Tuberculosis in non-Haitian patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

From Jan 1, 1981 to Oct 31, 1984, 24 of 280 (8.6 percent) patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) had tuberculosis. No patient with both AIDS and tuberculosis was Haitian. In 15 patients, tuberculosis was diagnosed prior to or concomitant with the diagnosis of AIDS. Twelve patients (50 percent) had Mycobacterium tuberculosis grown from at least one extrapulmonary site. Although the clinical presentation was variable, no patient had cavitary and only one had apical disease. Histologic examination of lung and transbronchial biopsy specimens usually did not reveal acid-fast bacilli or granulomas. Seventeen patients were treated and all showed clinical improvement. Tuberculosis was infrequent but not rare in our patients and often preceded the diagnosis of AIDS. Despite the fact that many of these patients had both severe and extrapulmonary disease, they appeared to respond well to treatment.     

Disseminated tuberculosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome era

To assess the influence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV)-induced immunodeficiency on the clinical, radiographic, and pathologic features of disseminated tuberculosis (TB), we studied 79 patients presenting in 1984 through 1987 with miliary or focal disseminated disease due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, as well as 4 additional non-HIV patients diagnosed after 1987. Clinically defined acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or AIDS-related complex (ARC) was present in 51 (Group 1). A total of 20 had TB unrelated to HIV disease (Group 2). The remaining 12 were excluded because the role of HIV could not be determined. Clinical features were similar between groups aside from younger age; lower hemoglobin, total leukocyte, lymphocyte, and platelet counts; and more frequent tuberculin anergy (90 versus 40%) in AIDS/ARC patients (p less than or equal to 0.03). Chest radiographs showed a miliary pattern in about half of each group. Pleural effusion occurred only in AIDS/ARC patients (24%, p = 0.02), but intrathoracic lymphadenopathy was present in about a third of each group. Tissue biopsies (n = 70) usually revealed necrotizing granulomatous inflammation in each group, with a tendency to greater necrosis and more numerous acid-fast bacilli in Group 1. Granulomas were usually poorly formed in AIDS/ARC patients (59 versus 18%, p = 0.01). Autopsy of 9 AIDS/ARC patients with overwhelming miliary TB revealed a "nonreactive" histologic pattern with poorly organized or absent granulomas, extensive necrosis, and numerous bacilli. HIV-related disseminated TB causes a major constitutional illness with a high short-term mortality (25%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

艾滋病合并结核病的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨艾滋病合并结核病的临床特点和治疗方法 .方法 对1995～2000年期间在本院诊断的10例艾滋病合并结核病的患者进行分析.结果 (1)临床分型血行播散型肺结核合并结核性脑膜炎3例,淋巴结结核4例(其中肠系膜淋巴结结核1例、纵隔淋巴结结核+颈部淋巴结结核1例、颈部淋巴结结核2例),原发型肺结核3例,同时合并其它机会性感染如卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎(PCP)等.(2)免疫功能检测和结核菌素试验CD+4(2～87)×106/L,其中7例CD+4＜50×106/L,平均CD-4(33±13)×106/L.10例结核菌素(PPD)试验均阴性.(3)治疗5例联合抗结核+高效抗逆转录病毒治疗(HLAART),5例单用抗结核治疗,其中HAART组CD+4细胞上升明显,与单独抗结核治疗相比,差异有显著性(P＜0.05).结论 CD+4细胞下降可能是艾滋病并发结核病的主要原因.结核菌素试验对诊断无帮助.艾滋病合并结核病的患者,血行播散型肺结核多、肺外结核多、合并症多、临床表现复杂多样、治疗时间长.联合高效抗逆转录病毒治疗能缩短病程,改善艾滋病合并结核病的预后.     

获得性免疫缺陷综合征合并肺结核临床特征与T细胞亚群的相关性分析

目的 探讨获得性免疫缺陷综合征合并肺结核(AIDS/PTB)双重感染的类型,影像特征及临床表现为PTB菌阴及菌阳时,患者T细胞亚群计数的差异及意义.方法 回顾性分析93例AIDS/PTB双重感染患者的类型,影像特征及临床表现分别为PTB菌阴及菌阳时,检测其T细胞亚群水平并进行统计学比较.结果 ①CD4+细胞计数与结核病的发病率成反比,当CD4+＜50×106/L时,结核的发病率明显上升(67.74%,63/93).②影像特征不典型的PTB病例CD4+T细胞计数为(47.79±32.17)×106/L,影像特征典型的PTB病例CD4+T细胞计数为(95.3456±64.89)×106/L.二者之间CD4+T细胞计数差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).③不同临床表现患者CD4+T细胞计数差异有统计学意义,PTB菌阴组患者明显高于PTB菌阳组患者(P＜0.02),CD8+T细胞计数比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 AIDS/PTB感染患者临床特征与其T细胞亚群计数相关.     

艾滋病合并结核杆菌感染临床特征与T细胞亚群的相关性分析

目的 探讨艾滋病（AIDS）合并结核杆菌（TB）感染临床表现为肺结核、淋巴结结核时，患者T淋巴细胞亚群计数的差异及意义。方法 33例AIDS合并TB感染患者，临床表现分别为肺结核、淋巴结结核、肺结核与淋巴结结核并存，分别检测其T淋巴细胞亚群水平并进行两两比较。结果 不同临床表现患者CD3^＋、CD8^＋、CD4^＋T淋巴细胞计数比较均有明显差异，肺结核患者明显高于淋巴结结核患者（P〈0.01）。结论 AIDS合并TB感染患者临床特征与其T淋巴细胞亚群计数相关。     

AIDS合并肺结核肺部影像学分析

目的探讨AIDS合并肺结核的肺部影像学特征。方法收集89例AIDS合并肺结核患者的临床资料、X线胸片和肺部CT影像学检查资料,并进行分析。结果原发型肺结核5例（5．62％）,以儿童原发综合征为主,表现为肺内原发灶、淋巴管炎和肿大淋巴结组成的哑铃状“双极影”。血行播散型肺结核19例（21．35％）,其中12例为急性血行播散型肺结核,表现为全肺野大小、密度、分布“三均匀”特点,7例为亚急性或慢性血行播散型肺结核,表现为两肺多发大小不等的结节。继发型肺结核65例（73．03％）,病变累及单叶多见,两叶受累次之,三叶以上受累较少;右上肺叶为最易发部位,≥3个肺叶受累患者多伴空洞形成和播散病灶;病变形态多样复杂,但以典型浸润病灶常见（43／65）。结论AIDS合并肺结核主要为继发型肺结核和血行播散型肺结核。     

AIDS合并淋巴结病变的超声表现

目的探讨AIDS合并淋巴结病变的超声声像图特征及临床应用价值。方法对77例230个经病理证实的淋巴结病灶超声表现进行回顾性分析。结果77例AIDS淋巴结病变中：①以淋巴结结核较为常见,其次为真菌感染（马尔尼菲青霉病为AIDS特有感染）;②肿瘤病变为恶性淋巴瘤和卡波西肉瘤;③多种类型淋巴结病变常同时存在且易播散;④最常累及的部位依次为颈部、腹部、腹股沟和腋窝。结论超声可作为AIDS淋巴结病变诊断和鉴别诊断首选的影像学检查方法。     

Tuberculosis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Clinical features, response to therapy, and survival

Tuberculosis has been reported previously in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who are at increased risk of prior infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We performed a population-based study of AIDS and tuberculosis in San Francisco using the Tuberculosis and AIDS Registries of the San Francisco Department of Public Health. Of 287 cases of tuberculosis in non-Asian-born males 15 to 60 yr of age reported from 1981 through 1985, 35 (12%) also had AIDS, including 23 American-born whites. Patients with tuberculosis and AIDS were more likely to be nonwhite and heterosexual intravenous drug users than were AIDS patients without tuberculosis. Fifty-one percent had tuberculosis diagnosed before AIDS, and 37 percent had AIDS diagnosed at least 1 month prior to the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Although the lungs were the most frequent site of tuberculosis in both AIDS and non-AIDS patients, 60% of the AIDS group had at least 1 extrapulmonary site of disease compared to 28% of the non-AIDS group (p less than 0.001). Nonsignificant tuberculin skin tests were more common in AIDS patients (14 of 23 patients tested) than in non-AIDS patients (12 of 129 patients tested; p less than 0.0001). Chest radiographs in AIDS patients showed predominantly diffuse or miliary infiltrates (60%), whereas non-AIDS patients had predominantly focal infiltrates and/or cavitation (68%). Response to antituberculosis therapy was favorable in AIDS patients, although adverse drug reactions occurred more frequently than in non-AIDS patients (p less than 0.02).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Gastrointestinal and hepatic manifestations of sarcoidosis

Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disease characterized by noncaseating granulomas in the affected organs, including skin, heart, nervous system, and joints. Diagnosis of sarcoidosis is generally based upon a compatible history, demonstration of granulomas in at least two different organs, negative staining and culture for acid fast bacilli, absence of occupational or domestic exposure to toxins, and lack of drug-induced disease. Involvement of the hollow organs is rare. Rather than being due to sarcoidosis, some reported mucosal lesions may simply have incidental granulomas. Extrinsic compression from lymphadenopathy can occur throughout the gastrointestinal tract. The stomach, particularly the antrum, is the most common extrahepatic organ to be involved, while the small bowel is the least common. Liver involvement frequently occurs and ranges from asymptomatic incidental granulomas to portal hypertension from granulomas in the portal triad, usually with relatively preserved liver function. CT scans show hepatosplenomegaly and adenopathy, followed in frequency by focal low-attenuation lesions of the liver and spleen. Ascites is usually a transudate from right heart failure (because of pulmonary hypertension) or portal hypertension (because of biliary cirrhosis). Rarely, an exudative ascites may occur from studding of the peritoneum with nodules. Pancreatic involvement presents as a mass, usually in the head or a diffusely firm, nodular organ. Corticosteroids should be instituted when organ function is threatened, usually lungs, eyes, and central nervous system. Their role in the treatment of hepatic sarcoidosis is unclear. The overall prognosis is good although most patients will have some permanent organ impairment. Cardiac and pulmonary diseases are the main causes of death.     

Pulmonary complications in patients with AIDS: a report from a Beijing hospital

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to improve the awareness of pulmonary complications in patients with AIDS. METHODOLOGY: Nine patients with AIDS with pulmonary involvement from March 1992 to March 2000 were analysed. RESULTS: Of the nine cases, there were eight cases complicated with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP). The clinical presentation of PCP was fever (8/8), dyspnoea on exertion or at rest (7/8), and hypoxaemia with a mean PaO2 of 58 mmHg. Chest X-ray films showed bilateral diffuse interstitial or alveolar infiltrates. Pulmonary tuberculosis, tuberculous lymphadenitis and bronchial fungal infection were found in three cases. CONCLUSIONS: AIDS patients are at high risk of suffering from pulmonary complications, of which PCP is most common. If young patients who were healthy in the past suddenly suffered from pneumonia and respiratory failure, PCP should be considered. When opportunistic pulmonary infection is diagnosed under special circumstances, one should be alert to the possibility of AIDS and examine serum antihuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody.     

Tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacteriosis in patients with AIDS

Thirty-six patients with AIDS and culture-proven nontuberculous mycobacteriosis were compared to 20 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and tuberculosis with regard to clinical signs, symptoms, and diagnostic methods. Patients with nontuberculous mycobacteriosis were more often younger and homosexuals, while patients with tuberculosis were usually Haitian-American or users of intravenous drugs. A majority of patients with tuberculosis presented with fever and weight loss. These symptoms were seen in approximately 50 percent of the patients with nontuberculous mycobacteriosis. A distinct syndrome of dyspnea, chills, hemoptysis, and chest pain was seen in a significant minority of patients with nontuberculous mycobacteriosis. Lymphadenopathy was seen almost exclusively in patients with tuberculosis. Pulmonary sources (expectorated sputum or bronchoscopy specimens) were the most common source of diagnosis in both groups. Patients in both groups in whom the diagnosis was obtained from pulmonary sources frequently had negative chest x-ray films on presentation. Cavitary disease was absent from both groups.     

Liver tuberculosis in an HIV patient: diagnosis and management

Hepatic involvement is common in miliary and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis but is usually clinically silent. Therefore, it is rarely diagnosed. We report the case of a patient that presented with prolonged fever and hepatomegaly. Liver biopsy revealed non-necrotizing granulomas that led in turn to the diagnosis of generalized tuberculosis and HIV infection. The patient reported an old untreated tuberculosis and depression of the immune system provoked the reactivation of this old tuberculosis focus. We describe the clinical course of the disease and the challenges associated with the complexity of the treatment. Diagnosis of hepatic tuberculosis requires a high degree of suspicion especially in AIDS patients who show atypical presentations. However, it is a potential curable disease and good results have been obtained with the four drug regimen.     

艾滋病患者肺部感染的临床分析

目的提高对艾滋病机会性感染尤其是肺部感染临床表现的认识。方法对作者在坦桑尼亚多多马省地区医院经治的３２例艾滋病患者进行临床综合分析。结果３２例艾滋病患者肺部感染临床表现的共同特征为：发热，乏力，消瘦，盗汗，咳嗽，吐痰，全身疼痛等。其中结核病患者２４例，占总数的７８％。其余为肺部感染和卡氏肺囊虫病。这些患者同时伴有皮肤感染和心、肝、肾等多系统损害。结论肺部感染是艾滋病患者晚期的主要机会性感染，其中结核感染最多见，并且可伴有机体多系统损害，治疗困难。     

联合抗反转录病毒治疗对艾滋病合并恶性肿瘤的影响

目的:探讨联合抗反转录病毒治疗(combination antiretroviral therapy,cART)后艾滋病合并恶性肿瘤的流行趋势及发生风险的变化。方法:在国家艾滋病综合防治信息系统中筛选出2004年1月1日至2018年12月31日的湖北籍人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)抗体阳性患者,分析其在不同cART阶段的艾滋病合并恶性肿瘤的肿瘤类型。以2013年湖北省或全国普通人群恶性肿瘤的发病率为对照,分析艾滋病人群中的恶性肿瘤标准化发病率(standardized incidence ratios,SIR),并比较2004年至2013年与2014年至2018年不同cART阶段艾滋病合并恶性肿瘤的发生风险变化。统计学方法采用χ²检验。结果:共纳入22994例艾滋病患者,其中艾滋病合并恶性肿瘤323例。艾滋病相关恶性肿瘤(acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-defining cancers,ADC)以非霍奇金淋巴瘤(non-Hodgkin lymphoma,NHL)和宫颈癌常见,非艾滋病相关恶性肿瘤(non-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-defining cancers,NADC)以肝癌、肺癌常见。与普通人群比较,艾滋病人群的总体恶性肿瘤发生风险并未增加(SIR=1.06,χ²=0.62,P=0.426),但卡波西肉瘤、NHL、霍奇金淋巴瘤、宫颈癌和除鼻咽癌外的头面部癌的发生风险显著升高(SIR=834.09、9.65、13.33、5.22、2.94,χ²=11747.27、625.54、56.65、184.21、13.66,均P<0.01),肺癌、结直肠肛门癌、胃癌和乳腺癌的发生风险显著降低(SIR=0.33、0.36、0.43、0.45,χ²=33.43、12.84、9.01、7.21,均P<0.05)。2014年至2018年宫颈癌、肝癌和结直肠肛门癌的SIR分别为4.06、0.43和0.10,分别低于2004年至2013年的7.42、1.96和0.84,差异均有统计学意义(χ²=5.39、19.52、10.86,均P<0.05)。结论:目前艾滋病合并恶性肿瘤的发病率与普通人群无明显差异,但肿瘤类型存在差异。本地区最常见的恶性肿瘤是NHL和宫颈癌,应注意在该类肿瘤患者中筛查HIV,有助于开展综合治疗以提高疗效。     

Granulomatous involvement of the liver in patients with AIDS.

During a one month period liver biopsy was carried out on eight patients with established acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and two suspected of having AIDS to evaluate raised liver enzymes or unexplained fever and weight loss. Each of the 10 patients were found to have hepatic granulomas. Appropriate staining techniques showed acid-fast bacilli in seven of the liver specimens. One specimen contained numerous Cryptococcal organisms. Two biopsies showed granulomas but no organisms. Liver biopsy was found to be a high yield and rapid diagnostic procedure in patients with AIDS. Our results suggest that hepatic mycobacterial infection may be more common in the syndrome than previously recognised and that liver biopsy specimens should be examined routinely for the presence of acid-fast bacilli.     

110例人类免疫缺陷病毒感染及获得性免疫缺陷综合征患者合并血小板减少症临床分析

目的:了解人类免疫缺陷病毒感染或获得性免疫缺陷综合征(HIV/AIDS)患者合并血小板减少症的临床特点。方法:回顾性分析2009年8月至2012年12月上海市公共卫生临床中心收治的110例HIV/AIDS合并血小板减少症患者的临床资料,分析血小板减少的病因、治疗及转归。结果:110例患者中机会性感染49例(44.5%),乙型肝炎病毒和(或)丙型肝炎病毒(HBV/HCV)感染26例(23.6%),HIV相关免疫性血小板减少性紫癜(HIV-ITP)20例(18.2%),药物相关骨髓抑制7例(6.4%),AIDS相关肿瘤及其他疾病8例(7.3%)。以血小板减少为HIV/AIDS首发临床表现者10例。82.7%(91/110)的患者同时合并其他血液学异常,包括贫血(68.2%)或白细胞减少(58.2%)。81.3%的HIV-ITP患者对激素及静脉注射免疫球蛋白治疗敏感,治疗无效或复发者长期抗病毒治疗后血小板缓慢上升。结论:HIV/AIDS患者血小板减少常见病因有机会性感染、合并HBV/HCV感染、HIV-ITP、药物相关骨髓抑制等。HIV-ITP可为HIV/AIDS患者首要临床表现,其根本治疗措施为抗病毒治疗。血小板减少患者常同时合并贫血和(或)白细胞减少,多重血液学异常预示病情严重,需要积极处理原发病。     

Findings and benefit of liver biopsies in 46 patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus

AIMS: The aim of this work is to evaluate the role of liver biopsy and to determine the histological findings in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who have abnormal liver function tests (LFT). METHODS: We performed a percutaneous liver biopsy in 46 HIV-seropositive patients with abnormal LFT. Parts of biopsied tissue were used for bacterial and fungal culture and the rest was processed for histological examination including special staining. RESULTS: Of these 46 patients, 41 patients were males and five were females. The median age was 31+/-6 years. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was the most common histological finding (15 cases). Of 15 tuberculosis patients, 11 (73.3%) had lymphadenopathy and positive acid-fast bacilli (AFB) in node aspiration or biopsy. The other findings included AFB-negative granuloma (eight cases), histoplasmosis (six cases), cryptococcosis (six cases), penicillosis (four cases), viral hepatitis: hepatitis C virus (HCV; one case), hepatitis B virus and HCV infection (one case), fatty liver (two cases), drug-induced hepatitis (one case) and non-specific changes (five cases). There were double infections in three patients. We were able to demonstrate opportunistic infections in 41 cases (89.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Mycobacterium tuberculosis was the most common histological finding in HIV patients with abnormal LFT in Thailand. Liver biopsy was a useful procedure in evaluating abnormal LFT in HIV patients.     

结核病患者人类免疫缺陷病毒感染的检测

目的人类免疫缺陷病毒（ＨＩＶ）和结核分支杆菌（ＭＴＢ）双重感染已引起广泛关注。通过对住院肺结核患者ＨＩＶ检测,了解住院肺结核患者中ＨＩＶ感染及艾滋病（ＡＩＤＳ）发病状况。方法对２９７３例住院肺结核患者常规采用明胶颗粒凝集试验法或ＨＩＶ１＋２抗体金标快速测试法进行初筛,阳性者抽血复测,并由北京市检测中心确定。结果２９７３例中ＨＩＶ（＋）３例,阳性率１．０１‰。男２例,女１例。年龄分别为２３、４０、２７岁,平均年龄３０岁,占２１～４０岁年龄组的２．８６‰。通过静脉吸毒血源性感染１例,异性间性乱２例。３例均已发展为ＡＩＤＳ。结论结核病防治工作者对ＨＩＶ／ＭＴＢ双重感染的危险性要有充分认识与高度重视。对具有ＨＩＶ感染危险因素的肺结核患者,特别是其中的中青年患者应常规进行ＨＩＶ抗体检测,有助于ＡＩＤＳ的早期发现、治疗,防止ＡＩＤＳ的传播流行     

艾滋病合并结核病的临床分析

目的　探讨艾滋病合并结核病的临床特点。方法 对1998年至2002年11例艾滋病合并结核病进行临床分析。结果 (1)艾滋病感染途径:输血感染者8例,其他途径各1例。(2)合并肺结核病6例,其中继发性肺结核3例,原发性肺结核1例,血行播散性肺结核2例;合并肺外结核5例,其中结核性心包积液、结核性脑膜炎各2例,胸腔积液1例;合并多重感染者5例。(3)11例1:2000PPD试验均为阴性。(4)治疗:7例抗病毒与抗结核联合治疗,临床表现明显改善;3例仅抗结核治疗者中1例有效、2例死亡;1例未经任何治疗,6月死亡。结论 艾滋病合并结核病临床表现多样,血行播散性肺结核多,肺外结核多,多重感染多见,抗病毒与抗结核联合治疗有效。