大学生预防性治疗的结核菌素反应强度标准研究

目的探讨结核菌素反应强度与结核病发病的相关性;提出预防性治疗对象的结核菌素反应标准。方法对不同结核菌素反应强度的新入学大学生进行4年的结核病发病观察,分析结核菌素反应强度与发病危险性、发病时间的关系,比较不同反应强度预防性治疗对象发病率的变化。结果26 543名健康学生进行了结核菌素试验和4年的发病观察,反应强度为04、59、1014、1519和≥20 mm或水泡丘疹者的年均结核病发病率分别为12.97/10万、13.34/10万、50.32/10万、167.56/10万和250.21/10万;04和59 mm反应者头2年发病率很低,第3、4年有所增高,而1519和≥20 mm或水泡丘疹者头2年发病率很高,随着时间推移有下降趋势。当逐个计算反应强度每增加1 mm及以上反应者的发病率时,15 mm以上的各反应强度者中结核病发病率相似,一直维持在较高水平。PPD反应标准15 mm及以上可以覆盖80.8%的病人,而且病人的发现效率也维持在一个高水平。结论结核菌素反应强度与结核病发病存在明显正相关,特别在头2年危险比更大;PPD反应≥15 mm或有水泡丘疹阳性者的发病机会明显升高,PPD反应≥15 mm或有水泡丘疹阳性标准能够覆盖80%以上的病人,病人的发现效率也最高。因此以PPD反应≥15 mm或有水泡丘疹作为预防性治疗对象的结核菌素反应标准更为合理。     

中学生PPD反应强度与结核发病及预防性治疗标准研究

目的探讨PPD反应强度与结核病发病相关性和预防性治疗对象的结核菌素反应标准。方法对不同PPD反应强度的新入学初高中学生进行3年的结核病发病观察,分析PPD反应强度与发病危险性、发病时间的关系,比较不同反应强度预防性治疗对象发病率的变化。结果 7223名健康学生PPD反应强度0～4、5～9、10～14、15～19和≥20 mm或有皮疹水泡者的年均结核病发病率分别为18.2/10万、51.1/10万、115.5/10万、507.0/10万、和709.2/10万;0～4和5～9 mm头2年发病率很低,第3年有所增高,而15～19和≥20 mm或有皮疹水泡者头2年发病率很高,第3年均下降。结论 PPD反应强度与结核病发病存在明显正相关,特别在头2年危险比更大;PPD反应≥15 mm或有皮疹水泡者的发病机会明显升高,以此标准作为当地中学生预防性治疗对象的结核菌素反应标准是比较合理的。     

高中生PPD反应程度与结核病发病危险的队列研究

目的 探讨高中生PPD反应程度与结核病发病危险的关系,为选择合适的预防性治疗对象提供科学依据。方法 对两所高中的1664名学生进行随访。研究开始时采用PPD做皮内试验,开始和结束时作X线胸部透视,对有异常阴影者摄X线胸片。PPD试验阴性反应为对照组, 阳性反应（≥5 mm）为暴露组。按阳性反应强度的不同分为5～、10～、15～、≥20 mm、水泡5个亚组,分别有274、339、108、33、55例。采用Mantel-Haenszel卡方检验(卡方_MH)和Cox回归模型,分析暴露组与对照组人年发病率的差异,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果 Cox回归多因素分析显示,PPD阳性反应15～mm、≥20 mm、水泡组的人年发病率分别是10.14％（14/138）、21.21％（7/33）、52.00％（26/50）,为结核病发病的危险因素（Wald χ²值分别为53.366、54.851、124.829, P值均为0.000）,RR值分别为35.55、63.43、161.84。结论 高中生PPD反应≥15mm或有水泡者为结核病的高发人群,应作为结核病预防性治疗对象。     

北京大学生结核病控制的研究: (一)结核菌素反应性特点

目的　确定大学生结核菌素的反应性。方法 对北京市20所大学51699名大学新生进行标准化PPD试验调查，并对大学生社会———人口学及结核病流行病学特点进行调查分析。结果79.9%大学新生集中在18～19岁，68%源于北京以外的32个省市和地区，无卡痕15203名大学生PPD硬结横径在≥5mm，≥10mm，≥15mm和≥20mm，分别占38.9%，22.6%，12.4%和6.0%，源于城市大学生结核菌素反应性高于农村。有结核病接触史的大学生≥15mm和20mm≥，比无接触史的高出38.7%和48.5%。结论 把大学生作为北京“目标结核菌素试验”规程的对象，可将≥15mm结核菌素反应者作为预防性治疗的界限。     

肺结核疑似病例诊断的说明

1肺结核疑似病例的诊断凡符合下列项目之一者:1)5岁以下儿童有与痰涂片阳性肺结核患者密切接触史和/或结核菌素(PPD,5TU)、皮肤试验反应≥15mm或有丘疹、水     

北京大学生结核病控制的研究：（一）结核菌素反应性特点

目的：确定大学生结构菌素的反应性。方法：对北京市20所大学51699名大学新生进行标准化PPD试验调查，并对大学生社会－－人口学及结核病流行病学特点进行调查分析。结果：79．9％大学新生集中在18－19岁，68％源于北京以外的32个省市和地区，无卡痕15203名大学生PPD硬结横径在≥5mm,≥10mm,≥15mm和≥20mm，分别占38．9％，22．6％，12．4％和6．0％，源于城市大学生结核菌素反应性高于农村.胃结核病接触史的大学生≥15mm和20mm≥，比无接触史的高出38．7％和48．5％。结论：把大学生作为北京“目标结核菌素试验”规程的对象，可将≥15mm结核菌素反应者作为预防性治疗的界限。     

四所中学初中生结核菌素反应性调查

目的了解当地初中生结核菌素反应状况。方法选医院驻地怀来县4所中学5153名初一年级学生进行标准化PPD试验调查，并对学生年龄、性别、居住来源及结核病流行特点进行调查分析。结果80.2%的学生集中在13～14岁组，来源于农村者占57.6%，≥5mm总阳性反应率23.1%，≥15mm为7.4%。2219名无卡痕学生PPD反应在≥5mm，≥10mm，≥15mm和≥20mm分别为16.0%、10.9%、5.9%和2.9%，有卡痕学生结素反应性明显高于无卡痕者；有结核接触史和既往史学生的结素反应均高于无结核接触史和既往史者。结论把初中新入学学生作为当地结素试验对象，建议将≥15mm结素反应者列为预防性治疗对象,以减少结核病发生。     

大中专院校学生结核感染发病情况调查分析

目的 对大中专学生结核感染与发病情况进行总结分析，为进一步加强高校结核病控制提供决策依据。方法 新生入学时做结核菌素（PPD）试验和胸透，PPD强阳性（注射局部硬结直径≤20mm）者枉知情同意基础上开展F胰预防性治疗，并对治疗与未治疗组进行发病情况的追踪观察及对比分析,以了解预防性治疗的实际效果.结果 大中专结核感染情况较严重,结素阳性率平均74.2%,强阳性水平均12.6%,高校学生肺结核平均发病率117.93/10万,结素强阳性未治疗者肺结核年发病率高达614.54/10万,是结素阴性及一般阳性者（67.03/10万）的9.2倍.结论 大中专学生结核感染发病情况较严重,是结核暴发浒的严重隐患之一,加强大中专院校结核病控制乃当务之急;新生入学体验,学生中结核病防治基本知识的宣传普及,结素强阳性者预防性治疗、因症就诊为病人发现方式、肺结核病人定点规范诊治，是控制大中专院校结核病疫情的有效措施。     

活动性肺结核患者接触者中的结核病发病率

背景:在巴西,对于潜伏结核感染(LTBI)的治疗只应用于那些接触痰菌涂阳患者、年龄小于15岁、结核菌素皮试(TST)结果≥10mm、没有接种过卡介苗(BCG)的人群以及那些无论是否接种过BCG但TST结果≥15mm的接触者。目的:评估2年发病率和不符合巴西LTBI治疗标准的结核病接触者中的一些预测指标。设计:人群回顾性研究。12～15岁接触者以及那些>15岁但不符合巴西LTBI治疗标准者进入研究范围。结果:结核病发病率为3.2%(22/667),估计结核病发病率为1649/10万;349例TST结果≥5mm接触者(5.4%)发病的危险性高于318例TST结果<5mm接触者(0.9%;RR6.04,95%CI1.7～20.6)结论:不符合巴西LTBI治疗标准的接触者中,如此高的发病率强烈建议这些标准应重新考虑。另外,即使接种过BCG的接触者,TST硬结≥5mm是唯一的可以预测在2年内发病的变量。     

无细胞M.Smegmatis 菌苗的研究与应用

结核病是世界卫生组织(WHO)公布的危害人类健康的十大疾病之一.我国目前同样面临结核病的严峻挑战,2000年全国结核病流行病学调查结果表明,我国目前有近半人口(约5.5亿)感染了结核菌,其中有5000多万人为结核菌素实验强反应者(硬结直径≥15m或有水泡、坏死),因其结核发病率极高,被称为结核感染高危人群.如何控制这些人潜在的内源性复发、外源性再感染和发病,是结核病控制的重点.     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.