基于SPSS岩溶地下水水化学特征的多元统计分析——以红水河刁江流域为例

运用多元统计分析方法研究红水河刁江流域岩溶地下水的水化学特征。Q型聚类分析结果表明,水化学组分的空间分布具有规律性。R型因子分析识别出影响水化学特征的4个因子:因子1为总硬度(Ca CO3),HCO-3,溶解性总固体和Ca2+,说明方解石矿物溶滤作用对水化学组分的影响;因子2为K++Na+,Cl-和NO-3,反映农药化肥以及含水介质易溶盐对水化学组分的影响;因子3为SO2-4和F-,反映工业生产对水化学组分的影响;因子4为Mg2+,表明白云石矿物溶解对水化学组分的影响。     

贵州织金蒙家大坡地下水水化学特征分析

通过对贵州织金蒙家大坡地下水水化学指标进行分析。结果表明,研究区地下水Ca2+受环境影响最小、空间变异性最小,Na+受环境影响最大、空间变异性最大;各阴阳离子含量与TDS含量呈显著正相关关系,其相关性依次为:Ca2+SO2-4Mg2+Cl-HCO-3K+Na+;TDS含量的增加主要受SO2-4离子的影响,总硬度的变化主要受Ca2+的影响;地下水成分主要来自于碳酸盐矿物的溶解,其次是硫酸盐、含硫矿物、硅酸盐矿物以及盐岩的溶解,地下水类型主要向SO4·HCO3-Ca型和HCO3·SO4-Ca型转化。     

地下水化学组分在强震活动下的突变

为了探索地震预测预报途径,根据地下水化学监测资料,研究了地震活动中经常出现的地下水化学异常组分及其突变特征.结果表明,在强烈地震活动前后,经常发生地下水水化学异常突变.反应最敏感的地下水水化学组分为放射性元素Rn,其不仅在7级以上地震中普遍出现异常,而且在5～6级或更小的地震中也会出现异常;Rn异常范围不同,其最大半径可达500～600 km,异常集中分布在距震中200 km以内.其次,还有一些组分发生异常,如微量元素(B、F、Li和Sr)、常量成分(SiO2和Cl-)、气体组分(CO2、N2、CH4、H2和He)及气体总量等,它们仅在7级以上地震中较为常见.加强地下水动态监测,研究地下水水化学异常突变与地震的关系,对于构造活动性评价和地震预测预报具有重要意义.     

SO2和NO在Na2CO3/γ-Al2O3 上的吸附及相互影响研究

通过固定床反应器实验,探索Na2CO3/γ-Al2O3吸附-催化剂对SO2和NO的吸附状况,并根据吸附-催化剂上活性位机理对实验结果进行初步解释.反应条件为:T=423 K,常压,GHSV=20 640L/(kg·h).实验数据主要通过分别测定SO2和NO的进出口浓度得出.研究结果表明,SO2可以被吸附-催化剂单独吸附储存,不受NO和其他组分的影响,但是NO被吸附的前提是与SO2和O 2同时存在.水蒸气和O2的同时存在可使SO2的吸附量明显增加.实验结果还表明,NO的吸附依赖烟道气入口SO2/NO物质的量比,其吸附性能受SO 2浓度的影响.过大或小的SO2/NO比都不利于提高NO的吸附量,过小的SO2/NO比影响了NO的吸附速率.被SO 2或SO2、O2和水蒸气预先饱和吸附的吸附-催化剂,也不能使NO(有氧气和水蒸气存在)在无SO2的条件下被吸附.烟道气中的水蒸气有利于SO2和NO的吸附和转化.     

人工神经网络在矿井多水源识别中的应用

以焦作矿区水化数据为例,选用Na++K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Cl-、SO2-4、HCO-36种水化离子浓度作为识别矿井水源的依据,运用Matlab软件分别建立BP神经网络与Elman神经网络的矿井多水源识别模型。应用结果表明:与静态的BP神经网络相比,在结构上增加承接层的Elman神经网络在训练和仿真中拟合能力更强,识别精度更高和泛化能力更好;矿井地下水随着地下开采与扰动具有动态性,将具有非线性动态特征的Elman神经网络应用于矿井多水源的识别,对准确判断突水来源和分析地下水运移规律具有一定的辅助和指导意义。     

北京森林大气PM_(2.5)中水溶性无机离子垂直分布特征

研究了城市森林生态系统PM2.5及其组分的垂直分布,在北京市奥林匹克森林公园内的监测塔上,分别于冬季(树木无叶期)和春季(幼叶期)开展观测,观测了Na+、NH+4、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+、Cl-、NO-3和SO2-4的质量浓度。结果表明,SO2-4和NO-3为PM2.5水溶性无机离子的主要成分,其质量浓度之和占总PM2.5水溶性无机离子质量浓度的50%以上。冬季ρ(NO-3)/ρ(SO2-4)为0.525,春季为0.611,表明移动源的影响明显小于固定源。水溶性无机离子质量浓度在一天内出现两个高峰值,分别在6:00—10:00和18:00—22:00,总的趋势是白天质量浓度高于夜晚,这与周围生活环境和气象等因素有密切关系。无叶期时,8种离子质量浓度随高度增加没有明显变化特征;幼叶期时,PM2.5水溶性离子质量浓度随垂直高度增加而增加,在不同垂直高度上有明显的质量浓度梯度变化。     

碱溶液对As污染土壤的化学萃取修复

通过实验室浸泡试验,研究了0～200 mmol/L的NH3·H2O和KOH溶液对As污染土壤的化学萃取修复效果,同时分析了碱溶液萃取导致的土壤pH值变化以及土壤组分Ca、Mg、Fe、Al、Si的溶出情况.结果表明,NH3·H2O溶液仅能去除很少的土壤As,KOH溶液对土壤As的去除效果则较好.5～200 mmol/L的NH3·H2O和KOH溶液对土壤As的去除率分别为1.47%～4.44%和2.32%～23.33%.碱溶液能有效去除土壤As是由于OH-的作用.NH3·H2O和KOH溶液萃取导致土壤pH值增加,以及土壤中Fe、Al和Si不同程度地溶出,而KOH溶液导致土壤pH值增加和Al、Si溶出的作用明显大于NH3·H2O溶液.研究表明,采用KOH溶液萃取能有效修复As污染土壤,但应密切关注KOH溶液对土壤的负面影响.     

Trends in occupational hygiene in Finland

The aim of this work is to evaluate and describe the current status of, and prospects for, the future of occupational hygiene in Finland. The main sources of information include a seminar held in the annual meeting of Finnish Occupational Hygiene Society and interviews with different stakeholders. Nanotechnology and other new materials, changing work environments, circular economy including green jobs, new medical methods and advances of construction methods were recognized as future challenges. Future work opportunities for occupational hygiene experts included exposure assessments in indoor air surveys, private consulting and entrepreneurship in general, international activities and product safety issues. Unclear topics needing more attention in the future were thought to be in new exposures, sensitive persons, combined effects, skin exposures and applicability of personal protective equipment. Occupational hygiene should broaden its view; occupational hygienists should have to cooperate with other specialists and grasp new challenges.     

Gender differences in DUI offenders in treatment in Texas

OBJECTIVE: This is a study of 8,464 adult women and 21,155 adult males who entered substance abuse treatment in Texas between 2000 and 2005. Participants were either on probation for driving under the influence (DUI), were referred to treatment by DUI probation, or had been arrested for DUI in the past year. METHODS: The female and male clients were compared on demographic characteristics, substance use patterns, DSM-IV diagnoses, and levels of impairment. T tests and chi square tests were used to determine significance and multivariate logistic regression identified predictors of completing treatment and being abstinent at follow-up. RESULTS: The proportion of females who were sent to treatment as a result of DUI increased from 27% in 2000 to 32% in 2005. Females were significantly more likely than males to be White (73% vs. 56%), to have used substances a shorter period of time (17 vs. 19 years), to be seeking custody to regain their children (11% vs. 2%), to meet the DSM criteria for drug dependence (32% vs. 23%), to have injected drugs (31% vs. 23%), to have used substances daily (42% vs. 40%), to have a depressive disorder (16% vs. 7%) or bipolar disorder (12% vs. 5%), and to be have been in treatment before (60% vs. 49%). In contrast, males were more likely to be alcohol dependent (49% vs. 44%). Females were less likely to complete treatment (67% vs. 72%) and reported significantly more days of problems on the 6 domains of the ASI at both admission and at 60-day follow-up. Furthermore, at follow-up, they were more likely to be living with someone who abused alcohol or used drugs (9% vs.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Although females comprised only 29% of the DUI treatment admissions, they were more impaired and experienced more problems than their male counterparts. The findings indicate that additional resources, including treatment for co-occurring mental health problems and living in sober households, may be keys to helping these women achieve abstinence and prevent additional DUI episodes.     

Trends in chemical hazards in Japan

In the past, the chemical industry in Japan has been the cause of a number of major industrial accidents. Subsequent to each accident, specific lessons have been learned. These lessons learned have been implemented in terms of safety education of the employees and/or safety measures of the equipment and facilities resulting in a rapid decrease of corresponding accident frequencies. In this paper, we summarized both recent and past major accidents caused by chemical substances in fixed installations in Japan. Case studies show that runaway reactions are among the main causes of major accident occurrences in the chemical process industry in Japan. A recent fatal poisoning accident caused by H₂S gas generated during maintenance work again highlights the necessity of adequate safety management in a chemical factory. Therefore, even if hazard evaluation of chemical substances and chemical processes is necessary to prevent runaway reactions, human error is also an important factor contributing to reaction hazards [Wakakura, M. (1997) Human factor in chemical accidents, J. Safety Eng. High Press. Gas. Safety Inst. Japan, 34, 846].     

我国非煤矿山安全生产的差距

从我国非煤矿山安全生产立法、安全生产管理体制、监察执法、群众监督、宣传教育、科研、矿山企业等方面与国外矿业进行了对比分析，分析了我国非煤矿山存在的问题以及与国外的差距，最后分析了产生问题与差距的原因。     

Violence in the workplaces in Finland

The aim of this study was to describe violence in Finnish workplaces by comparing it with leisure-time violence. The data were derived from 13,762 interviews made from a representative sample of the Finnish population in 1988. The subjects were asked to report all the violent incidents they had encountered during the previous 12 months. There were 394 victims of violence in workplaces, that is, 40.6 victims per 1,000 workers. The rate of occupational violence was almost identical for males (40.6) and females (40.5). The most hazardous occupations were prison guard, police officer, and mental health nurse. The main reasons for violence at work were related to refusal of an authority's order to go away or to the relationship between doctor or nurse and patient. A typical assailant was an unaccompanied man who was under the influence of alcohol.     

Features of fatal injuries in older cyclists in vehicle–bicycle accidents in Japan

Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify and better understand the features of fatal injuries in cyclists aged 75 years and over involved in collisions with either hood- or van-type vehicles.

Methods: This study investigated the fatal injuries of cyclists aged 75 years old and over by analyzing accident data. We focused on the body regions to which the fatal injury occurred using vehicle–bicycle accident data from the Institute for Traffic Accident Research and Data Analysis (ITARDA) in Japan. Using data from 2009 to 2013, we examined the frequency of fatally injured body region by gender, age, and actual vehicle travel speed. We investigated any significant differences in distributions of fatal injuries by body region for cyclists aged 75 years and over using chi-square tests to compare with cyclists in other age groups. We also investigated the cause of fatal head injuries, such as impact with a road surface or vehicle.

Results: The results indicated that head injuries were the most common cause of fatalities among the study group. At low vehicle travel speeds for both hood- and van-type vehicles, fatalities were most likely to be the result of head impacts against the road surface.

The percentage of fatalities following hip injuries was significantly higher for cyclists aged 75 years and over than for those aged 65–74 or 13–59 in impacts with hood-type vehicles. It was also higher for women than men in the over-75 age group in impacts with these vehicles.

Conclusions: For cyclists aged 75 years and over, wearing a helmet may be helpful to prevent head injuries in vehicle-to-cyclist accidents. It may also be helpful to introduce some safety measures to prevent hip injuries, given the higher level of fatalities following hip injury among all cyclists aged 75 and over, particularly women.     

Risk Assessment in the Working Environment in Estonia

The first step to chart hazards in the working environment in Estonia (labour force: 0.65 million) was taken by the National Board of Health Protection in the beginning of 1996.

The existing chemical, physical, and biological agents in the working environment were investigated with the help of local health inspectors in all counties. An identification of hazards and workers at risk was carried out. The results of the analysis showed that 16% of Estonian industrial workers are exposed to different hazards: 20,000 persons are exposed to noise, 11,000 are working in the conditions of vibration, 10,000 are affected by unsatisfactory microclimate, 6,000 complain about long-lasting work in a compulsory posture, the overexertion of eyes is suffered by 5,500 persons, and physical overload by 3,500 workers. In the group of chemical hazards the greatest numbers of workers are exposed to organic dust (6,500) and welding aerosols (5,400), followed by petroleum products (2,700), and oil-shale dust (4,300). The measurements of working conditions showed that an average of 30.3% of the results are above the standards. Proposals for the improvement of the situation in occupational safety and health are presented.     

我国林区直升机吊桶灭火应用分析

直升机吊桶灭火是一项成熟有效的航空森林消防技术,是国外林业发达国家的重要森林消防手段。我国经过多年的探索和实践,已经在多数重点林区推广应用并取得成效。分析了直升机吊桶灭火的特点、机型和设备,对吊桶灭火的方法进行了探讨。     

Trends in occupational injuries and fatality in Turkey

Introduction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the trend of occupational injuries in Turkey using epidemiologic criteria such as incidence mortality and fatality/all injuries recorded – rates. Materials and methods. Safety and health data were obtained from the Annual Statistic Books of the Social Insurance Institution (1988–2006) and Social Security Institution (2007–2011) of Turkey. Results. The results from the official data showed that although total employment is increasing the number of occupational injuries and incidence and mortality rates are decreasing. The results also demonstrate that occupational fatality/all injuries recorded – rate is increasing. The fatality/all injuries recorded – rate per 1000 injuries increased to 25.5 in 2011 from 8.6 in 1988. Each work day an average of five people died because of occupational injuries. Discussion and conclusions. The fatality/all injuries recorded – rate (the number of fatal cases per 1000 occupational injuries) is an important indicator of the injury rate for a country. Systems of occupational injury and illness surveillance constitute a critical resource for the management and reduction of occupational injuries and illness.