基于生命表技术的胭脂虫适生性研究

运用生命表技术,结合采样测定,对胭脂虫在干热河谷区、南亚热带区及中亚热带区的代表点上的生长情况进行了研究。结果表明：南亚热带地区胭脂虫雌成虫虫体较大,怀卵量较多,质量较大,种群趋势指数最大,为最适生区域;中亚热带区域胭脂虫最大,怀卵量最多,质量最大,但种群趋势指数小,世代历期长,年世代数少,为次适生区域;干热河谷区培育的胭脂虫雌成虫虫体小,怀卵量少,质量小,种群趋势指数较小,为适生区域;在各气候条件下,影响胭脂虫种群数量变动的主导因素为卵的孵化率及1龄若虫或2龄若虫期的强降雨。各试验点均未发现大量胭脂虫天敌。     

世界胭脂虫的研究和利用概况

对胭脂虫的分类学、生物学特性、生态学、培育及加工利用等方面近30 a的研究成果进行了概述.胭脂虫共有9种,其中具重要经济价值的为Dactylopius coccus Costa;发育起点温度为16.7 ℃,近30 ℃时发育最快,其发育、存活及繁殖的理想温度为26 30 ℃,在胭脂虫培育地区,降水是影响胭脂虫自然种群数量的主要因素;用胭脂虫干体加工生产的胭脂红色素广泛地应用于食品、化妆品、制药业.胭脂虫的寄主仙人掌也具有很高的利用价值,可果用、菜用、药用及作为牲畜饲料.秘鲁为胭脂虫的主产国,现采用大棚培育胭脂虫的方法.本文同时展望了胭脂虫生产的发展前景.     

世界胭脂虫的研究和利用概况

对胭脂虫的分类学、生物学特性、生态学、培育及加工利用等方面近30a的研究成果进行了概述。胭脂虫共有9种,其中具重要经济价值的为Dactylopius coccus Costa;发育起点温度为16.7℃,近30℃时发育最快,其发育、存活及繁殖的理想温度为26－30℃,在胭脂虫培育地区,降水是影响胭脂虫自然种群数量的主要因素;用胭脂虫干体加工生产的胭脂红色素广泛地应用于食品、化妆品、制药业。胭脂虫的寄主仙人掌也具有很高的利用价值,可果用、菜用、药用及作为牲畜饲料。秘鲁为胭脂虫的主产国,现采用大棚培育胭脂虫的方法。本文同时展望了胭脂虫生产的发展前景。     

明纹柏松毛虫在不同温度下的生长发育研究

实验测定了明纹柏松毛虫在17℃、21℃、25℃、29℃、33℃、37℃, RH 75％、光周期L：D＝16 h：8 h条件下,不同发育阶段的发育历期和速率。结果表明,（1）温度升高,明纹柏松毛虫各虫态的发育历期缩短,发育速率提高;（2）在17℃下完成整个世代需要297.8日,在33℃下完成1代则减少到122.3日。     

寄主对褐纹甘蔗象生长发育影响研究

褐纹甘蔗象Rhabdoscelus lineaticollis(Heller)是近年入侵我国的棕榈植物重要害虫和潜在的重要甘蔗害虫.文章观察了该虫幼期发育历期、存活率及成虫寿命、性比、产卵量,测定了幼虫对3种寄主植物的取食量,组建了实验种群生命表.结果表明,该虫发育历期以取食甘蔗的较长,国王椰子和大王椰子的较短,完成1个世代所需时间分别为106.6,78.8,76.5 d;成虫寿命以取食大王椰子的最短,为90.82 d;产卵量则以取食甘蔗的最少,单雌为149粒.幼虫对甘蔗、大王椰子、国王椰子的取食量分别为2.05,1.86,1.04 g,建立了取食量和幼虫龄期间关系方程.实验种群趋势指数以大王椰子最大,为37.69,国王椰子次之,为6.21,甘蔗的最小,为3.66.因此,野外大王椰子、国王椰子上该虫种群暴发潜能较大.     

粉蝶虫疫霉分生孢子的弹射模型

粉蝶虫疫霉可感染包括马尾松毛虫在内的大量农林害虫,其分生孢子可引发林间害虫种群流行病。该研究测定了温度、湿度、光照对该真菌分生孢子产量、弹射数量等的影响,高湿环境有利于分生孢子弹射,15—20℃、100%相对湿度条件下产孢量最大,25—30℃产孢高峰期出现最早。     

竹织叶野螟实验种群生命表研究

通过在28℃恒温条件下的饲养观察,组建了竹织叶野螟实验种群的特定年龄生命表和生殖力表.结果表明:竹织叶野螟各虫态的存活率变幅在64％～ 96％,其中以卵期存活率最高,三龄幼虫存活率最低,且种群存活曲线呈PriceⅣ型分布;种群趋势指数为35.62,世代平均历期为53.926 d,内禀增长能力为0.062,周限增长率为1.064.     

北京杨锉叶蜂研究*

北京杨锉叶蜂在华北地区杨树苗圃中普遍发生，严重危害黑杨派杨树。在北京地区１ａ发生８～９代，林间以个体群呈聚集分布，以老熟幼虫入土结茧越冬。孤雌生殖后代为雄虫，两性生殖为雌、雄虫。通常雄虫４龄、雌虫５龄。温度影响着北京杨锉叶蜂的羽化及孵化，是种群动态变化的决定因素。在温度适宜及食源充足的状况下，种群保持指数增长，世代差分方程中Ｒ０＝１．４。有效积温为４０００日度。利用病毒、苏云金杆菌及线虫防治，效果分别达９２．９％、１００％、８５．１％。     

应用幼虫发育指数预测马尾松毛虫种群发育动态的研究

１９８４～１９９１年在浙江省瑞安市对马尾松毛虫ＤｅｎｄｒｏｌｉｍｕｓｐｕｎｃｔａｔｕｓＷａｌｋｅｒ各世代幼虫发育指数进行野外调整记载和统计，并与≥１０℃活动积温进行回归分析，预测该虫种群动态的发生期，取得了较理想的预测效果。     

温度对抗性二点叶螨种群生命力和繁殖力影响的研究

将二点叶螨的三种性种群所产生的卵分别置于１６℃、２１℃、２６℃、３１℃、３６℃的条件下系统饲养。结果表明：温度对抗性二点叶螨的发育有明显的刺激效应,刺激效应从大到小依次为：产卵前期、卵期、幼螨期、成螨期、若螨期、产卵期,２６℃时刺激效应最低。与敏感种群相比,不同温度下的各抗性种群发育历期缩短率分别为：甲氰菊酯种群为２０．２８％、氧化乐果种群为２３．２１％、螨嗪菊酯种群为３５．６５％,各抗生种群在２６℃时的产卵期最长,产卵量最高。各抗性种群在不同温度条件下的产卵量和产卵期均低于敏感种群,表现出明显的生殖不利性。     

Simultaneous determination of Cu(II), Zn(II), Fe(II), Mn(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) with a single sweep polarography

A new method of simultaneous determining Cu(II), Zn(II), Fe(II), Mn(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) with a single sweep polarography was developed. The experiment condition was studied and the results show that the optimum base solution is that the residue got from evaporating 25 mL mixed solution, 2.5 mL 1.0 mol/L ethylenediamine, 3.0 mL 1.0 mol/L ammonia-ammonium chloride, 5.0 mL 10 % sodium sulfite and 0.5 mL 0.5 % gelatin were mixed and diluted to 25 mL with water. Under the condition of this base solution, the polarography wave shapes of the six cations are ideal and without overlap of the peaks. In this base solution, Cu(II), Zn(II), Fe(II), Mn(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) in synthetic samples were determined with relative errors 0.4–9.4% and relative standard deviations 0.8%-12.2%. Under this experiment condition, one fold of Pb(II), Cr(VI) and Mo(VI) do not interfere with the determination for Cu(II). This method has been used to the simultaneous determination of the amount of the six cations in the samples of soil and Beiqi Tea. The relative standard deviations were 0. l%-2.1% and recoveries were 93.5%-99.0 %.     

Inhibitory factors ofArgas (Argas) reflexus (Fab.) (Acari,Argasidae) larvae development

The eggs ofArgas reflexus were splashed with the LiCl and Na₂Cr₂O₇ saturated solutions on the 2nd day after laying and were kept at 25° C and 30% RH.Both examined chemical compounds caused great disturbances in embryogenesis ofArgas reflexus. Under influence of Na₂Cr₂O₇ 24.8% eggs died. The LiCl solution appeared to be more harmful on larvae development. 21.8% dead eggs, 11.6% dead embryos, and 8.9% larvae hatched abnormally were observed in these experiments

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Zusammenfassung Hemmende Faktoren bei der Embryonalentwicklung vonArgas (Argas) reflexus (Fab.) (Acari, Argasidae)Die Eier vonArgas reflexus wurden am 2. Tag der Embryonalentwicklung bei 25° C und 30% r. L. der. Wirkung gesättigter Lösungen von LiCl und Na₂Cr₂O₇ unterzogen.Beide chemischen Verbindungen verursachten große Störungen der Embryogenesis vonArgas reflexus. Unter dem Einfluß von Na₂Cr₂O₇ starben 24.8% der Eier ab. LiCl erwies sich als schädlicher für die Embryonalentwicklung dieser Zeckenart als Na₂Cr₂O₇.Bei den Experimenten mit LiCl wurden 21.8% Eier, 11.6% Embryos und 8.9% (abnormal geschlüpfte) Larven getötet.

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With one table     

Intraspezifische Konkurrenz und Nachkommenproduktion beiSitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleopt.) undSitotroga cerealella (Oliv.) (Lepid.) in Sorghum-Körnern

Zusammenfassung Die Nachkommenzahl von einem Weibchen vonSitophilus oryzae oderSitotroga cerealella in Sorghum-Körnern nahm mit dem Ansteigen der ursprünglichen Elterndichte ab. Jedoch nahm die Gesamtzahl an Nachkommen beiS. oryzae bis zu einem Maximalwert zu und danach bei weiterem Anstieg der Elterndichte wieder ab (Crowding-Konkurrenz). BeiS. cerealella dagegen tendierte die Nachkommenzahl dazu, von einem Grenzwert ab—unabhängig von der Elterndichte—konstant zu bleiben (Wettkampf-Konkurrenz).

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Intraspezific competition and progeny production inSitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleopt.) andSitotroga cerealella (Oliv.) (Lepid.) in Sorghum grain

The number of progeny produced per femaleSitophilus oryzae (L.) orSitotroga cerealella (Oliv.), on sorghum grain, decreased as the initial parental density increased. However, the total number of progeny (off-springs) produced inS. oryzae increased to a peak then declined with further increases in parental density (Scramble competition). InS. cerealella the progeny produced tended to be fairly constant once a certain parental density was passed (Contest competition).

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Mit einer Tabelle     

Further description ofStrobilomyia melaniola (Fan) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)

In a recent paper, V. Michelsen(1988, Systematic Entomology 13: 271–314) revised 18 world species of anthomyiid cone and seed pests and described a new genus,Strobilomyia gen. n. He consideredS. melaniola of Northeast China to be a synonym ofS. viaria of North America. That they are the same species is not accepted. We compared the morphological characters of male and femaleS. melaniola adults with the close relatives,S. viaria andS. sibirica. We conclude that they are not the same species and that S.melaniola is an independent species.     

板栗综合利用研究进展

板栗作为食药两用植物,富含蛋白质、淀粉、脂肪、B族维生素、维生素C、胡萝卜素等多种营养成分,其皮、叶、花、苞中含有黄酮、多酚、单宁等大量的活性成分。从板栗各部位的形貌结构、化学成分、主要产品以及加工现状进行综述,并对板栗综合利用研究提出了展望,以期完善板栗产业链建设,为板栗高值化开发方向提供参考依据。     

Reduction in egg hatch ofArgas (Argas) reflexus (Fab.) (Acari,Argasidae) due to colchicine

The eggs ofArgas (Argas) reflexus (Fab.) were exposed to 0.05% colchicine on 9th, 15th or 23rd–25th days of embryonic development at 25°C and 30% RH. The eggs on the 15th and 23rd–25th days of development were the most sensitive to colchicine. In these experiments 6.9% and 9.4% embryos died, respectively. The largest number of disturbances of egg hatch (11.5%) were observed after exposure of the eggs to colchicine on 23rd–25th days of embryogenesis.     

Cynipoidea und Ichneumonidae (Hymn.) als Parasiten vonBoriomyia subnebulosa (Steph.) (Neur. Hemerobiidae)

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Development, feeding and reproduction responses of Adalia fasciatopunctata revelierei(Mulsant) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to Hyalopterus pruni(Geoffroy) (Homoptera: Aphididae)

This study was carried out to determine the development, survival and reproduction responses of Adalia fasciatopunctata revelierei (Mulsant) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) feeding on Hyalopterus pruni (Geoffroy) (Homoptera: Aphididae), using 20, 40, 80, 160 and 250 prey densities. All experiments were conducted at 25±1°C, 60±5% relative humidity, 16:8 light:dark under laboratory conditions. The average daily prey consumption of A. fasciatopunctata revelierei immatures and adults increased with increasing prey densities. Predation was not different for the larval stages at 80, 160 and 250 prey densities. The longevities of adult females were 35.67, 35.33, 49.00, 58.33 and 57.16 days when 20, 40, 80, 160 and 250 H. pruni were provided, respectively. The mean daily and total fecundity of A. fasciatopunctata revelierei increased with increasing prey densities. Females of A. fasciatopunctata revelierei feeding on H. pruni laid 89 eggs at 20 prey density and 301.67 eggs at 160 prey density. The search rate of females was higher than that of all larval instars; and the search rate of the fourth-instar larvae was higher than that of younger instars. Handling time decreased with development from larval stages to adult.     

Sustainable Harvesting of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Arnot (Arjuna) and Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) Robinson (Maida) Bark in Central India

Terminalia arjuna (“Arjuna”) in the family Combretaceae is a well-known medicinal tree whose bark is extensively used in Ayurvedic medicine, particularly as a cardiac tonic. Demand for Arjuna bark, both in India and abroad, has been growing rapidly for over a decade. Litsea glutinosa (“Maida”) in the family Lauraceae is a medium size tree. Its bark is used to treat joint pain, fracture, sprain, arthritis, back pain, and indigestion. Presently the bark of Arjuna and Maida is being extracted through unscientific and destructive harvesting practices. This is the first study on development of sustainable harvesting practices of Arjuna and Maida bark. The stages of bark recovery varied from tree to tree. Age of tree, harvesting method, and season of harvest influenced bark regeneration. This study recommends that for sustainable harvest, mature bark from only one fourth to one third of the total girth of the tree should be stripped by removing only outer and middle bark, leaving the inner bark for regeneration. However, strip harvesting was found to be the best method in younger trees having a girth at breast height (GBH) of less than 60 cm. Sustainable bark harvesting can be done after every 2 yr for Arjuna and 1 yr for Maida by removing opposite quarters of trunk bark.