天水50年代以来干旱气候若干成因分析

针对天水的干旱气候 ,通过对各类大气和非大气因子的相关普查和统计检验 ,所得到的相关因子 ,可作为分析研究干旱气候成因及气候预测的重要依据。     

荔波县干旱时空分布规律及预报指标研究

该文对荔波县干旱气象灾害进行了统计分析,研究了干旱的时空分布、年代际变化及发生规律。在认识干旱气候规律影响系统的基础上,用前期气象要素、海温因子、天文因子的连续变化及大气环流形势寻找预测干旱的方法,采取有效的防御措施,为政府及有关部门指挥农业生产、发展地方经济及防灾减灾决策,提供科学依据。     

夏季西北干旱气候形成的数值模拟——高原地形和环流场等的影响

为了进一步检验和修改本文部分作者先前初步提出的影响夏季西北干旱气候形成的因子及如何相互作用形成西北干旱气候的物理图像,本文继续用一全球大气环流谱模式,设计了5组试验,利用ECMWF 的格点分析值资料,进行了数值模拟。结果表明,青藏高原隆升和环流差异是形成西北干旱气候的重要因子,已提出的西北干旱气候形成的物理图像大体是正确的。     

应用北半球大气环流系统预测中国降水量和气温

在普查影响中国降水量和气温的大气环流系统及其指数的基础上,选取高相关、独立性强的大气环流系统指数作为预测因子,采用过滤式的筛选因子方法,动态建立线性回归方法,构建区域月气候预测模型(Regional Monthly Climate Forecast Model,RMCFM),自主开发操作系统,设置人机交互界面,实现人机交流操作方式,并通过解释应用方法做出中国160个台站的月降水量和月气温预测。实践证明,RMCFM具备天气气候专家系统概念,具有运算速度快,结构清晰易操作等特点,预测准确率较高,应用RMCFM可提高区域气候预测能力。     

2002年夏季山东干旱成因分析

分析了山东省 2 0 0 2年夏季降水、气温特点和干旱情况 ,并从大气环流、北太平洋SST、气候背景等方面对少雨干旱气候的影响进行了分析 ,指出冬季大气环流、北太平洋SST对山东夏季旱涝趋势的预测具有重要的指示意义。     

《干旱气象》2003年总目次

天气气候分析甘肃黄土高原春季第一场透雨的时空分布特征1- 8甘肃省 1994～ 2 0 0 1年极端干旱气候特征研究1- 11天水市 2 0 0 2年 4～ 6月降水、干旱气候趋势短期气候预测结果及成因分析 1- 16甘肃中部春夏干旱气候分析与预测系统 2 - 1兰州新一代天气雷达降水估计的误差来源 2 - 4青藏高原冬春季积雪异常对中国春夏季降水的影响3- 1秦岭邻近地区旬降水气侯及其大气环流特征 3- 8短中期降水温度天气过程区域分布的研究 3- 14河西内陆河流域的水循环特征 3- 2 1黑河地区绿洲和沙漠地面辐射收支的若干特征3- 2 9西北干旱区及高原上卫星遥感非…     

西北干旱监测预测业务服务综合系统的开发与应用

“西北干旱监测预测业务服务综合系统v2.0”是以2002年甘肃省科技厅“西北干旱成因及其应用研究”项目的研究成果为基础,在“西北干旱监测预测服务综合业务系统v1.0”的基础上进行的优化和升级。该系统包括干旱资料库、干旱监测诊断、干旱气候预测、干旱影响评价、干旱预测评估、产品分发和辅助工具7个部分,是一个具有较好物理基础、较强监测服务能力、较高自动化程度并具有西北区域干旱气候特色的综合业务系统。系统界面友好、结构清晰、独立性强、可扩展性高、灵活性强、运行速度快。     

区域水资源优化配置多目标模型求解的Matlab与Excel集成实现

以商丘市19952005年的小麦白粉病发病面积、地面气象资料和大气环流特征量为依据,利用相关系数法进行因子普查,筛选出了影响商丘市小麦白粉病发生和流行的主要地面气象因子和大气环流特征因子及其关键时段,并利用多元线性回归方法建立了数学预测模型,模型历史拟合准确率为95.2%.利用该预测模式在2006年和2007年对商丘市白粉病发病面积进行预测,预报精度分别为93.1%和90.2%.     

商丘市小麦白粉病预测模式研究

以商丘市1995-2005年的小麦白粉病发病面积、地面气象资料和大气环流特征量为依据,利用相关系数法进行因子普查,筛选出了影响商丘市小麦白粉病发生和流行的主要地面气象因子和大气环流特征因子及其关键时段,并利用多元线性回归方法建立了数学预测模型,模型历史拟合准确率为95．2％。利用该预测模式在2006年和2007年对商丘市白粉病发病面积进行预测,预报精度分别为93．1％和90．2％。     

2004年夏季吉林省西部干旱成因分析

分析了2004年吉林省西部夏季气温、降水特征及干旱情况，并从大气环流、北太平洋海温、气候背景等方面对少雨干旱气候的影响进行了分析，分析结果表明，前期冬季11-1月的高空大气环流、前一年春季北太平洋暖池区海温的异常，对吉林省西部夏季旱涝趋势预测具有重要的指示意义。     

植被对云南气候要素影响的敏感性试验

利用MM5模式对云南两个具有代表性的强降水过程进行高分辨率模拟,通过下垫面植被的敏感性试验,考察云南气候要素(降水、温度、湿度、风等)对下垫面植被状况的敏感性,从而达到了解自然环境及人类活动在云南天气、气候及气候变化中的作用与影响,以期提高对未来天气、气候变化、环境变化及其对人类社会发展影响的预测和评估能力。试验结果表明,下垫面植被状况的改变对云南气候要素值的影响非常明显,这种影响一般在近地面至700 hPa之间;下垫面植被覆盖率的锐减,使云南降水范围、降水量、空气湿度急剧减小,温度、风力、蒸发能力、干旱指数迅速增大,加剧了云南的干旱化和沙漠化,最终将导致云南的天气气候和环境生态系统偏离本来的平衡状态和演变过程。但下垫面植被状况的改变对降水中心、冷(暖)中心、干(湿)中心位置影响不大。     

Scenario Analysis on the Adaptation of Different Maize Varieties to Future Climate Change in Northeast China

Based on gridded meteorological data for the period 1981–2100 from the RegCM3 regional model, the changing trends of climatic resources in Northeast China are analyzed, and the distributions of maize varieties are accordingly adjusted. In order to explore the effects of different adaptation countermeasures on climatic productivity and meteorological suitability in the future, maize cultivars with resistance to high temperatures and/or drought are selected. The results show that, in the future, there is likely to be a significant increase in thermal resources, and potential atmospheric evaporation will increase correspondingly.Meanwhile, radiation is predicted to increase significantly during 2041–2070 in the growing season. However, changes in precipitation are unlikely to be sufficient enough to offset the intensification in atmospheric evaporation caused by the temperature increase. Water resources and high temperatures are found to be the two major factors constraining grain yield. The results also show that the warming climate will be favorable for maize production where thermal resources are already limited, such as in central and northern Heilongjiang Province and eastern Jilin Province; while in areas that are already relatively warm, such as Liaoning Province, climatic productivity will be reduced. The climatic productivity and the meteorological suitability of maize are found to improve when the planting of resistant varieties is modeled. The utilization of agricultural climatic resources through the adaptation countermeasures of maize varieties is to increase obviously with time. Specifically, maize with drought-resistant properties will have a marked influence on meteorological suitability during 2011–2070, with suitable areas expanding. During 2071–2100, those maize varieties with their upper limit of optimum temperature and maximum temperature increased by 2℃, or water requirement reduced to 94%, or upper limit of optimum temperature and maximum temperature increased by 1℃ and water requirement reduced to 98%, all exhibit significant differences in climatic potential productivity, compared to the present-day varieties. The meteorological suitability of maize is predicted to increase in some parts of Heilongjiang Provine, with the eastern boundary of the "unavailable" area shifting westward.     

对流参数气候特征在短期预报中的应用

利用对流参数气候特征,可以判断对流天气出现的可能性,进而提高预报时效。以2004年和2005年6－8月石家庄17个地面站观测资料和邢台站高空探测资料为例,计算了对流有效位能（CAPE）、沙氏指数（SI）、K指数（KI）和对流性稳定度指数（IC）等对流参数的气候平均值（气候特征）,求取雷暴日和强雷暴日各对流参数的平均值。结果表明：不同的月份与不同强度对流天气的气候特征有明显差别。计算了2006年7月逐日4个时次的对流参数,并分析这些参数和石家庄天气的关系表明：CAPE和SI能够较好的反映出强对流的一些特征;02时和14时加密探空资料弥补了08时和20时时间间隔较长的缺陷,对提高对流天气的短期和短时预报水平,有着十分重要的意义。     

气候变化对四川盆地作物生产潜力的影响评估

计算了四川盆地作物的光合生产潜力、光温生产潜力和气候生产潜力,选择代表站点分析了主要气象因子的变化特征及其对生产潜力的影响。结果表明,四川盆地日照时数和降水量在减少,气温在升高,日照时数和降水量的减少使生产潜力降低,而气温升高具有增加作用;各类生产潜力在1970 s都属于高值时期,光温生产潜力在2006年达到另一个高值;近十年各类生产潜力平均值均较1970 s有所减少,盆地平均气温升高1℃,光温生产潜力增加6%,降水量减少10%,气候生产潜力减少1.6%。      

Taking the Pulse of Mountains: Ecosystem Responses to Climatic Variability

An integrated program of ecosystem modeling and field studies in the mountains of the Pacific Northwest (U.S.A.) has quantified many of the ecological processes affected by climatic variability. Paleoecological and contemporary ecological data in forest ecosystems provided model parameterization and validation at broad spatial and temporal scales for tree growth, tree regeneration and treeline movement. For subalpine tree species, winter precipitation has a strong negative correlation with growth; this relationship is stronger at higher elevations and west-side sites (which have more precipitation). Temperature affects tree growth at some locations with respect to length of growing season (spring) and severity of drought at drier sites (summer). Furthermore, variable but predictable climate-growth relationships across elevation gradients suggest that tree species respond differently to climate at different locations, making a uniform response of these species to future climatic change unlikely. Multi-decadal variability in climate also affects ecosystem processes. Mountain hemlock growth at high-elevation sites is negatively correlated with winter snow depth and positively correlated with the winter Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) index. At low elevations, the reverse is true. Glacier mass balance and fire severity are also linked to PDO. Rapid establishment of trees in subalpine ecosystems during this century is increasing forest cover and reducing meadow cover at many subalpine locations in the western U.S.A. and precipitation (snow depth) is a critical variable regulating conifer expansion. Lastly, modeling potential future ecosystem conditions suggests that increased climatic variability will result in increasing forest fire size and frequency, and reduced net primary productivity in drier, east-side forest ecosystems. As additional empirical data and modeling output become available, we will improve our ability to predict the effects of climatic change across a broad range of climates and mountain ecosystems in the northwestern U.S.A.     

开发利用气候资源与可持续发展

阐述了气候资源与可持续发展之间的关系,分析了合理开发利用气候资源的主要领域和前景,并初步提出了开发利用气候资源的对策建议,揭示了随着经济的发展、社会的进步和可持续发展战略的不断深入,气候资源的开发利用将会越来越重要。     

气候序列的层次结构

一个气候时间序列含有多个时间尺度 ,形成不同尺度的气候层次。气候是冷还是暖是随着尺度而变化的。文中用北半球地表月平均气温气候资料的子波变换分析表明 :气候突变点既随尺度有规律的变化 ,也具有随尺度变化而不变的性质 ,即标度不变性。不论什么尺度 ,气候总是有冷暖之分 ,这种自相似性可以帮助笔者从气候资料的子波变换中建立一个一维映射动力系统 ,它反映出气候突变时间的演变规律和气候的层次结构。     

Past,present and future climatic forcing due to greenhouse gases

An advanced one-dimensional radiative-convective model (RCM) is used to estimate the past, present and fu-ture climatic forcings induced by greenhouse gases of anthropogenic origin, such as CO2, CH4, N2O and CFCs, in this paper. The results show that the decadal climatic forcing for the last decade is one-order bigger than that prior to the year 1900, and in the case of no control on the emission of the greenhouse gases the climatic forcing for the year 2100 will be almost 4 times as much as now.     

THE CLIMATIC JUMP OF THE WESTERN PACIFIC WARM POOL AND ITS CLIMATIC EFFECTS

1INTRODUCTIONTropicalwesternPacificOceanisanareathathasthehighestoceantemperatureacrosstheglobe.Asmostofthewarmwaterconcentratesintheregion,itisknownasthe搘esternPacificwarmpool?Asshowninsomestudies[1-5],thegeneralcirculationandshort-termclimaticchangeswillbeseriouslyaffectedifthermodynamicconditionchangesinthewaters,whichthenhaveanimportantroletoplayintheonsetofanyENSOepisodes.Therehasnotbeenanyunifieddefinitionoftheindexforthewarmpool.FollowingthecriterionofWyrtki[4],however,theareae…     

The taiga tick Ixodes persulcatus: Propagation under climate change conditions in the 21st century

The contemporary climatic habitat of the taiga tick, the dangerous carrier of tick-borne encephalitis and Lyme disease, is computed using the model. The expected climate changes will cause the reduction of the climatic habitat of Ixodes persulcatus in its western part and the expansion in the northern and eastern directions. By the late 21st century, this species can inhabit almost the whole north of the European part of Russia and the most part of Siberia up to 70° N. At the same time, I. persulcatus will disappear from Baltic countries, Belarus, the northern part of Ukraine, and the western areas of Russia. The RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios till 2040 suggest climate changes that will affect the location of climatic habitat approximately at the same scale. The differences will start being manifested in 2041–2060 and will become the most pronounced in the last 20 years of the 21st century. Expected climate changes will favor the significant expansion of the climatic habitat of the taiga tick in the 21st century and the potential formation of the zones of tick-borne encephalitis and Lyme disease in the regions, where these diseases are not currently observed.