fish at the end of the experiment regardless of dietary treatment. At 76 days, feed consumption of fish fed the 20% cottonseed meal feed was significantly higher than that of other fish, but there were no significant differences in feed consumption at the end of the experiment. Free gossypol levels were below detectable limits in fish tissue. There were no significant differences in percentage dressout or in body composition, except for a slightly higher ash content in fish fed the feed containing 10% cottonseed meal. It appears that cottonseed meal can be used to partially substitute for soybean meal in catfish feeds. At the present, it is recommended that cottonseed meal be limited to 15% of the catfish diet.     

Utilization of Animal-Protein and Plant-Protein Supplements by Red Swamp Crayfish Procambarus clarkii Fed Formulated Diets1

A study was conducted to evaluate alternative protein supplements that could be used to reduce the cost of formulated crayfish diets. Red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii were held in the laboratory for 9 wk and fed 30% crude protein diets containing isonitrogenous mixtures of plant and animal protein in a 65:35 ratio. Combinations tested were: soybean meal/menhaden fish meal (SOY/FSH); cottonseed meal/menhaden fish meal (COT/FSH); soybean meal/meat and bone meal (SOY/MB); cottonseed mealheat and bone meal (COT/MB); soybean meal/meat and bone meal/ blood meal (SOYIMB-B); and cottonseed meal/meat and bone meal/blood meal (COTIMB-B). Comparison of crayfish weight gain, feed efficiency ratio, apparent net protein and energy retention, and body composition indicated that SOY/FSH was the best protein combination tested. Weight gain was reduced when cottonseed meal replaced soybean meal in diets that contained either fish meal or meat and bone meal. Feed consumption of crayfish fed SOY/MB-B and COT/MB-B was lower than that of crayfish fed other diets containing the same plant-protein supplement and weight gain was lower in crayfish fed blood meal in all but one case. Differences in amino acid composition and amino acid availability of protein supplements, inhibitory effects of gossypol in cottonseed meal, and reduced consumption of diets containing blood meal could have contributed to diet effects. Results suggest that soybean meal is a better dietary protein source for crayfish than cottonseed meal, menhaden fish meal is better than meat and bone meal, and both fish meal and meat and bone meal are superior to a 60:40 meat and bone meal/blood meal mixture. However, cottonseed meal, meat and bone meal, and meat and bone meal/blood meal mixtures could be useful as lower-cost alternatives to soybean meal and fish meal in diets for pond-raised crayfish, since the apparent lower protein (amino acid) quality of these ingredients would be unlikely to depress growth of crayfish that have access to natural food in ponds.     

Effects of varying dietary compositions using common feed ingredients on growth and feed efficiency of pond‐raised channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque)

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate various ingredient combinations in a 28% or 32% protein diet for optimum performance of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. All diets contained soybean meal and corn, but with or without cottonseed meal, wheat middlings or fish meal (FM). Channel catfish fingerlings were stocked into 0.04 ha earthen ponds at 18 530 fish ha^?1. Fish were fed one of eight diets once daily to apparent satiation for two growing seasons. Results demonstrated that the dietary ingredient composition used had significant effects on fish performance, but magnitude of differences was relatively small. Overall, diets containing FM resulted in greater weight gain (Experiments 1 and 2) and lower feed conversion ratio (Experiment 1) than fish fed all‐plant diets. However, certain combinations of plant ingredients provided the similar fish growth as some diets containing FM. There were no significant differences in weight gain between fish fed soybean meal–corn or soybean meal–corn–wheat middlings‐based diets with cottonseed meal or FM. The use of wheat middlings in the diet had no significant effects on fish production characteristics.     

Growth, feed utilization and body composition of tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) fed with cottonseed meal-based diets in a recirculating system

The suitability of cottonseed meal (CSM) as a major source of plant protein in feeds for tilapia ( Oreochromis sp.) was tested by examining growth and feed intake, feed digestibility, liver gossypol concentrations, feed utilization, and body mineral composition. Juvenile tilapia at an initial average size of 11.8 ± 1.6 g were divided into triplicate groups per dietary treatment and offered five different formulated diets. In these feeds fish meal (FM) protein was gradually replaced by protein from CSM (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%; diets 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively). The experiments were conducted in a recirculation system at a water temperature of 27 ± 1°C in glass aquaria for 16 weeks. Tilapia growth did not differ significantly ( P  > 0.05) with up to 50% substitution of FM with CSM. Fish meal replacement above 50% resulted in significant growth decline with time. Fish fed with 100% FM and diets including 50% CSM had significantly better daily weight gain, daily feed intake and feed efficiency ratio than those fed with 100% CSM. Fish fed with 75% CSM and above had lower concentrations of body iron, calcium and phosphorus than controls (100% FM). Concentrations of total gossypol in diets (ranging from 0.11 to 0.44% in diets 2–5) resulted in proportional increase of total gossypol in fish liver (32.3, 72.3, 99.4 and 132.1 μg g⁻¹ wet weight) in groups fed with diet 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. We concluded that CSM can partially replace FM as a main source of protein in feed for tilapia at not more than 50%. The presence of gossypol in CSM was identified as the major limiting factor for acceptance and utilization of CSM-based diets in tilapia farming.     

棉粕及脱毒棉粕替代鱼粉对虹鳟生长、体成分及血清生化指标的影响

用不同比例棉粕(CM)及FeSO4处理的脱毒棉粕(CM+Fe)替代饲料中0(CM0,对照组)、10%(CM10)、20%(CM20)、30%(CM30)、50%(CM50)、70%(CM70)和50%(CM50+Fe)、70%(CM70+Fe)的鱼粉,配置成8种等氮等能的饲料,喂养(9.79±0.13)g的虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)10周,每组设3个重复,研究棉粕及脱毒棉粕对虹鳟生长性能、体成分及血清生化指标的影响。结果显示:(1)对照组虹鳟增重率(WG)与CM10～CM50以及CM50+Fe组之间差异不显著,CM70组增重率、蛋白质效率(PER)与其他各组相比显著降低,饲料系数(FCR)显著升高。(2)各试验组虹鳟全鱼和肌肉粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分与对照组差异不显著;CM0～CM70组肌肉中游离棉酚含量也逐渐增加,CM50+Fe和CM70+Fe组肌肉游离棉酚含量显著低于CM50和CM70组。(3)CM70和CM70+Fe组谷丙转氨酶与谷草转氨酶活性与对照组相比显著升高,CM10～CM50和CM50+Fe组与对照组差异不显著,血清甘油三酯含量逐渐升高,血糖含量与总蛋白含量逐渐降低。结果表明,棉粕替代鱼粉的适宜比例为19.62%。     

Evaluation of cottonseed and soybean meal as partial replacement for fishmeal in diets for juvenile Japanese flounder <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paralichthys olivaceus</Emphasis>

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of cottonseed and soybean meal (CS) on growth performance, feed utilization, and gossypol accumulation in juvenile (mean body weight 11 g) Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric experimental diets (designated CS0, CS10, CS20, CS30, and CS40) containing 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% CS mixture (1∶1 w/w) were formulated. After 9 weeks of feeding trial, fish fed all diets did not show significant differences in growth performances, feed utilization, and whole body compositions. Hemoglobin content gradually decreased (P<0.05) with increments of CS inclusion levels. There was a positive linear relationship between dietary gossypol and total liver gossypol contents. Free radical scavenging activity in the experimental diets gradually increased with increment of dietary CS inclusion. This finding indicates that the mixture of cottonseed and soybean meal with methionine and lysine supplementation could replace up to 40% of fishmeal protein in diets. However, 20% fishmeal protein replacement by dietary inclusion of cottonseed (9.4%) and soybean (8.7%) meal might be the optimum and safe level for the commercial use of CS in juvenile Japanese flounder.     

Evaluation of Low‐protein Alternative Diets for Pond‐raised Hybrid Catfish,Ictalurus punctatus × Ictalurus furcatus

A study was conducted to evaluate low‐protein traditional or alternative diets for pond‐raised hybrid catfish, Ictalurus punctatus × Ictalurus furcatus. Three 24% protein diets containing decreasing levels of soybean meal (30, 20, and 15%) and increasing levels of cottonseed meal and corn germ meal were compared with a 28% protein control diet. Hybrid catfish fingerlings (mean initial weight = 71 g/fish) were stocked into 20 earthen ponds (0.04 ha) at a density of 14,826 fish/ha with five ponds per dietary treatment. Fish were fed once daily to apparent satiation for a 191‐d growing season. There were no significant differences in total diet fed, net yield, weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), survival, or fillet proximate nutrient composition among dietary treatments (P ≥ 0.10). However, regression analysis showed for fish fed 24% protein diets there was a linear increase in FCR as soybean meal levels decreased (P = 0.06). Compared with fish fed the 28% protein control diet, fish fed 24% protein diets had lower carcass and fillet yield. Results demonstrate a 24% protein alternative diet containing 20% soybean meal may be substituted for 28% protein diets for hybrid catfish during food fish production.