南海海—气热交换的热通量分布

利用１９５１－１９９０年南海船舶报资料，用直接计算法，采用１°×１°网格，计算了南海海域的月平均感热通量和海面（蒸发）潜热通量。结果是：感热通量和海面（蒸发）潜热通量的分布在冬季和夏季有很大的差别，季风对南海海－气热交换有明显的影响。     

南海海－气热交换的热通量分布

利用１９５１—１９９０年南海船舶报资料，用直接计算法，采用１°×１°网格，计算了南海海域的月平均感热通量和海面（蒸发）潜热通量。结果是：感热通量和海面（蒸发）潜热通量的分布在冬季和夏季有很大的差别，季风对南海海－气热交换有明显的影响。     

ElNino前后热带西太平洋潜热交换空间变化特征

本文根据中美西太平洋联合考察资料，计算了西太平洋热带海域（２０°Ｎ～８°Ｓ，１１２°～１７０°Ｅ）内的潜热通量和显热通量。结果表明，该区域海气交换潜热通量的空间分布与ＥｌＮｉ　ｏ的发生有密切联系．根据计算结果建立了潜热ｅｗ－ｅ－Ｖ诺谟图，显热ｔｗ－ｔ－Ｖ诺谟图。利用该图可随时对海气热交换特征进行诊断分析。     

南海潜热交换年际与年代际变化的分析探讨

根据一套客观分析潜热通量、基于绕岛理论诊断的南海贯穿流(LST)、南海热含量等月平均资料,分析南海表层潜热通量的年际和年代际变化特征。南海地区的潜热通量冬季强,春季的潜热通量弱;在秋冬季节,南海北部的潜热通量远大于南部;夏季南海潜热通量南部高于北部;从20世纪80年代初潜热通量逐渐增加。使用EOF经验正交分解,M-K检验方法分析南海潜热通量的多时间尺度变化,前3个模态的方差贡献率分别为:53.01%(主要为长期趋势)、17.4%(年代际变化)、6.71%(年际变化)。分析表明在年际尺度上南海贯穿流(LST)减少导致南海海表温度(SST)增温幅度上升,海气温差比湿差减小,从而导致潜热释放减少,潜热通量呈负异常;反之LST进入南海增多,海气温差比湿差变大,导致南海潜热损失减少,潜热通量呈正异常。     

南海潜热交换年际与年代际变化的分析探讨

根据一套客观分析潜热通量、基于绕岛理论诊断的南海贯穿流(LST)、南海热含量等月平均资料,分析南海表层潜热通量的年际和年代际变化特征。南海地区的潜热通量冬季强,春季的潜热通量弱;在秋冬季节,南海北部的潜热通量远大于南部;夏季南海潜热通量南部高于北部;从20世纪80年代初潜热通量逐渐增加。使用EOF经验正交分解,M-K检验方法分析南海潜热通量的多时间尺度变化,前3个模态的方差贡献率分别为:53.01%(主要为长期趋势)、17.4%(年代际变化)、6.71%(年际变化)。分析表明在年际尺度上南海贯穿流(LST)减少导致南海海表温度(SST)增温幅度上升,海气温差比湿差减小,从而导致潜热释放减少,潜热通量呈负异常;反之LST进入南海增多,海气温差比湿差变大,导致南海潜热损失减少,潜热通量呈正异常。     

南海海气界面潜热通量的分布特征及其对西南季风爆发影响的初步分析

利用1982年1月至2001年12月逐日的Re_NCEP南海海表面潜热通量资料,分析了南海夏季西南季风爆发早年和晚年潜热通量在南海的时空分布特征;并通过相关对比诊断分析了潜热通量对西南季风爆发及强度的影响,初步给出了其动力学机理。结果表明,季风爆发早、晚年的前一年冬季至初春(12~3月),南海南部(5°~13°N,100°~120°E)和北部(13°~22°N,105°~120°E)的潜热通量距平符号相反,呈现反位相,季风爆发早(晚)年,前一年冬季至次年初春,南海北部的潜热通量为正(负)距平,南海南部则为负(正)距平;在季风爆发的早年和晚年,南海潜热通量表现出明显的差异,春、夏、秋季南海潜热通量正距平持续时间短(长),季风强度偏弱(强)。南海北部的潜热通量和南海北部季风强度隔季正相关。当潜热通量为正(负)距平时,同期和滞后1~3个月的海温均为负(正)异常,加大(减小)了春季南海和周围陆地陆暖海冷的海陆温差,有利于西南季风在南海北部的早(晚)爆发,西南风异常偏强(弱)。     

埃尔—尼诺年西北太平洋的台风活动

文中统计分析了１９４９－１９９１年西北太平洋近赤道地区（０°－１０°Ｎ，１２５°－１８０°Ｅ）和热带地区（１０°－２５°Ｎ，１２５°－１８０°Ｅ）的台风日数。发现埃尔－尼诺年上述两地区的台风日数明显偏多。因此，冬，春各季该地区的台风日数，可作为该年是否可能发生埃尔－尼诺的一个预报指标。     

厄尔尼诺现象与赤道西太平洋,印度洋,黑潮之间海温变化的相互关系分析

文中采用美国ＣＯＤＡＳ和国家气候中心出版的每月海温资料，对按国家气候中心出版的月监测公报所划分的赤道海区Ｃ区（０－１０°Ｓ，１８０－９０°Ｗ），Ｗ区（０－１０°Ｎ，１８０－１４０°Ｅ）和Ｂ区（０－１０°Ｎ，５０－１５０°Ｅ），以及西太平洋黑流区Ａ区（２５－３０°Ｎ，１３０－１４０°Ｅ；３０－３５°Ｎ，１４０－１５０°Ｅ）裼 海温变化作了互相关分析，海区间互相滞后相关系数、交叉凝聚谱计算表明：Ｃ区与     

赤道西太平洋的边界层特性和通量计算

本文用中美海气联合考察3个航次的常规观测资料,分析了西太平洋赤道附近洋面上的边界层特性,平均情况下,ΔT(=T_(10)-T_s)小于-2℃,Δe(=e_(10)-e_s)近于-10hPa,近海面层的温度层结基本上呈现为不稳定层结.用层结订正后的整体输送系数方法,计算了动量通量,感热和潜热通量.在西太平洋10°N—10°S海面上,波纹比β小于0.1,潜热通量远大于感热通量,感热和潜热通量主要是从海面向大气输送.     

埃尔－尼诺年西北太平洋的台风活动

文中统计分析了１９４９～１９９１年西北太平洋近赤道地区（０°～１０°Ｎ，１２５°～１８０°Ｅ）和热带地区（１０°～２５°Ｎ，１２５°～１８０°Ｅ）的台风日数。发现埃尔－尼诺年上述两地区的台风日数明显偏多。因此，冬、春各季该地区的台风日数、可作为该年是否可能发生埃尔－尼诺的一个预报指标。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.