以三乙醇胺为辅助配位剂碱性电沉积锌镍合金的电化学行为

碱性镀液中镍离子的配位剂对镀层影响很大,目前对其多种配位剂共同使用的研究较少。研究了以四乙烯五胺为镍离子的主配位剂,三乙醇胺(TEA)为镍离子辅助配位剂的锌镍合金碱性电沉积体系,在不同三乙醇胺含量和电流密度下在Q235低碳钢表面电沉积锌镍合金的电化学过程。结果表明:随着镀液中三乙醇胺含量增加,电流效率和沉积速率下降,溶液电阻、电荷传递电阻和电感先增加后降低,在n(TEA)∶n(Ni2+)=2.0时阴极极化最大;增加阴极电流密度使镀液的沉积电位变负,阴极极化增大,同时使电荷传递电阻和电感变小;该碱性电沉积锌镍合金的过程受电化学步骤和扩散步骤混合控制。     

锌镍合金镀液中锌镍离子浓度对镀层镍含量的影响

为了得到成分较稳定的锌镍合金镀层,考察了镀液中锌、镍离子浓度对镀层镍含量影响情况,发现镀液中锌镍离子摩尔浓度比对镀层镍含量影响最大;控制镀液中c(Ni2 )/[c(Ni2 ) c(Zn2 )]为0.15～0.17、c(Ni2 ) c(Zn2 )在0.17～0.40 mol/L范围内,能得到镍含量质量分数在13%左右的高耐蚀性锌镍合金镀层.循环伏安曲线分析表明,在合金电镀过程中,Zn2 的存在和析出会在阴极表面形成中间产物吸附膜,使镍的还原受阻,导致合金镀层的镍含量低于镀液中的c(Ni2 )/[c(Ni2 ) c(Zn2 )],锌镍合金共沉积表现为异常共沉积.     

碱性体系电镀锌镍合金工艺中配位剂对镀层的影响

锌镍合金是目前最理想的代镉镀层,而碱性锌镍合金电镀体系则以其分散能力强、成本低等优点受到关注.以三乙醇胺或三乙烯四胺作为配位剂研究了锌镍合金的碱性电镀工艺,采用赫尔槽试验、重量及分光光度测定等方法讨论了镀液组成、配位剂添加量、电流密度、温度等因素对镀层外观及镀层镍含量的影响.结果表明:镀液中[Ni2 ]/[Zn2 ]浓度比、配位剂用量等对镀液稳定性、镀层质量及镍含量有较大的影响;在较宽的电流密度范围内获得光亮耐蚀合金镀层的最优工艺参数为[Ni2 ]/[Zn2 ]浓度比0.29,三乙醇胺或三乙烯四胺的最佳添加量50 mL/L(或30 mL/L),镀液温度30～60 ℃;锌镍合金镀层在5%NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为表明,含镍量为13%的锌镍合金镀层的耐蚀性明显优于纯锌镀层.     

锌镍合金电镀工艺研究

通过正交试验方法,采用新的添加剂和配位剂实现了锌镍合金电镀,优选出了新的锌镍合金电沉积工艺和镀液配方.通过GDA-750型辉光放电光谱仪、HitachiS-570型扫描电镜等分析手段,研究了不同电镀工艺参数对镀层中镍含量、镀层厚度和镀层外观的影响规律.采用了电化学试验法研究了镍含量变化对镀层的耐腐蚀性的影响.结果表明:通过此新型的镀液配方和工艺条件,可获得含镍9%～13%、具有良好外观和耐蚀性好的锌镍合金镀层.随着电流密度的增加,镀层中镍含量先减小后增加;随着温度和pH值的增加,镀层中镍含量在不断增加;镀层的自腐蚀电位随着镍含量的增加,呈现先变正后变负的趋势,镍的含量为12%～13%时,合金的自腐蚀电位最正.     

锌镍合金电镀

本文确定了锌镍合金电镀液中硫酸镍及葡萄糖酸钠的含量,得到了较优配方,测定丁不同电流密度下电镀锌镍合金镀层中的锌、镍含量,获得了较宽的电流密度范围(2.5A/dm~2～11A/dm~2)和含镍10～15%的锌镍镀层.     

二元配合物中电镀锌镍合金的结构与抗腐蚀性

为深入了解碱性锌酸盐体系的工艺参数对锌镍合金镀层结构和耐蚀性的影响,在以四乙烯五胺(TEPA)为镍离子主络合剂、三乙醇胺(TEA)为辅助络合剂的碱性镀液中电沉积制备了锌镍合金镀层,利用电子能谱、X射线衍射、极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱等方法表征镀层的组成结构和在氯化钠溶液中的耐腐蚀性.结果表明:镀层含镍原子数分数11.54%~20.12%,为γ-Ni2Zn11+纯Zn两相结构(低含镍原子数分数时)或单一γ相结构(较高含镍原子数分数时),γ相晶粒在(600)方向上具有不同程度的择优取向性;随着镀液中镍原子数分数的提高,镀层的腐蚀电位正移,阻抗增加,耐蚀性提高;当电流密度为2 A/dm2时,镀层的腐蚀电位和电荷传递电阻最高,耐蚀性最好.     

碱性锌镍合金电镀中NiSO_4·6H_2O浓度对镀层的影响

过去,就碱性锌镍合金电镀液中镍离子含量对镀层镍含量、形貌及耐蚀性的影响研究不够。考察了镀液中NiSO4.6H2O浓度对碱性锌镍合金镀层质量的影响,利用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪和塔菲尔曲线分析了镀层的镍含量、形貌和性能。结果表明:锌镍合金镀层中镍含量随镀液中NiSO4.6H2O浓度的增加而增大,当NiSO4.6H2O低于8 g/L时,镀层镍含量低,晶粒粗大,不光亮;高于8 g/L时镀层镍含量较高,晶粒粗大、出现瘤状物,镀层会出现开裂现象;浓度为8 g/L时效果最好,镀层镍含量为12.56%,镀层平整、致密、光亮,具有良好的耐蚀性能。     

高电流密度下Zn－Ni合金电镀工艺

在１０～３０Ａ／ｄｍ~２电流密度范围内对硫酸盐体系锌－镍合金电沉积的规律进行了研究，确定了准动态锌－镍合金电镀工艺。锌－镍合金电沉积是异常共沉积。［ＮｉＳＯ＿４·６Ｈ＿２Ｏ］／［ＮｉＳＯ＿４·６Ｈ＿２Ｏ十ＺｎＳＯ＿４·７Ｈ＿２Ｏ］浓度比增加使镀层中镍含量增大；电流密度增加使镀层中镍含量下降。准动态锌－镍合金电镀工艺阴极电流效率为９５％，电沉积速度为３８ｇ／ｍ￣２·ｍｉｎ；镀得的镀层外观为青白色带有金属光泽的良好镀层，组织细密，镍含量１１％～１３％，属于单一γ相结构；镀层结合力合格，耐蚀性是镀锌层的４．５倍。     

高电流密度下Zn—Ni合金电镀工艺

在１０～３０Ａ／ｄｍ＾２电流密度范围内对硫酸盐体系锌－镍合金电沉积的规律进行了研究，确定了准动态锌－镍合金电镀工艺。锌－镍合金电沉积是异常共沉积。［ＮｉＳＯ４·６Ｈ２Ｏ］／［ＮｉＳＯ４·６Ｈ２Ｏ＋ＺｎＳＯ４·７Ｈ２Ｏ］浓度比增加使镀层中镍含量增大；电流密度增加使镀层中镍含量下降。准动态锌－镍合金电镀工艺阴极电流效率为９５％，电沉积速度为３８ｇ／ｍ＾２·ｍｉｎ；镀得的镀层外观为青白色带有金属光泽的良     

有机多膦酸盐电镀锌镍合金的研究

研究了用有机多膦酸盐（HEDP）作络合剂,ZNP作添加剂电镀光亮锌镍合金,探讨了络合剂、氯化物含量、[Zn^2＋]/[Ni^2＋]比、阳极电流密度、温度、辅助络合剂对合金中镍含量的影响,测定了合金镀层中物相组成及镀液稳定性,通过筛选得出最佳最镀光亮锌镍合金的镀液组成及工艺条件,并讨论了锌镍合金的异常共沉积机理。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Friction Stir Processing Strategies for Uniform Distribution of Reinforcement in a Surface Composite

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an important technique for preparing surface composites. Fabricating defect-free surface composites with uniform particle distribution by FSP is a challenging task. In this study, silicon carbide particles reinforced AA5083 alloy surface composites was fabricated using different FSP strategies including variation in process parameters, dual-tool processing and tool offset overlapping. Material flow of the processed material with reinforcement particles demonstrated that the distribution of particles was influenced by the stirring action of the probe as well as the extrusion of the plasticized material due to the movement of the tool. Process parameters, particularly rotational speed, showed a dominant influence on the distribution of silicon carbide particles.