A treatment of the phase properties of GTEM to open-area test-sitecorrelation techniques

The gigahertz transverse electromagnetic (GTEM) cell is a very attractive environment for the measurement of radiated emissions from electrically small equipment under test (EUTs). However, the GTEM is only accepted by the relevant measurement standards as long as the measurements in a GTEM can be used to predict the field that a particular EUT would produce on an open-area test site (OATS). Techniques for predicting equivalent OATS radiated fields from measurements in a GTEM have been developed. The techniques include the assumption that the dipole moments, which represent the radiation of an EUT, are all in phase. We analyze the case where the EUT dipole moments are not in phase and propose a new upper limit for the predicted OATS radiated field. Our new limit is up to 5 dB greater than the maximum predicted by the existing techniques, but over most of the frequency range the difference with the existing technique is about 3 dB     

GTEM室与开阔场的辐射测量之间关系研究

该文详细推导了用电、磁偶极矩展开表示的电小尺寸辐射体在 GTEM室的辐射功率与开阔场中辐射场之间的理论关系,修正了 Lee理论中相应公式,并将理论结果与标准单极子辐射源实验结果进行了比较。结果表明两者符合的很好。这说明 GTEM室和开阔场辐射测量具有密切的相关性。对于电小尺寸的辐射体,GTEM室不仅可以用于 EMS测试,也可用于做 EMI测试。     

用GTEM室做EMI测试的电小尺寸概念

目前用GTEM室做辐射EMI测试的方法仅适用于电小尺寸辐射体,如何正确理解这个电小尺寸的概念是实用中很重要的问题,文章通过数学推导进一步明确了这个条件。     

GTEM室测试转台自控系统的设计

结合GTEM室内测试转台的结构,采用单片机AT89S51作为控制芯片,设计了转台自控系统来控制转台的准确运行和精确定位。待测设备能借助该转台自动精确地翻转到IEC 61000—4—20中规定的测试位置。     

On the Interplay Between the Equipment Under Test and TEM Cells

In all applications of the gigahertz transverse electromagnetic (GTEM) cell, there is an interplay between the equipment under test (EUT) and the cell reflecting metal walls, as represented by images of the EUT. Moreover, owing to the multiple reflections within the cell and to its tapering structure, the phenomenon of illumination and reillumination of the EUT can hardly be avoided. These problems, known as reactive effects of the cell, are investigated in this paper. A simple new approach for an efficient investigation of the interactions between the EUT and the cell is provided. Closed-form expressions for the reflection coefficient, the relative deviation in field, and the relative error in the induced current caused by the reactive effect of the cell are derived. Each of these expressions encompasses both the mutual influence of the EUT's radar cross section (RCS) and the reactive effects of the cell. It is shown that depending on the frequency-dependent phase factor e^jpsi, strong and weak test conditions may occur since the overall incident field will exhibit maxima and minima. Hence, evidence showing that the total incident field impinging on the EUT generally deviates from the primary excited TEM field is provided. Moreover, the relative deviation in the field and the relative error in the induced current are quantified. Finally, the frequency dependence of the well-known one-third-rule of thumb is demonstrated.     

A Complete Model for Simulating Magnitude and Phase of Emissions from a DUT Placed Inside a GTEM Cell

Since the publication of IEC 61000-4-20, the gigahertz transverse electromagnetic (GTEM) cell has gained popularity in radiated emission and immunity electromagnetic compatibility tests. Various numerical methods such as finite-difference time-domain, finite element method, and method of moments have been used to model the GTEM cell in the pursuit of getting to know the characteristic of the GTEM cell with varying degrees of verification. In this paper, the time-domain transmission line model will be used to model the GTEM cell. The advantages of this method include high accuracy and the ability to model different materials. Thus, the GTEM is realistically modeled including radio absorbing material (RAM) and lumped terminations. In addition, the model of a realistic device under test (DUT) was also included in the GTEM model. The DUT consists of a standard sized box with an aperture, placed in different orientations inside the GTEM for power and phase measurements. The particular features of this paper are: 1) the inclusion of a realistic numerical model of RAM, 2) the inclusion of a realistic DUT model, 3) systematic verification of the model against measurements, and 4) the method of phase measurement in a GTEM cell. Good agreement between the experimental results and simulations is obtained.     

Calculable field generation using TEM cells applied to thecalibration of a novel E-field probe

This paper examines the calculable generation of electromagnetic fields for calibration purposes using TEM cells. In order to enlarge the bandwidth the use of a circular coaxial calibration cell (C³ cell) is proposed. Based on generalized telegraphist's equations the field is calculated. Results are compared with other common TEM cells (Crawford (1974) cell, GTEM cell). For field measurements a new isotropic field probe is considered. The proposed probe uses only one electrically short dipole with a diode detector and enables the measurement of both the magnitude and the polarization direction of an electromagnetic field. The manufactured probe was calibrated utilizing the C³ cell     

Correlation Between EUT Failure Levels and ESD Generator Parameters

Some system-level electrostatic discharge (ESD) tests repeat badly if different ESD generators are used. For improving repeatability, ESD generator specifications have been changed, and modified generators have been compared in a worldwide round robin test. The test showed up to 1 : 3 variations of failure levels. Multiple parameters that characterize ESD generators have been measured. This paper correlates the parameters to test result variations trying to distinguish between important and nonrelevant parameters. The transient fields show large variations among different ESD generators. A correlation has been observed in many equipment under tests (EUTs) between failure levels and the spectral content of the voltage induced in a semicircular loop. EUT resonance enhances the field coupling, and is the dominate failure mechanism. The regulation on the transient field is expected to improve the test repeatability.      

GTEM cell facility use during project development phases for automotive

The purpose of this paper is to present the results obtained with a gigahertz transverse electromagnetic mode (GTEM) cell for each phase of the project development, which consists of measuring and quantifying the integrated circuit's emissions and immunity compliance with automotive standards. These standards are defined using half anechoic chambers (HAC). Studies have already been conducted to compare trans electromagnetic (TEM) cell and HAC, or far-field emissions, and the test results show a limited correlation between TEM cells and the free space field or HAC. In this paper, it is shown that the correlation between the measurements made in a GTEM cell and HAC can be good enough in allowing us to use the GTEM facility during the research and development (R&D) phase (considering the facts that the HAC facility is often quite overloaded and of a high cost), that knowledge of the electromagnetic compatibility behavior of the integrated circuit is important for predicting the whole system's results as well as how to use an integrated circuit electromagnetic model to make the prediction of emissions.     

TEM传输室置入金属EUT后场分布的边界元分析

横电磁波传输室广泛应用于电磁兼容试验中，当置入受试设备后，其中的场分布会发生扰动。本文采用边界元法分析了横电磁波传输室中置入金属箱体的受试设备后场分布的规律，对受试设备所受暴露场的场强进行了计算，并提出了具体的估算方法。对空载时横电磁波传输室的场分布进行了测量，测量结果证实了计算方法的正确性。     

Multisensor data fusion for surface land-mine detection

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves have been used to examine a novel target recognition system using a number of knowledge-based techniques to automatically detect surface land mines that are present in 30 sets of thermal and multispectral images. A summary of the results, graphed at a probability of detection greater than or equal to 96%, shows the false-alarm rates (FARs) obtained using various combinations of fusing sensors and neural classifiers averaged over the 30 images. The results show that using two neural-network classifiers on the input textural and spectral characteristics of selected multispectral bands, we obtained FARs of approximately 3%. Using polarization-resolved images only, we obtained FARs of 1.15%. Fusing the best classifier output with the polarization-resolved images, we obtained FARs as low as 0.023%. This result has shown the large improvement gained in the sensor fusion. Also, an improvement is shown by comparing these results with those reported in an existing commercial system     

RESEARCH ON INPUT IMPEDANCE OF DIPOLE ANTENNA IN GTEM CELL

The formula of input impedance of dipole antenna in Gigahertz Transverse ElectroMagnetic （GTEM） cell based on the dyadic Green＇s function is first obtained in this paper. The validation of the formula is verified by the results of theoretical derivation and simulation with well agreements. In comparison with the formula of input impedance in free space, the relationship between the change of input impedance with the length of antenna and the position of antenna in GTEM cell is obtained. In addition, some meaningful conclusions are presented, which not only can be referred by the further research of ElectroMagnetic Interference （EMI） measurements in GTEM cell, but also provide the theoretical basis for testing compensation and error analysis.     

FDTD analysis of a gigahertz TEM cell for ultra-wideband pulse exposure studies of biological specimens

Gigahertz transverse electromagnetic (GTEM) transmission cells have been previously used to experimentally study exposure of biological cells to ultra-wideband (UWB), monopolar, electromagnetic pulses. Using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations we examine the time-dependent electric field waveforms and energy dose spatial distributions within a finite volume of biological cell culture medium during these experiments. The simulations show that when one or more flasks containing cell culture media are placed inside the GTEM cell, the uniform fields of the empty GTEM cell are significantly perturbed. The fields inside the cell culture medium, representing the fields to which the biological cells are exposed, are no longer monopolar and are spatially highly nonuniform. These effects result from a combination of refraction and distortion of the incident wave, combined with excitation of resonant eigenmodes within the cell culture medium volume. The simulations show that these distortions of the incident waveform may be mitigated by supporting the sample on a high permittivity pedestal and modifying the incident waveform to more closely approximate a Gaussian pulse. Under all simulated conditions, the estimated maximum temperature rises are completely negligible, ensuring that any experimentally observed unusual cell function or histopathology can be associated with nonthermal effects.     

吉赫横电磁波传输室传输特性的宽频带分析

吉赫横电磁波传输室(GTEMcell)上限工作频率可达几个吉赫,因而在电磁兼容测量中得到越来越广泛的重视和应用。本文在非正交坐标系下采用FDTD(时域有限差分)法求解电磁波在GTEMcell中的传输特性,给出了GTEMcell中TEM模的横向分布和纵向分布,分析了高阶模对场分布均匀性的影响,由此确定了GTEMcell的上限工作频率范围。计算及分析结果对GTEMcell的设计和使用具有重要意义。     

在GTEM小室中测试UHF RFID标签的Delta RCS

该文提出了一种使用吉赫兹横电磁波传输(GTEM)小室进行被动式超高频射频识别(UHF RFID)标签Delta Radar Cross Section (RCS)测试的方法。通过理论分析RFID标签工作时的等效电路及其散射特性,推导出GTEM小室中和自由空间中UHF RFID标签Delta RCS测试的等效性。并通过GTEM小室和全电波暗室的对比实验,验证了使用GTEM小室进行UHF RFID标签Delta RCS测试的可行性及实用性。     

On the use of 3-D TEM cells for total radiated power measurements

Three-dimensional (3-D) TEM cells offer new issues in EMC immunity and emission testing, where the question of orienting the object under test is no longer raised. This paper starts by presenting the general concept of 3-D TEM cells and hybrid chambers followed by one of the first applications in measuring the total radiated power of devices under test. After a short background on emission measurements in TEM and GTEM cells, the second part of this paper considers a practical industrial case where the total radiated power of an electronic equipment is measured in a 3-D TEM prototype cell, and the results compared to those of TEM and GTEM cells. Finally, the repeatability and reproducibility between TEM, GTEM and 3-D TEM cells is studied and discussed     

近场辐射电磁干扰模态测试系统设计

提出近场辐射电磁干扰模态测试方法,设计近场模态检验测试系统,采用近场电磁场头对待测设备进行扫描式测量,获得待测设备的近场电磁场分布情况,并根据测得电磁场强度大小可分析得到待测设备的辐射EMI模态。实验结果表明,该方法可对电子电路的近场辐射EMI模态进行有效识别和检验,分别得到近场辐射共模噪声和差模噪声EMI模态,为辐射电磁干扰噪声的抑制提供有益参考。     

On the Measurement of Total Radiated Power in Uncalibrated Reverberation Chambers

A novel experimental procedure to measure the total radiated power of an equipment under test (EUT) placed in a reverberation chamber (RC) is presented. In contrast to the well-established method of the IEC 61000-4-21, this new procedure does not rely on information obtained during the empty chamber calibration or the calibration with the EUT in place. Thus, the method is simpler, faster, and may have a smaller uncertainty budget.     

An Advanced Correlation Algorithm between GTEM and OATS for Radiated Emission Tests

This paper proposes an algorithm to improve the correlation between giga-hertz transverse electromagnetic (GTEM) cell and open area test site (OATS). It is based on the dipole modeling process of an unknown source object in a GTEM cell and on the evaluation of the approximate far field equations correlated with measured GTEM powers at output port of the GTEM cell. In this algorithm, the relative phase differences between dipole moments play an important part in modeling the test object as a set of dipoles and offer stable calculation of emission values. The radiated emission test using this algorithm requires fifteen orientations of equipment under test, but the increased orientations as compared with the previous method have little effect on the time needed for testing. Radiation from a notebook computer has been tested for statistical analysis of the correlation between GTEM data and OATS data. The emission test results of the notebook computer show that the mean, the standard deviation, and the correlation coefficient are ?0.62, 1.99, and +0.85, respectively. These figures indicate that this algorithm provides improved accuracy in the measurement of electromagnetic emissions over the previous method.     

加载横电磁传输室中的电场分布计算

用“准静脉法”研究了当工作频率远低于截止频率时,放置于横电磁传输室中的被测物体中的电场分布。文中使用的是有限差分法,给出了在三维空间中不同介质交界面上拉普拉斯方程的差分格式。计算结果表明当把ＥＴＵ放入ＴＥＭＣｅｌｌ的中心时,ＥＵＴ横截面上的电场分布是均匀的。