土地管理对植被变绿的潜在贡献——以中国东北农业区为例

植被变绿现象一般指绿度指标统计上呈现年际增加趋势。大尺度植被变绿现象及其归因与影响研究广泛开展中。其中,量化各种驱动因素的贡献仍然十分困难,特别是土地管理影响的研究尚显不足。选择了中国农业分布最广泛的东北农业区,尝试从植被变绿的年际变化和季节特征对土地管理因素的潜在贡献进行了推断分析,并选择增强植被指数EVI作为指标。在2000—2019年期间,EVI在农田和自然植被(林地和草地)的变化趋势分别为2.19×10^-3/a(P<0.05)和1.86×10^-3/a(P<0.05)(1.83×10^-3/a(P<0.05)和1.94×10^-3/a(P<0.05)),即处于相同量级。但是,农田EVI的增长主要集中在6—9月,增长率为4.99×10^-3/a(P<0.05),而同期自然植被的增长速率仅为2.30×10^-3/a(P<0.05)(林地和草地分别为1.79×10^-3/a(P<0.05)和3.71×1...     

1980—2019年南太行地区气候变化趋势

南太行地区是我国黄河重点生态区的重要组成部分,研究该区域气候变化趋势对我国黄河流域生态安全维护、重大生态工程计划决策具有重要意义。本研究以南太行地区济源市为研究区,基于1980—2019年气象资料,分析了该地区气候变化趋势。结果表明: 研究期间,济源气候变化整体趋于暖湿化,气温和降水量的变化率分别为0.48 ℃·(10 a)^-1、14.21 mm·(10 a)^-1。春、夏季增温高于秋、冬季,春季气候变化趋势为暖干化,夏、秋、冬季趋于暖湿化。潜在蒸散和干燥度分别为增加和下降趋势,均值分别为748 mm、1.36。≥10 ℃初、终日每10年分别提前3 d、延迟1 d,≥10 ℃有效积温、≥10 ℃持续日数和高温日数的变化趋势分别为116.57 ℃·(10 a)^-1、4 d·(10 a)^-1和5 d·(10 a)^-1。20世纪90年代是研究期间济源最干旱的10年,升温最快,有一半年份表现出半干旱区气候特征。2010—2019年,济源气候暖湿化趋势明显加快,为研究期间最暖最湿润的10年,这10年的≥10 ℃持续日数增长28 d,有效积温增加389.36 ℃,高温天气发生频率和强度明显增加。     

东北三省水稻生长季农业气候资源及障碍型冷害的时空特征

基于东北三省1981—2017年逐日地面观测资料和农业气象观测站水稻生育期资料,结合水稻障碍型冷害指标,分析东北三省水稻生长季特别是孕穗-开花期光、温、降水资源以及障碍型冷害的时空分布特征。结果表明: 1981—2017年,东北三省水稻生长季农业气候资源呈暖干变暗趋势,≥10 ℃活动积温和日照时数增幅分别为73.5 ℃·d·(10 a)^-1和17.7 h·(10 a)^-1,降水量减幅为8.9 mm·(10 a)^-1。水稻孕穗期,农业气候资源呈暖干变暗趋势,日平均温度升幅为0.27 ℃·(10 a)^-1,日照时数和降水量降幅分别为2.06 h·(10 a)^-1和1.90 mm·(10 a)^-1;水稻开花期,农业气候资源呈暖湿变暗趋势,日平均温度增幅为0.12 ℃·(10 a)^-1,日照时数减幅为0.83 h·(10 a)^-1,与孕穗期相反,水稻开花期降水量呈增加趋势,增幅为1.35 mm·(10 a)^-1。气候变暖背景下,水稻障碍型冷害发生频率和强度在大部分地区呈减少趋势,发生频率和强度存在显著的年代际变化特征。研究期间,黑龙江省孕穗开花期发生障碍型冷害次数最多,强度最高,吉林省次之,辽宁省最少。     

黄河口湿地生态需水量估算

黄河口拥有中国暖温带面积最广阔、自然属性最显著、结构最完整的滨海湿地生态系统,因处在河-海-陆交汇的复杂界面,湿地生态系统十分脆弱。满足生态需水是维持湿地生态系统健康的基础和关键,但以往估算缺乏系统综合性视角且存在时间尺度较粗的问题。从维持湿地面积、保护生物多样性及稳定生态系统功能和过程3个目标出发,构建了包含5项指标的湿地生态需水指标体系,对湿地3个等级、3个时段生态需水进行了估算,并据此判断了2000年至2019年黄河口湿地在极端丰水年及枯水年生态需水的满足状况,结果表明：黄河口湿地全年的最小、适宜、最大生态需水量分别为13.33×10⁸ m³、22.33×10⁸ m³、35.31×10⁸ m³;4—6月、7—10月、11—3月的适宜生态需水量分别为6.76×10⁸ m³、10.10×10⁸ m³、5.47×10⁸ m³;...     

长白山生态功能区气候变化特征

为探究长白山生态功能区气候变化特征,本研究利用区域内及周边36个气象站数据与CN05.1格点数据集,采用线性倾向估计法、Mann-Kendall突变检验、累积距平法、Morlet小波分析等方法研究1961—2016年长白山生态功能区内温度(平均气温、四季气温、极端气温)、水分(年降水量、四季降水量、降水日数、相对湿度)、光照(日照时数与日照百分率)和风速因子的时空变化规律.结果表明: 1961—2016年,长白山生态功能区气温升高、日照减少、风速减弱、降水量周期振荡变化.其中,冬季气温[0.45 ℃·(10 a)^-1]与最低温度[0.74 ℃·(10 a)^-1]大幅上升.年平均风速显著降低[-0.21 m·s^-1·(10 a)^-1]但并未发生气候突变.年降水日数大幅降低[-7.01 d·(10 a)^-1],使其与东北地区气候变化特点有所不同.虽然功能区内年降水量倾向率为16.06 mm·(10 a)^-1,但不能以简单的趋势增加或减少来描述降水量变化特征,功能区内降水量变化以26年长周期叠加3年的短周期为主.研究结果对区域生态评估、生态系统响应气候变化、物候变化等研究具有指示意义.     

1982—2015年青藏高原植被变化的主导环境因子

近几十年中随着全球气候环境变化,青藏高原处于变暖变湿过程之中,植被生长发生了显著变化。基于卫星遥感归一化植被指数(NDVI),采用增强回归树模型(BRT)定量分析了1982—2015年影响青藏高原植被生长变化的主要环境因子的相对重要性。结果表明：(1)整个青藏高原生长季(6—9月份)空间平均NDVI和降水呈上升趋势(1.265×10^-4 a^-1和0.746 mm/a,P>0.05);温度和土壤湿度呈现显著增加趋势(0.048℃/a和3.954×10^-4 a^-1,P<0.01);向下短波辐射显著减小(-0.070 W m^-2 a^-1,P<0.01)。(2)青藏高原34.0%地区NDVI表现出显著增加趋势,主要分布在青藏高原北部大部分地区和西部部分区域;9.2%地区NDVI呈显著减小趋势,主要位于青藏高原东部地区。(3)土壤湿度、年均温、年降水和向下短波辐射分别解释了生长季NDVI变化的42%,19%,10%和9%。(4)土壤湿度、年均温、年...     

黄土高原神府资源开采区生态环境质量时空格局特征

煤炭的开采促进了地区经济发展,同时也影响了当地的生态环境。因资源开采区在监测研究中常忽视了生态环境质量的长时间影响和时空变化。以神府开采区为例,基于Landsat系列遥感数据,使用遥感生态指数、Mann-Kendall检验法、R/S分析法等,对该区2000—2020年间生态环境质量时空格局特征进行时间序列分析和空间格局特征研究。结果表明：研究区域20年的RSEI均值为0.469,生态环境质量多年平均属于中等等级。2000—2020年间神府矿区生态环境质量总体上看有所改善,20年前后波动变化维持在0.523;同时建设用地也不断增加,从107.09km²增加至273.53km²。变化趋势上生态环境质量趋势变优、不显著和变差的面积比例分别约为56.1%、16.3%和27.6%。研究区生态环境可持续性整体上不强,大量区域显示反持续性特征。资源开采活动引发的地质环境问题致使生态环境退化,表现为直接影响区生态环境质量低于间接影响区,平均低2.68%。研究揭示了矿区长时间序列的变化状况与未来变化趋势及可持续性特征,探讨工矿业对生态环境质量的影响,为神府矿区...     

中老铁路经济廊带生态质量及其与人类活动的关系

区域生态质量很大程度上受人类活动强度影响,制约着区域经济可持续发展。以中老铁路经济廊带为对象,重点研究区内人类活动强度对区域生态环境的影响。选取1999、2009、2019年遥感影像计算遥感生态指数(RSEI),采用空间自相关及局域G统计量探测研究区生态质量的时空演变规律,并结合同期人口密度构建地理加权回归模型,定量分析区内人类活动强度引起的生态效应。研究表明: 1999—2019年,区内生态质量经历了先升后降的变化,RSEI均值由1999年的0.645升为2009年的0.738,随后又降为2019年的0.721,中部地区生态质量波动较大;基于地理加权回归模型(GWR)拟合人口密度与生态质量的效果明显好于最小二乘法,基于GWR的不同时期R²均高于0.7且拟合效果稳定,2019年拟合度最好(R²为0.785),1999、2009年R²分别为0.726、0.754;中老铁路沿线南部万象一带的生态质量对人类活动较敏感,以中度敏感区为主。对高、中、低度敏感区而言,人口密度每增长10、100、1000倍将相应导致RSEI均值降低0.2、0.4、0.6。经济廊带发展会导致人口密度增加,在规划布局过程中应控制人类活动,防止潜在敏感区及现有敏感区生态质量进一步恶化。     

气候变化背景下甘肃农牧交错带玉米气候生产潜力和资源利用效率变化特征

为评估辐射、积温、降水和气候资源变化对甘肃农牧交错带玉米气候资源利用效率的影响,基于研究区45个气象站点1971—2020年玉米生育期内气象资料,结合玉米生育期数据,利用作物生产潜力逐级订正模型和指数化处理方法对研究区玉米气候生产潜力损失率以及光能、热量、降水和气候资源综合利用效率的变化特征进行分析。结果表明: 研究期间,甘肃农牧交错带玉米生育期内太阳总辐射量以-22.03 MJ·m^-2·(10 a)^-1的速率呈波动下降趋势,≥11 ℃积温以60.89 ℃·(10 a)^-1的速率呈显著上升趋势,降水量以2.05 mm·(10 a)^-1的速率呈缓慢上升趋势。甘南地区和陇中北部地区分别因温度和降水限制导致玉米气候生产潜力损失率较高,陇东大部分地区玉米气候生产潜力损失率较低;除中部地区和陇东部分地区外,研究区其他地区因温度和降水限制导致的气候生产潜力损失率分别以-2.0%·(10 a)^-1和-0.6%·(10 a)^-1的速率呈下降趋势。陇中北部、南部以及甘南部分地区为光能和热量资源利用效率的低值区,甘南地区为降水资源利用效率的低值区,兰州市和白银市气候资源综合利用效率较低,分别为0.41和0.47;陇东地区最适宜玉米种植,该地区4种气候资源利用效率均最高,然后依次为甘南和陇中地区;研究区光能、热量、降水以及气候资源综合利用效率的平均倾向率均呈上升趋势,分别为0.1%·(10 a)^-1、0.07 kg·hm^-2·℃^-1·d^-1·(10 a)^-1、1.17 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1·(10 a)^-1和0.05 ·(10 a)^-1,表现出玉米增产的良好潜力。     

气候变化和人类活动对祁连山国家公园植被净初级生产力的定量影响

祁连山国家公园作为西北地区重要的生态安全屏障和水源涵养地，研究其植被变化对西北地区的生态安全具有重要意义。基于2000—2019年祁连山国家公园的MOD17A3遥感数据，利用一元线性回归、偏相关分析、多元线性回归和残差分析等方法，分析了祁连山国家公园植被净初级生产力(NPP)的时空态势及其与降水、气温和人类活动的相关性，在此基础上量化气候变化和人类活动对植被NPP的影响。结果表明：(1)2000—2019年祁连山国家公园植被NPP整体呈波动上升趋势，且空间上呈东高西低的分布格局，其多年平均值为113.14 g C m^-2 a^-1,年均增长量达1.41 g C m^-2 a^-1;(2)植被NPP与降水、气温均呈正相关，其中降水对植被NPP影响更为显著；(3)人类活动区植被NPP总体呈增加趋势，与2016年相比，2019年人类活动区植被NPP增加的面积占87%,植被NPP降低的面积占13%;(4)在植被恢复区，气候变化和人类活动对植被恢复分别解释了92%和8%;在植被退化区，气候变化和人类活动对植被退化分...     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

人血管能抑素基因的克隆、表达及其表达产物的纯化和生物活性测定

以人胎盘脐带组织为材料,提取组织总RNA,用netRTPCR方法合成人血管能抑素cDNA基因,将该cDNA克隆进pSP72载体获得重组质粒pSP72C, DNA序列分析结果与预期序列一致。用BamHⅠ和NdeⅠ双酶切,切下pSP72C上的血管能抑素cDNA,插入pET3c载体的相应位点获得重组表达质粒pETC, 转化E. coli BL21(DE3), SDSPAGE分析显示：在IPTG诱导下,血管能抑素基因获得了高效表达,表达量约占菌体总蛋白的 27.9 %,主要以包涵体形式存在。包涵体经过洗涤、裂解、蛋白复性以及Sephadex G75凝胶过滤层析等步骤后,获得了纯度达91.4 %的人血管能抑素。CAM实验证明10 μg纯化蛋白就能显著抑制鸡胚新生血管生成。     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Vascular volumes and hematology in male and female runners and cyclists

To examine the hypothesis that foot-strike hemolysis alters vascular volumes and selected hematological properties is trained athletes, we have measured total blood volume (TBV), red cell volume (RCV) and plasma volume (PV) in cyclists (n = 21) and runners (n = 17) and compared them to those of untrained controls (n = 20). TBV (ml x kg(-1)) was calculated as the sum of RCV (ml x kg(-1)) and PV (ml x kg(-1)) obtained using 51Cr and 125I-labelled albumin, respectively. Hematological assessment was carried out using a Coulter counter. Peak aerobic power (VO2peak) was measured during progressive exercise to fatigue using both cycle and treadmill ergometry. RCV was 15% higher (P < 0.05) in male cyclists [35.4 (1.0), mean (SE); n = 12] and runners [35.3 (0.98); n = 9] compared to the controls [30.7 (0.92); n = 12]. Similar differences existed between the female cyclists [28.2 (2.1); n = 9] and runners [28.4 (1.0); n = 8] compared to the untrained controls [24.9 (1.4); n = 8]. For the male athletes, PV was between 19% (cyclists) and 28% (runners) higher (P < 0.05) in the trained athletes compared to the untrained controls. The differences in PV between the female groups were not significant. Although the males had a higher (P < 0.05) TBV, RCV and PV than the females, no differences between cyclists and runners were found for either gender. Mean cell volume was not different between the athletic groups. VO2peak (ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)) was higher (P < 0.05) in both male [68.4 (1.5)] and female [54.8 (2.1)] runners when compared to the untrained males [47.1 (1.0)] and females [40.5 (2.1)]. Although differences existed between the genders in VO2peak for both cyclists and runners, no differences were found between the athletic groups within a gender. Since the vascular volumes were not different between cyclists and runners for either the males or females, foot-strike hemolysis would not appear to have an effect on that parameter. The significant correlations (P < 0.05) found between VO2peak and RCV (r = 0.64 and 0.64) and TBV (r = 0.82 and 0.63) for the males and females, respectively, suggests a role for the vascular system in realizing a high aerobic power.